Which poem of Tagore is "Make the land and fields of my motherland rich"?

First, the introduction of "birds":

Bird Collection written in 19 13 is one of Tagore's representative works and one of the most outstanding poetry collections in the world.

At first glance, birds seem to be all-encompassing and cover a wide range. Day and night, streams and oceans, freedom and betrayal are all integrated in Tagore's works. However, it is in this expression of nature and life that the poet wrote his philosophical thoughts on nature, universe and life with lyrical pen, leading the world to explore the source of truth and wisdom. His poems shine with profound philosophical light like pearls, which not only arouses people's love for nature, human beings and all the beautiful things in the world, but also enlightens people how to persist in the ideal pursuit of real life and make the whole life full of joy and light. In his poetry creation, Tagore eulogized his sincere love for the people with a pure heart and expressed his praise for the beautiful things of the whole nature, the whole mankind and the whole universe.

Tagore paid great attention to the description of nature in Birds. A bird, a flower, a star and a drop of rain all have humanity and vitality. He loves the whole nature. He believes that there is an internal connection between human emotions and natural forces, or that nature is integrated into human emotions, or that human emotions are integrated into nature. Only by blending in with nature can we purify our life. Nature not only provides a suggestive image, but also actively helps us erase all traces of separation in human life; Lovers may be separated, and this separation will be submerged under the green grass and flowers laughing in the sun. After reading his works, people feel that the activities of the universe and the changes of life are meaningful and happy, giving people endless courage.

In the poem, he also gave "the meaning of morning". "The arrival of every morning is not an endless repetition of trivial matters, but an eternal surprise. Because light triumphs over darkness and freedom triumphs over bound life, this is an important episode in the play. For example, the 235th song "Don't say' it's morning', send it away in the name of yesterday, and treat it as a newborn baby who hasn't been named for the first time. Another example is the 32nd song, "God's own morning" is also novel to him. "

Poets don't write about nature for its own sake. Nature and people live in harmony here. Describing the vast nature actually gives human nature great freedom. Birds flying freely in the sky symbolizes the great freedom that human beings want but can't reach. However, the wings of homing birds at dusk remind the poet of the irresistible power of human love. "The stars are also symbols of freedom; Love and happiness. They are like flowers in full bloom in heaven, as if silently reciting God's own wonderful music. "

The basic themes of birds are mostly extremely common plants, such as grass, fireflies, fallen leaves, birds, landscapes, rivers and so on. Reading these poems is like opening the bedroom window in the early summer morning after a rainstorm and seeing a cool and sunny morning. Usually, the weak flow is magnificent, speeding up the pace of progress and humming loud songs; Sunlight falls on the leaves with water droplets, which is particularly bright, setting off the leaves into transparent colors; The flat grass seems to have absorbed enough paint, so be careful whether the jumping squirrel will get this bright green paint; There are a few white clouds on the horizon, which seem to recall the carnival last night; Everything is so fresh and bright, but the charm is very strong and intriguing. In a relaxed sentence, he expressed a profound philosophy, which is why Birds is attractive.

Bird shows the deep spiritual pursuit-the ultimate principle of the universe or the god of love and harmony, depicts the spiritual connection and organic integration of all things in nature, shows the close interaction between man and nature, love and god, and praises the freedom, equality and fraternity of life-thus producing a rich and meaningful philosophy of life. Here, the boundaries between God, nature, man and love are blurred. The poet pursues the unity of man and God, the relationship between love and God, and the unity between God and nature, and longs for a "completely unified image" with God, that is, to achieve the unity of limited life and infinite life, that is, to reach the highest ideal state of man. Therefore, the poem reveals that people must perfect their own personality, get rid of hypocrisy in thought, and drive away all ugliness in their hearts. Only by loving and serving for love can they combine with God. The poet expressed the movement of life, the joy of life, the dedication of life and the pursuit of meaning in his poems, which made the poems full of vitality and touched the hearts of countless readers. Because the poet's philosophy of life is not perfect, he can't do anything about the ultimate unity of limited life and infinite life, so he has to rely on moral self-improvement and "universal love theory" to realize unity, life perfection and social ideal. When reading Birds, you will feel that you are a bird roaming in the blue sky, enjoying the freedom and vastness of the ocean-like sky, picking the flowers of England from the earth and tasting the beauty of the creator and the true meaning of life. The poet's unremitting exploration and persistent pursuit of the most beautiful feelings and highest ideals of mankind.

Zheng Zhenduo, the translator of Birds, once affectionately called Tagore's prose poems "containing profound truth" after translating them, and vividly pointed out that Tagore's prose poems "are like a bunch of wild flowers on the hillside grass, sticking out one after another in the morning light. No matter what you like, colors and smells are diverse. "

Second, the poet profile:

Rabindranath Tagore (186 1 year-1941year) is a famous Indian poet, writer, social activist, philosopher and Indian nationalist. 1861On May 7th, Rabindranath Tagore was born into a wealthy aristocratic family in Kolkata. 19 13 years, together with gitanjali, he became the first Asian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. His poems contain profound religious and philosophical views, and Tagore's poems enjoy epic status in India, such as Gitanjaly, Birds, Sand in the Eyes, Four Men, Family and the World, Gardeners Collection, New Moon, The Last Poetry, Gora and Crisis of Civilization.

On May 7th, Tagore was born in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. His family belongs to the merchant landlord class and is a Brahmin caste. In the era of the British East India Company, he prospered and became the landlord of Chai Mingda. His grandfather and father are both social activists. At that time, they actively supported the Enlightenment and social reform in Bangladesh. His father was a philosopher and a religious reformer, and he had rich knowledge of the Vedas and Upanishads. He is full of nationalist tendencies. Because he is incompatible with the traditional customs in society, he is blessed by the forces of customs as an externalized person without caste. He has fourteen children, of whom Tagore is the youngest. It is in this family that there are many scholars and artists among siblings and nephews. As a result of growing up in such a scholarly family where Indian traditional culture and western culture blend harmoniously, Tagore was influenced by family environment since childhood.

As the youngest son of his parents, Robin Delanat was called "Rabbi" by his family and became the favorite child of every family member, but no one spoiled him. The little rabbi went to four schools in Calcutta. Although he doesn't like any of them, he received a good education under the supervision of his eldest brother and sister. Tagore's achievements in literature first came from the influence of family environment. He attended Oriental College, Teachers College and Bangladesh College. However, he was free by nature, hated school life, and did not complete the formal study courses in school. His knowledge mainly comes from the advice of his father, brother and tutor, as well as his extensive reading. He was fascinated by poetry creation since he was a child, and began to write poetry at the age of thirteen, full of feelings of opposing colonialism and loving the motherland.

1878, he went to England to study according to the wishes of his father and brother, and studied law at first. But he didn't like law, so he transferred to London University to study English literature and western music. 1880 returned to China, specializing in literary creation. 1884, he left the city to manage the ancestral tenants in the country. He is familiar with the life of the lower class people here and observes the homeland and nature of the motherland. 190 1 year, in order to realize his educational ideal, he founded a school in Sanniktan near Popur, Bangladesh, and later developed into a famous international university.

After 1905, the national movement reached a climax, and the people of Bangladesh and all India rose up against the decision to split Bangladesh, forming a vigorous anti-imperialist patriotic movement. Tagore resolutely devoted himself to this movement, and enthusiastic patriots were indignant and wrote a lot of patriotic poems. However, it didn't take long for Tagore to disagree with other leaders of the movement. He disapproved of the so-called "direct action" of the masses to burn British goods and insult the British. He advocated doing more "constructive" work, such as going to the countryside to develop their own industries and eliminating poverty and ignorance. However, some people didn't accept his opinion, and he quit the movement because of disappointment. From then on, for a long time, he lived a secluded life away from the real struggle and immersed himself in literary creation.

19 15 years, he met Gandhi. This is a meeting between two giants in Indian history. He kept in touch with the Indian National Congress for a long time and attended its congress. However, his relationship with the Congress Party is always at arm's length. He has a sincere personal friendship with Gandhi. However, he did not agree with some of Gandhi's practices. These two extraordinary figures did not try to cover up their differences of opinion. At the same time, they always respect and support each other morally and socially.

19 16, Tagore came to Japan, and he had a lot of feelings about this dynamic new country. Later, he went to the United States from Japan and made many reports on "nationalism". He condemned "nationalism" in the East and the West. He has always had a bad opinion of the United States, and racial discrimination in the United States annoys him. American newspapers and detective agencies often cause him some trouble in public opinion and action. His subsequent visit to England was not pleasant. 1929, he traveled to Canada, went to the United States, and was detained by American immigration officials for questioning.

19 19, Amritsar tragedy happened, and the British army shot and killed 1000 Indian civilians. Tagore stood up in anger and wrote a righteous letter to the governor of India, protesting and giving up the title of "knight" given to him by the British king. 1924, he visited China. Since he was a child, he yearned for this ancient and rich eastern country and sympathized with the situation of China people. He wrote an article condemning the opium trade of British colonists. This visit finally realized his wish for many years.

1930, Tagore visited the young socialist country-the Soviet Union. He saw a magical world there, which made him very excited and excited. He wrote a book praising the Soviet Union, Russian Letters. Although he can't fully understand socialism, he yearns for this brand-new society and wants to move this magical world to the Indian people. His yearning for the first socialist country in the world has always been the same. In his 80th birthday article, he particularly emphasized and praised the achievements of the Soviet Union. Other people's attacks did not affect his good image in the Soviet Union.

1934, Italian fascist troops invaded Abyssinia (Ethiopia), and Tagore immediately severely condemned it. 1936, Spanish rebellion broke out against * * * and the government of China. He stood on the side of * * and the government of China, and explicitly opposed the perversion of the fascist leader Franco. 1938, German fascists invaded Czechoslovakia. He wrote to his friends there to express his concern and solidarity with the people of Czechoslovakia. 1939, German fascists flagrantly launched a world war. In response to the way of European friends, he wrote an article denouncing the unjust behavior of German "leaders". Tagore always hated fascism. However, he expressed infinite sympathy for the oppressed vulnerable groups. Especially for China, he always has a good impression and hope. He has always been a true and faithful friend of the people of China.

1941August 6, Tagore's ancestral home in Kolkata passed away peacefully, and thousands of citizens went to pay their respects.

His works reflect the Indian people's strong desire to change their destiny under the oppression of imperialism and feudal caste system, and describe their indomitable struggle. They are full of distinctive patriotism and democratic spirit, rich in national style and characteristics, and have high artistic value, which is deeply loved by the people.

Most of his works are based on the real life in India, reflecting the tragic fate of the Indian people under the heavy oppression of colonialism, feudalism and ignorance and backwardness, depicting the changes of Indian society and the awakening of a new generation under the impact of new ideas, and also recording his personal spiritual exploration. In terms of creative skills, he not only absorbed the nutrition of national literature, but also drew lessons from the advantages of western culture, and achieved high artistic achievements. In particular, his poems are fresh in style, beautiful in verse, strange in imagination, beautiful in rhythm, full of lyrical flavor, full of profound philosophical and religious thoughts, social and life ideals, and touch the hearts of readers. Some poems are mysterious because of the influence of religious thoughts in the Vedas and Upanishads, but they still have unique artistic charm.

Tagore made bold innovations in poetry, genre, language and expression. Stylistically, realistic themes are regarded as having contemplative factors, and contemplative genres are regarded as having realistic factors; Genre, the poet created the form of "story poem" and political lyric poem; He also devoted himself to writing free verse. Tagore is good at learning and using spoken language in people's lives, making the language of poetry lively and vivid; In terms of creative methods, he organically combines realism with romanticism, but romanticism is more important in lyric poetry and realism is more in narrative works.

Tagore's women come from different castes and classes and have different identities. Such as child brides, widowed girls, buried widows, deceived girls, traditional Indian housewives, well-educated celebrities and intellectual women with new ideas. These women are often portrayed as victims of traditional bad habits, pursuers of happy love and new Indian women in the author's ideal.

The low status and miserable situation of Indian women are the result of politics, race, religion and husband's bondage, and are the reflection of all kinds of disadvantages caused by Indian religious society. Tagore turned his attention to widows' unique experiences and their vivid feelings into sharp pens and knives, pointing directly at various unreasonable, inhuman and discriminatory Hindu traditional customs, such as child marriage, arranged marriage, teenage widowhood, widow martyrdom and dowry system. , showing their tragic situation, tortuous experience and helplessness in resistance, accusing the accumulated disadvantages of these traditional habits and the deep suffering brought to the vast number of Indian women.

Tagore is a writer with great world influence. He wrote more than 50 poems, and was called "Poet Saint". He wrote 12 novellas, 100 short stories, more than 20 plays and a large number of literary, philosophical and political works, and created 1500 paintings and countless songs.

In the past decades, there have been many Chinese translations and comments on his works. 196 1 In order to commemorate his centenary birthday, People's Literature Publishing House published 10 volumes of Tagore's works. His poetic style had a great influence on modern literature in China and inspired a generation of literary giants, such as Guo Moruo, Xu Zhimo and Xie Wanying. Many of his works have been translated into Chinese many times. Tagore's Birds influenced Bing Xin and made her write Stars in Spring Water, which made her take a big step in the literary world. It is said that where Bengali is spoken, no one sings his poems every day. However, his poems won worldwide acclaim only after he translated them into English.

19 13 years1kloc-0/month, Tagore won the Nobel Prize in Literature for "Gitanjali". Before Tagore won the prize, the Swedish Academy Science Award went through some arguments. Werner von Heidenstam, a Swedish poet at that time, strongly recommended: "I read these poems and was deeply moved. I don't remember whether I have read such beautiful lyrics in twenty years. I really don't know how long I enjoyed them, just like taking a sip of cool and fresh spring water. In each of their thoughts and feelings, they all show the passion and purity of love, the clarity of mind, the beauty of style and the passion of nature, all of which are integrated into one, revealing a complete, profound and rare spiritual beauty. His works have no disputes, no sharp things, no hypocrisy, no arrogance or inferiority. If a poet can have these qualities at any time, then he is qualified to win the Nobel Prize. He is a Tagore poet. " Laxness, an Icelandic novelist, was only fifteen when Tagore won the prize. This great writer, who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1955, recalled Tagore's influence in that year, and said, "This strange, subtle and distant voice immediately entered the depths of my young mental ear. Since then, I have been feeling its existence in my heart. Professor Gilbert Murray was Tagore's friend before his death. He wrote a preface to the English version of Wings of Death when he was in his 90s. In the preface, the professor recalled the grand occasions that shocked the western European poetry circles, such as Gitanjali and Crescent Moon Collection, and praised Tagore as "a real poet, a new poet who can make the imagination of the East and the West understand each other. His genius lies in lyricism. "

Tagore himself once said: "I think I can't say that I am a pure poet, which is obvious." The poet changed his style in front of me and acquired the qualities of a missionary at the same time. I founded a philosophy of life, which contains strong emotional qualities, so my philosophy can be sung and passed on. My philosophy is like a cloud in the sky, which can be turned into a shower and dyed into colorful clouds to decorate the feast in the sky. "

In his research works, Mr. Ji Xianlin pointed out that although Tagore was also influenced by western philosophy, his ideological keynote was pantheism from Rigveda to Upanishads and ancient Indian Vedanta. This kind of thinking advocates the unity of all things in the universe, and this kind is called Brahma. Brahma is the unity of the universe and the essence of the world. Man and Brahma are also a unity. "'I' is synonymous with' Vatican', and' Vatican' is the highest' I'." "There is no difference between human nature and natural nature. Both of them are part of Brahma, the essence of the world, and they are interdependent and interrelated. " Tagore called it infinity with God or Brahman as one side and finiteness with natural or phenomenal world and individual soul as one side. The relationship between infinity and finiteness is the central issue of his philosophical exploration, and it is also a problem he often touches on in his poems. The difference between Tagore and Indian traditional philosophy is that he takes "man" as the center, and thinks that man needs God, and God also needs man, and even thinks that God can only be seen between people.

Mr. Ji Xianlin also pointed out: "Since Brahma and I are one, I am one with no self, and man and nature are one, the relationship between them, that is, the relationship between all things in the universe, can only be harmony and coordination. Harmony and coordination can be said to be the core of Tagore's thought. " Tagore believed that "complete freedom lies in complete harmony of relations". From this philosophical point of view, Tagore preached the gospel of love and thought that "what really strengthens the power of civilization and makes it truly progress is cooperation and love, mutual trust and mutual assistance". However, Tagore does not deny the existence of contradictions. There are some dialectical factors in his thought. He admits that nature, society and people's thoughts are changing. In Tagore's thought, "rhythm" occupies a very high position, which is his highest ideal, the most fundamental principle and the golden key to unlock the mystery of the universe. "

Tagore is a poet with romantic style. From the perspective of poetry creation, he pays special attention to the relationship between poetry and poets. 1903, after reading the biography of the English poet Tennyson, Tagore wrote The Poet's Biography, mainly discussing the relationship between the poet and his works. He believes that the poet's works can give us a true image of him because he has integrated his life into his works, while the poet's biography only records the poet's external activities, so we can't really know the poet by studying his biography. He pointed out: "A poet does not create his own life in the way he creates poetry, and his life is not poetry" (Volume 22: 37). Tagore does not deny that the poet's life is intrinsically related to his poetry, but he thinks that only an extraordinary poet like Dante can show his genius in poetry and life practice at the same time. "Dante's poems condensed Dante's life. If we read them together, we will know ourselves better than his object "; The main purpose of art is to express individuality, not abstract and analytical things. In a Passage to Europe, he believes that only as the creator of artistic objects can he become a truly free subject, and points out: "Only in literature can he become a subject. In other words, man is the symbol and purpose of literature. ..... People become the main body of literature, which is the essence and result of interpersonal communication. Therefore, the symbol and purpose of literature can only be' I' as a human being, and it is by no means all external things I have ever seen "(Volume 19: 270-72). It can be seen that people with subjectivity are the starting point and final destination of Tagore's poetics. The so-called subjective poetics emphasizes the relationship between literature and people, especially the author's subjective position in literary creation. The theory of literary subjectivity has a profound historical origin in both the East and the West, but in the West, the understanding and attention to literary subjectivity began with romanticism. Tagore is a poet who is deeply influenced by western romanticism and has a romantic temperament. In his poetry creation and theory, he shows distinct subjective characteristics. The biography of the poet can be said to be a prelude to his subjectivist literary theory.

Tagore believes that the foundation or key of poetry is not the poet's intelligence and the poet's external activities. He pointed out: "Daily speech, letters, communication, activities and education are not the foundation of poetry, but the foundation is the spread of a huge emotional impulse, as if it were accidental, not man-made-it is beyond the poet's knowledge" (Tagore Volume 22: 39). Two factors are emphasized here, one is emotion and the other is inspiration; It also denies two factors, one is knowledge and the other is deliberate efforts. Yan Canglang, an ancient poet in China, said: "Poetry is unique and has nothing to do with books; Poetry has other interests and has nothing to do with reason. " The difference is that Yan Yu's theoretical understanding is based on poetry appreciation, while Tagore's experience is based on long-term rich creation.

Tagore believes that biographers seldom care about the poet's colorful personality and inner world, and the poet's performance in poetry is more real than his real life. "The readers of Bomi created a biography of the poet's life from Bomi's poems, which is more real than Bomi's real life" (Volume 22: 38). In a word, he thinks that the biography of the poet's life can better express the poet's self than his works, that is to say, poetry is the expression of the poet's personality, not the reproduction of the poet's life. This subjective poetic thought is more profound in his later works.

Tagore had an extraordinary understanding of death. He said: "Life as a whole will never take death seriously. Before he died, he laughed, danced and played. It builds, stores and loves. Only when we separate the fact of individual death from the whole life can we see its emptiness and become depressed. We forget the whole of life, and death is only a part of it. Just as an oak tree looks at a piece of cloth under a microscope, it looks like a net. We stared at those big holes and imagined shaking. But the truth is, death is not the ultimate truth. It looks dark, just as the sky looks blue, but death is not a blackened entity, just as the sky does not leave its color on the wings of birds. " "In Tagore's works, death is full of poetry and yearning. In the final stage of Gitanjaly, he used more than 20 poems to praise death, expressing the process of being the same with God in death.

Tagore is an optimist. He believes that the world is developing towards absolute goodness, and firmly believes that evil will eventually become good. The poet believes that we have pain because we feel limited, but this is not fixed or final, and so is happiness. Therefore, the existence of good and evil is not absolute, but it is real to us. We must unite with infinite activities through the karmic hemolysis in the Bhagavad-gita, that is, through the practice of selfless kindness, in order to obtain universal life or moral life.

He said, "To live in perfect goodness is to realize life in infinity. This is the most comprehensive and profound outlook on life, that is, the view we can have on the whole life through inner moral strength. The Buddha's teaching is to cultivate this moral power to the highest degree and understand that our scope of action should not be limited to a narrow self-domain. " "When the Buddha thought about how to liberate mankind from the bondage of pain, he had reached the truth that when mankind achieved the highest goal by integrating individuals into the universe, mankind was liberated from the bondage of pain." Because of this, Tagore admires Buddha, and his poems reflect the connection between individual and whole from everything.