Why do Hainan people speak "Min dialect"

Hainan Island faces Chinese mainland across Qiongzhou Strait, covering an area of about 34,000 square kilometers, making it the second largest island in the motherland after Taiwan Province Province. One of the most popular Chinese dialects in Hainan Island is called Wen Qiong dialect, also called Hainan dialect. Linguistically speaking, Hainan dialect belongs to "Min dialect". What is the unknown history behind this fact? The origin of Hainan people lies in the "Hainan dialect" at the ends of the earth, which is really too difficult for most people. How difficult is it? You can listen to the well-known song "Pomegranate Garden" in recent years. Obviously, even with the lyrics, it is still not easy for many people to put them in the right place. Who would have thought that "sour heart" would actually pronounce "Ding Dui Dui" in Hainan dialect? Interestingly, Hainan Island and Guangdong Province are only separated by Qiongzhou Strait, but Hainan dialect is nothing like "Cantonese". According to the chronicles of Hainan Island in the Republic of China, the dialects of Qiongshan, Wenchang, Anding, Qiongdong, Lingshui, Wanning and Thanksgiving are called Qiongzhou dialect, which is similar to Zhangzhou and Quanyin in Fujian. The words "Zhangzhou and Quanyin in Fujian" mentioned here are also "Minnan dialect". Therefore, such a "southern" "Hainan dialect", which is called "Hainan Min dialect" academically, has the closest relationship with Minnan dialect. However, compared with Fujian local Min dialect, some phonetic phenomena in Hainan dialect have changed regularly. For example, the pronunciation of "Tang" in Minnan dialect is very unusual-it retains the medieval phonetic characteristics of "Tang" (for example, "Cheng" is pronounced as "Deng" beside the sound), and it simply becomes "Hangzhou" in Hainan dialect (Haikou and Wenchang), which is even more unrecognizable to outsiders. Why does Hainan dialect belong to "Min Dialect"? This is actually related to the origin of Hainan people. Of course, the "Hainanese" mentioned here only refers to * * *. There is no doubt that Hainan Island is also the hometown of many brotherly peoples. In terms of numbers, the main minority is the Li nationality. Li people are called three. Today's tourist resort "Sanya" means "crow field" or "crane field" in Li language. Interestingly, although there are only a few Zhuang people in Hainan Island today, Xinyu, Guangdong Province in the early Qing Dynasty recorded a strange four-character place name in the Li nationality area of Hainan, namely Cao Nv, Na Nv, Cao Nv, Na Quan and Cao Nv. "Na" means "paddy field" in Zhuang and Dong languages. Because Zhuang and Dong language families put adjectives after nouns, there are many place names with the word "Na" in Guangxi and Yunnan where Zhuang, Dai and Buyi people live together: "Bona" means "field with springs"; "Nalong" means "a large field" ... If the four-character place names in Hainan Island are regarded as typical Zhuang place names, there will be a view that these places in Hainan Island were inhabited by Zhuang people first, so the Zhuang place names were used first, then the Zhuang people evacuated, and the Li people moved in, that is, Li language was added to the old place names. However, by the end of the first year of Yuanfeng (1 10 years ago), when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established two counties, Bo 'er, Li should have become the main residents of Hainan Island. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, a Li folk house in Hainan, designated Hainan as the Han County, which marked that * * * has since stepped onto the historical stage of Hainan Island. However, Zhu Ya and Boer counties were abandoned in the third year of Yuan Dynasty (the first 46 years) several decades later due to the harsh environment where miasma prevailed and the situation of "frequent rebellion by the people". It was not until the Sui Dynasty restored Zhu Ya County that Hainan Island was brought into the direct jurisdiction of the Central Plains Dynasty. After such twists and turns, until the Tang Dynasty, the total population of counties in Hainan Island was still less than 20,000. The decisive change occurred in the Song Dynasty. Many Hainan genealogies that have been handed down to this day can be traced back to the Song Dynasty. For example, the following: "Chen moved to Qiong's ancestral home in Putian County, Fujian Province. He took the first step as a scholar and began to learn how to build a country from his ancestral dynasty. During the reign of Fu (Northern Song Dynasty1098-1kloc-0/01), the old minister was denounced as a traitor, and his ancestors took refuge and ruled on behalf of Cang Hao. According to Mr. Wang Yuchun's statistical analysis and comparison of ancestral home and migration places of ancestors (*** 176 people) who moved to Qiong in past dynasties, we can draw the following conclusions: "Except for 12 people whose ancestral home is unknown, 97 people moved to Qiong from Fujian, accounting for 59% of the total; During the Song Dynasty, 72 people moved in. Except for 5 people whose ancestral home is unknown, there are 50 people from Fujian, accounting for about 75%. Therefore, the conclusion suddenly becomes clear: "Hainan dialect" is like Fujian dialect because many Hainan people's ancestors came from Fujian in the Song Dynasty. At the end of the Han Dynasty, Xu Jing, a college student who arrived in northern Vietnam by boat from today's Zhejiang, once felt that Fujian and other places along the way "did not see the land of the Han Dynasty". After hundreds of years of development, Fujian in the Song Dynasty is no longer the wild land of the past. " "Yesterday, Europe was far away from Guangdong, and now the southeast is in full bloom! Zhang Quan, a poet in the Song Dynasty, did say that people at that time were shocked by the rapid changes in Fujian in the Song Dynasty. Su Zhe even said in "Lin Yizhi Fuzhou" that "Changle is a big fan, the highest in the seven provinces of Fujian, and its clothes are prosperous, in the southeast. The forgiveness of industry and commerce benefits the mountains and seas. " In agricultural society, economic development is often reflected in population. There were only12,400 households in Fujian in the Sui Dynasty, with an average of only one household per square kilometer. With such a small population, economic development is impossible. During the Tang and Five Dynasties, a large number of immigrants from the north entered Fujian. By the time China was unified in the Song Dynasty, there were about 460,000 households in Fujian. Since then, the population of Fujian has greatly increased, with more than 654.38+0 million households at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty. In the mid-Southern Song Dynasty, the population of Fujian had reached 654.38+600,000. As the location of Fujian Road, Fuzhou is a sea of people. Quanzhou, another big city, is also "a city with 80 painting workshops and 500,000 worry-free teeth". Even Tingzhou, located in the southwest of Fujian with traffic jams, was once a mountainous area with a very sparse population. When we arrived in Qingyuan (1 195- 1200), the situation of "the land is narrow and the people are dense" appeared. As a result, the phenomenon of overpopulation in Fujian in Song Dynasty became very prominent. Although on the surface, the population density of Fujian at that time was less than half that of the neighboring Liangzhe Road (now Zhejiang, Sunan and Shanghai). However, for the agriculture needed to feed the population, just the amount of land is actually meaningless. The important thing is that it can be reclaimed into cultivated land plains. Fujian topographic map, in this respect, Fujian is extremely disadvantaged. There is a saying called "eight mountains, one water and one field", which really describes the terrain of Fujian. Because the whole land is dominated by hills and mountains, the average cultivated land in Fujian in the Song Dynasty was only a little more than half of the most densely populated Liangzhe Road. This made Fujian in the Song Dynasty feel the strong population pressure: "The land is narrow and there are many people; Although the land is right, it is exhausted. "In the 28th year of Shaoxing (1 158), the discount price in Fujian was" 800 odd fights ",while the neighboring Raozhou (now Jiangxi) only had" 450 odd fights ",only slightly more than that in Fujian. This is just the situation in ordinary years. "Three Mountains" says that Fuzhou is "frugal at the age of four, and food prices are rising". In other words, in the case of poor harvest, food prices will soar. No wonder people have to sigh "their lack of support". Population and Cultivated Land in Fujian in Song Dynasty In order to maintain the existing living standard, Fujian people had to control the family size by infanticide and drowning. "Among the eight states in Fujian, only people from Jian 'an, Jian 'an, Ting and Shaowu plan to have more children, and their ambition has become a common practice. Although scholars do the same, I don't know why. " In normal years, a family of five lives on grass roots and wild vegetables. One more bite and the balance on this key line will be destroyed. Therefore, it is necessary to limit fertility. Kill men if there are too many men, and kill women if there are too many women. As the saying goes, "tiger poison does not eat children", not to mention the prosperous Fujian people at that time (one fifth of the top scholars in the Song Dynasty came from Fujian). This is enough to imagine that the contradiction between Fujian people is extremely sharp. The so-called "Fujian land is not enough food and clothing, so it is scattered in all directions." In order to survive, Fujian people spontaneously immigrated. Fujian aborigines, Fujian and Vietnam, are said to be good at rowing. "Biography of Yan" said that they were "used to fighting in the water, which is convenient for sailing". It seems that later generations of Fujian people have successfully learned this skill. At that time, the ships they built were all top grades in junior high school. Ouyang Xiu said in "You Mei Tangji" that "Fujian merchants set sail and set sail". They set up a wooden boat and went all the way south, and chose the place along the coast of Guangdong today to live. Zhao recorded in Zhufanzhi that "Fujian merchants drifted with the wind and their goods were trapped in Li", which indicated that Fujian people had settled in Hainan Island and Li people lived here. According to historical records, Chaozhou and Leizhou at the east and west ends of Guangdong in the early Tang Dynasty had only more than 8,000 households, which were a wilderness. Including Hainan Island, there were only 65,438+households in the early Song Dynasty (including many ethnic minorities). However, by the Yuan Dynasty, it had increased to 730,000, an increase of more than seven times (the local area in southern Fujian also more than doubled in the same period). See who runs fast. Of course, someone will ask, Fujian is far from Hainan Island after all. Why don't Cantonese go to the moon first and get there first? This is about to mention what the "Pearl River Delta" in the Song Dynasty looked like. It is true that since the Han Dynasty, Guangzhou has been the maritime trade center of China. During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, it was famous as an oriental port in the world. Guangzhou Trading Company deals in luxury goods for the rich, which can only be linked with metropolises such as Kyoto and Lingbei, but it is like an "island" in Lingnan. Guangzhou's prosperous maritime trade is almost isolated from the underdeveloped surrounding countryside. Slang people who live in Sri Lanka are half dead and have unfamiliar teeth. Extensive agriculture and natural aquatic products are enough for "rice, soup and fish". Someone collected the poems of the Tang Dynasty and outlined the distribution of contiguous rice in the whole country in the Tang Dynasty, but there was no Lingnan. This also shows from another side that there is no stable large-scale agricultural settlement engaged in rice planting in Lingnan. What's more, until the Tang Dynasty, Guangzhou was still a "raw" city for slave trading. By the early Song Dynasty, the maritime trade in Guangzhou in the Tang Dynasty, the phenomenon that Guangdong was vast and sparsely populated was still very prominent. The population of the Pearl River basin accounts for only 4.8% of the total population of the country, and the cultivated land accounts for 0.68% of the country, which is really pitiful compared with the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Pearl River Delta finally ushered in an opportunity. In the first year of Jingkang (1 126), nomadic people invaded the south, Bianjing, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, fell, and Song Gaozong fled south in haste. A large number of scholars from the Central Plains crossed Dayuling, first lived in Nanxiong Zhuji Lane, and then entered Guangzhou. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the court issued a decree to resettle Nanxiong residents (in fact, southern scholars who lived here temporarily) to enrich the Pearl River Delta. In the second year of Deyou (1276), the Yuan army captured Nanxiong and Shaozhou, and the northern scholars who originally lived in Nanxiong continued to move south. The well-known legend of "Zhuji Township Immigrants" among Cantonese-speaking Guangfu people in the Pearl River Delta is an oral monument to the historical achievements of this immigrant group. Living in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, Qu Dajun, who has the reputation of "Guangdong Xuxiake", wrote in "Guangdong Xinyu" that "I am a famous family in Guangdong, mostly from Nanxiong Zhuji Lane". According to Huang Cibo's Notes on Ethnic Migration to the South in Zhuji Township and Selected Genealogy of Families Migrating to the South in Nanxiong Township, among the 2 1 1 clans of Guangfu people in the Pearl River Delta today, 19 1 clans moved from Nanxiong, among which Due to the concentrated arrival of many immigrants, there were only 1.2 households per square kilometer in the Pearl River Delta in Tang Dynasty. By the end of the Song Dynasty, there were 4.8 households. There were only 40,000 households in Guangzhou during the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty, and it had risen to nearly 200,000 households in the late Southern Song Dynasty. This migration tide in Zhuji Lane has greatly changed the original appearance of the Pearl River Delta. Xinhui in the Northern Song Dynasty was the Southern Song Dynasty, where "the sea has fertile land and plenty of granary boats". All the miles around Chashan in Dongguan County are shallow ... The surname has lived here since the Song Dynasty. Later, it gradually became a "giant town" with prosperous agriculture and commerce. Even the southern part of the Pearl River Delta originally belonged to Wuguishan Island in the South China Sea, Panyu, Xinhui and Dongguan, and Xiangshan County was established in the 22nd year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 152), which was the predecessor of Zhongshan, Zhuhai and Macau in later generations. The situation map of Xiangshan in the Southern Song Dynasty only shows that when Guangfu people, as a branch of the Han nationality, were concentrating on developing the Pearl River Delta and had no time to take care of it, Fujian people in the Song Dynasty were forced to move to Hainan Island by population pressure. Even in the development of the core area of the Pearl River Delta, Fujian people in the Song Dynasty came to share a piece of cake-in the south of Guangzhou, "there are many sea things on the riverside, and Fujian people are better than houses". Today, there is still a dialect island of Minnan in Zhongshan. According to Xiangshan County Records, it is precisely because of the Song and Yuan Dynasties that immigrants from Fujian coastal areas came here to settle down. As a result, in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, when the development of the Pearl River Delta was announced, Hainan Island and Leizhou and Chaozhou along the coast of Guangdong had become the world of "Min Dialect". Author: Guo (Editor: BNJ 10766)