What's the difference between the Tang Dynasty and South Asia, India and Southeast Asia? history

Today's India, Pakistan and Bangladesh were collectively called Tianzhu in the Tang Dynasty. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, King Luo Yiduo of the Middle Tianzhu conquered five Tianzhu. Later, envoys were sent from time to time, and Emperor Taizong sent envoys to apply for jobs many times. At that time, the trade between the two countries was extremely frequent. On the east and west sides of Bengal and Indian Peninsula, there are often China merchant ships berthing in Hongkong; Indian merchant ships often come to Guangzhou and Quanzhou for trade. The commodities exported to India in the Tang Dynasty included musk, silk, porcelain and copper coins. Articles imported from India include precious stones, pearls, cotton cloth, pepper and so on.

Long-term friendly exchanges have promoted the cultural development of China and India. In literature, due to the translation of Buddhist classics, China produced a variety closely related to Buddhism. In art, the murals and sculptures in Dunhuang, Yungang, Maijishan and Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang all retain the influence of the artistic style of Gandhara in North India. In addition, astronomy, calendar, medicine, phonology, music, dance, painting and architecture in India and Pakistan. They were introduced one after another, which had a great influence on China.

At the same time, at the end of the 7th century, China's paper spread to India through Central Asia, and then to papermaking through Nepal. Since then, India has ended the era of writing with birch bark and leaves.

Monk Xuanzang

In the history of cultural exchange between China and India in the Tang Dynasty, Buddhists of the two countries made outstanding contributions. One of the most famous monks in China is Xuanzang and Yijing.

Xuanzang's surname is Chen, and his ancestral home is Henan (south of Yanshi County, Henan Province). In 627, I set out from Chang 'an and went to Tianzhu to study. Passing through today's Xinjiang and Central Asian countries, it has experienced storms and hardships, and finally reached Pakistan and India. He studied abroad 19 years and traveled around the world for 5 days.

In 645 (the 19th year of Zhenguan), Xuanzang traveled more than 50,000 Li after 19 years, and returned to Chang 'an, bringing back 657 Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures. He concentrated on translating Buddhist scriptures in Ji 'an, Chang 'an, and translated 75 Buddhist scriptures in 20 years, 1335 volumes. Most of these Buddhist scriptures were later lost in India, and the Chinese version became an important document for studying ancient Indian literature and science. When Xuanzang was studying in India, he introduced the King of Qin to India. After returning home, he translated Lao Tzu's Tao Te Ching into Sanskrit and sent it to India. In addition, Xuanzang also wrote 12 on the local customs, product beliefs and historical legends of various regions he experienced this time, which became valuable materials for studying the history, geography and transportation of Central Asia and the Indian Peninsula in the Middle Ages.

The Battle between Datang and India

In the early Tang Dynasty, Tianzhu, now India, was the country where the Buddha was born, and Buddhism was preached all over the country. It is divided into five major Tianzhu countries: east, west, north and south.

During the Zhenguan period, a layman named Chen, Tang Xuanzang, went through all the hardships to seek Buddha in the Western Heaven and went to Tianzhu to learn Buddhist scriptures. In the middle of Tianzhu, I saw Luo Yiduo, the body of Tianzhu King. Luo Yiduo, the corpse of the king of Zhongtianzhu, also known as King Mogantuo, is very brave and has extraordinary martial arts. He fought for many years and conquered four other Tianzhu countries. I was overjoyed to see the eminent monk of the Tang Dynasty and said to the Tang Priest, "I am very happy to hear that a saint was born in your country. Can you explain this miracle to me? " The Tang Priest and King Mogado briefly described the life of SHEN WOO, Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, and made Fan Yi countries known as "Tiankhan" by pacifying the rebellion in the Central Plains and surrendering the four barbarians. King Mogado admired it very much: "As you said, I should go to the East to see your king."

Tang priest traveled in Tianzhu for more than ten years, collected more than 650 classics and brought them back to China. King Mogado also sent envoys with Tang Priest to meet Emperor Taizong. Emperor Taizong was also very happy, and ordered Yun to ride on his arm and hold a memorial ceremony for Tianzhu. King Zhao Renchen of Mogato said, "There is a celestial dynasty in the east, which is called Maha Sinian. Since ancient times, it has never been in contact with me in Tianzhu. Today, there is a Mahathir sage, and it is a courtesy to send an envoy here. " He went out to meet the envoys of the Tang Dynasty and bowed down to them. Fu also sent messengers to the Tang Dynasty to present a fire bead and a golden bodhi tree to see Emperor Taizong. The two countries established diplomatic relations.

In the twenty-second year of Zhenguan, Luo Deyi, the body of King Mogado, died, and the country fell into chaos. Treacherous court official Aroshuna gave priority to self-reliance, usurped the treasure of Tianzhu and made himself king. Because the land is far away, Tang Ting has never heard of it.

Princess Wencheng stared at Xiangpa with a poem on her back. That was the day before she married Tubo. She secretly called Wang Xuance into Daming Palace. At that time, she took a shower, like a fragrant water lotus, combing her head. Wang Xuance stick behind her, smelling her hair, freely compose a poem:

"E Huang hanging bun hair like a cloud, light silk fondle suspected willow.

If you want to be ashamed of flowers, the fragrance will float on the willows. "

At that time, she only thought that one day Wang Xuance made great contributions and she could propose to her father. But she didn't expect that it was the last time she and Wang Xuance met in the land of Datang, and then Wang Xuance was transferred to attack Gaochang to establish hegemony for her father. By the time he returned home in triumph, his father had married Songzan Gambu, also for the sake of the Tang Dynasty. Unexpectedly, she can meet him again in this Tubo country. At this time, Wang Xuance was a right-back in the Tang Dynasty. He went to Tianzhu, passed by, and paid a visit to Tubo Wang Ting. Seeing each other again now will completely change. The former princess was the Tubo Queen, and the once young and romantic Wang Xuance is now a world-famous hero.

Wang Xuance volunteered to take on the drudgery of going to Tianzhu, otherwise he would go to the barren land of Wan Li, sleep in the wind, and suffer from the desert sandstorm. No one would come without the name of the emperor. However, Wang Xuance signed himself up for something he knew very well. Emperor Taizong was so happy that he gave many rewards one after another. Before he left, he also asked him to take Jiang as his deputy history, and took Tang Yan's younger brother, the eloquent monk, away as an interpreter. Riding for more than 50 days, starting from Chang 'an, a group of people did not know how many months passed and finally entered the territory of Tianzhu.

Ji Bian is a monk, but he is easy to talk to. However, since he left Chang 'an, Jiang has never stopped complaining all the way to Tianzhu. They didn't think of something worse: King Mogato died and Arroshuna usurped the throne. He heard that the envoy of the Tang Dynasty had entered the country, so he sent two thousand soldiers to ambush him.

In the end, Xuance, the stone man and fifty slave riders all fought many battles. Although they panicked, they lined up in a wild line and put the debate machine in the array. They fought their way out of the jungle and fled straight to Tubo. Songzan Gambu heard the news and took a thousand riders to help. As a result, only Xuance, Stone Man and Debate Machine were rescued. All the riders died and the whole team was wiped out.

Xuance was furious and called in military envoys from various ministries around me, as well as countries subordinate to the Tang Dynasty nearby, and assembled more than 10,000 soldiers and horses, taking Jiang as the pioneer. He defeated tens of thousands of elephants in Tianzhu in World War I and directly won tea and Luocheng. Aroshuna was so scared that he couldn't leave the city. Xuance bent on revenge and took out all kinds of skills of Tang Jun's siege, including ladders, stone carts and fire attacks. He fought hard for more than three months, and finally tea and Luocheng soldiers were defeated. Xuance chased and killed 3,000 Tianzhu soldiers and drowned the other half in the Ganges River.

Xuance took Shi Ren as the pioneer, went his own way, took advantage of the situation to attack Tianzhu, and vowed to completely destroy Tianzhu. However, the Tianzhu soldiers will be defeated as soon as they meet Tang. O Luo Song had no choice but to abandon his country and go to East Tianzhu, asking for help from the body of Cuomo, the king of East Tianzhu, and then gathering some skirmishers to fight back against Tang Jun. Xuance and the stone man deceived the Tianzhu people, only knowing how to fight, set an ambush plan, lured Aroshuna to take the bait, and wiped out the remnants of Aroshuna in one fell swoop. Aroshuna was captured alive and everyone else was killed. Aroshuna's wife, who still has tens of thousands of soldiers, insisted on going to Wei Tuo according to the danger, but she was also broken by Shiren and fled and surrendered. At this point, the cities near and far fell with the wind, Tianzhu was destroyed, and * * * took over 580 leeway.

Because East Tianzhu reinforcements Aroshuna, Xuance wants to take advantage of the situation to die East Tianzhu again. The body of Kumo, the king of East Tianzhu, was scared out of her wits. He quickly sent 30,000 horses and cattle and a batch of treasures with bows and knives to apologize to Master Tang, as a sign of his submission to the Tang Dynasty. Xuance just stopped fighting and returned to Korea. Emperor Taizong surrendered with Aroshuna and a group of officials. He was overjoyed and tied Chang 'an as a prisoner. He wrote a letter to reward Xuance and awarded him a doctor in the DPRK.

When it is a hero, there are countless romances. Wherever the sword and horse go, they are all from China, and there are poems praising them:

The wolf peak in the desert is lonely and straight, and the sky is noisy.

Iron soldiers trample on the land of bliss, lash foreign lands and despise the battlefield.

Since Kaijiang has its own dynasty, why not forget the ancient title of general?

It can be seen that the Tang Dynasty and India learned from each other, but when there is a dispute, the Tang Dynasty will never compromise!

During the Tang Dynasty, China actively pursued the policy of opening to the outside world and opened up the Maritime Silk Road in order to trade with the Arab world in Central Asia.

This sea route starts from Guangzhou, crosses the South China Sea, crosses the Straits of Malacca, reaches Sri Lanka, a great country in the South China Sea at that time (an ancient country in Sumatra, Indonesia), passes through the west coast of Malay Peninsula, and reaches the Lion State (now Sri Lanka) and India. From India to Oman, it reached Basra (now Iraq), an important commercial port in Taotou, Persia, and finally reached Baghdad, the capital of the Arab Empire.

At that time, there were only a few aborigines in the Nanyang region, that is, today's Southeast Asia, and there was no regional civilization comparable to the Tang civilization at that time. Later, after this place was discovered by the Tang people, many people immigrated here from Fujian, Guangdong and Guangxi. The Tang government once supported this kind of immigration. Historically, this great migration was called the second southward migration of the Chinese nation (the first time from the Yellow River basin to the Yangtze River basin), which greatly promoted the development of Southeast Asia.

It can be seen that the policy of the Tang Dynasty towards Southeast Asia is mainly to occupy resources and maintain immigration, and there is basically no major diplomatic incident!