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Why are there so few huge and magnificent buildings in the history of China as the stone churches and palaces in Europe?

Architecture is a historical note left by a country and a nation that will not beat. The Great Wall in Wan Li and the Forbidden City in China, the pyramids in Egypt, ancient stadiums in Greece and ancient Rome, etc. Are rare cultural heritages in world history.

Most of the ancient buildings in China are civil structures, and there are relatively few masonry structures, which may be related to the architectural guiding ideology based on local materials in ancient China. The most famous is Epang Palace in the Qin Dynasty. According to Du Mu's "Epang Palace Fu", in order to build Epang Palace, "Shu Mountain stands upright and Epang goes through the customs", that is, all the trees on Shanchuan Mountain near Xianyang are cut down, which shows how much wood was used to build Daqin Palace.

Unfortunately, Chu and Han contended and Qin died. Xiang Yu, the overlord of the place of Chu, first attacked Xianyang, Qin Dou, and a fire burned Epang Palace to ashes. This is the defect of wood structure building, which can withstand wind and rain, but can not withstand man-made damage. Of course, there is also the Yuanmingyuan in Beijing, which was built and perfected by the Qing Dynasty in the modern century. Eight-Nation Alliance not only plundered all the treasures in it, but also set them on fire.

The construction speed of wooden buildings may be faster than that of stone buildings, and the architectural culture is also different. Therefore, most of the monuments in the west are made of stone, while most of the monuments left in the east are civil structures.

Europe and western countries, after the Renaissance, produced a large number of forward-looking scientists, painters, architectural engineers and other historical figures that had a far-reaching impact on human society. These people used advanced culture to guide social practice, and built palaces and churches that made the orientals feel "tall and magnificent", which still stood after the test of wind, rain and lightning. It's really amazing.

Yongding Tulou in Fujian Province, China was created by immigrants from the Central Plains, that is, Hakkas. All the building materials are made from local materials, compacted with raw soil and reeds, and still stand up after hundreds of years, and the earth building is still inhabited. If Americans didn't take photos by satellite in the last century, people would suspect that China has built another advanced weapon testing ground, and even people in China didn't know there was such a wonderful building. Of course, the caves in northern Shaanxi and the pits in Shaanxi County, Henan Province in the Central Plains are masterpieces left by the Chinese nation in the history of world architecture.

Therefore, in every country and nation, in order to survive, people make full use of local natural resources and use local materials to build houses suitable for local people's living habits. There is no distinction between good and bad. Only local people find life convenient and comfortable, and they are all excellent buildings. (2020/09/24)

Some people like building houses, while others like building cities. What's the difference between eastern and western architectural concepts?

The architectural wonders of China are the Forbidden City and the Great Wall, the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal and so on.

In the west, it's mostly churches and the like.

In other words, he doesn't believe in Christ. Why did China build a church?

China believed in Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, but not Confucianism. There are many Taoist temples.

How do you say this question?

I said that the stone churches in ancient Europe were made of cement. Can you believe it?

However, stone churches in medieval Europe did use a lot of concrete to build 100 meters high churches.

In fact, cement is a mixture of volcanic ash and a certain proportion of sand, so ancient Rome built a super-large Colosseum with cement and a huge water diversion crossing.

In China, we never knew that volcanic ash could be made into cement, so we even called imported cement "cement".

Without cement and wood alone, you can't build a magnificent building 100 meters above the ground.

There are two styles of European-style stone buildings, one is Greek style, which likes to make various pillars to support the roof; A Gothic style in which the roof is supported by stone walls made of stone. Of course, judging from these two styles, there are other mashups.

We often say that "productivity determines the superstructure". Like primitive society, there must be slave owners, and feudal society must have princes and princes. In fact, the word "productivity determines architecture" can be omitted. Productivity affects building materials, and there are many high standards to choose from. Today's common reinforced concrete buildings were impossible in ancient times.

Back to the original architectural model, China and Europe were both wooden structures, and stone buildings did not appear until productivity improved. The difference is that the ancient buildings in Europe are made of stone, and those in China are made of masonry, but few stone buildings are produced.

In fact, stone buildings and masonry buildings can be built tall and magnificent, but stone buildings take a long time, are not easy to damage, and are not afraid of fire; Masonry buildings need a shorter construction period and are more vulnerable to damage, especially fire.

It is not difficult to understand that many people in China often see magnificent buildings when they go to Europe, such as slightly larger churches. Because Europeans have religious beliefs and are willing to spend a lot of money to build cathedrals, those stone products are not easy to break. There were many magnificent buildings in ancient China, but many brick-wood buildings were destroyed by history, and the rest were naturally inferior to those in Europe.

So I think there are fewer tall and magnificent buildings in China than in Europe, mainly because of religious belief. Ancient Europeans were willing to pay time, money and energy for stone churches. Judging from the damage situation, although brick-wood buildings are not like stone buildings, they are prone to major disasters in fires and military disasters, but they are by no means the main reason.

We can feel the piety and strength of stone buildings produced by religion, because there are many such buildings in China, such as Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes and Longmen Grottoes. Generation after generation can bear hardships and stand hard work, carve and create on the stone wall, leaving a miraculous miracle to future generations.

Then, the same is true of stone buildings in Europe, most of which are churches, while the number of palaces and castles is only a few, and each building can be called a big project. Exaggerated can be built for hundreds of years. For example, in 20 10, the Sagrada Familia Cathedral, named "Pontifical Temple" by Pope Benedict XVI, has not been completed since it was built in 19 century.

Stones are used for religion, and China people build grottoes; Used to strengthen, pray for eternity, and build a tomb underground palace. The underground palace is very luxurious. I don't know that the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang and the Mausoleum of Wu Zetian have not been opened yet. But the tomb of Emperor Qianlong can be taken as an example. It is made of stone and is extremely magnificent and luxurious. The underground palace, stone tablet and stone carving are all stones for seeking immortality. But in human settlements, stones are mainly bricks and wood, emphasizing convenience and comfort. Religious buildings, mostly shared by people and gods, are mostly brick and wood structures, such as towers, which embody eternal significance, including exquisite stone carvings and brick towers. In actual construction, bricks are more convenient than stones, so bricks are used more. China's culture is diverse and needs nothing. As far as western churches are concerned, we didn't have so much life in ancient times, so we didn't do that, so we didn't do that.

This is because China and Europe have different customs. The Chinese nation advocates wooden buildings because they are light, strong and beautiful. For example, the Forbidden City, the Temple of Heaven, the Summer Palace and Yingxian Wooden Pagoda are all wooden structures. The stone is solid, but heavy and cold. Our ancestors only paved the floor with stones, made railings and built tombs, instead of using them for tall buildings, such as the luxurious palace built by Fu Cha, the king of Wu, and the nearly 100-meter-high hall built by Wu Zetian in Luoyang, all of which were made of precious wood such as golden nanmu.

Europeans think differently from us. Every village has a church (China people have wooden towers in the county), most of which are made of stone. This is because Europe is the origin of stone, Italian marble is world-famous, and it is convenient and quick to use local materials. Just like Qingjian county, Shaanxi province, the stones on the mountain are all layer by layer, and the locals use slate as tiles. This is one of the reasons why there are many stone buildings in Europe.

This is related to Europe's belief in theism, and most rulers use theism to rule the people's ideological spirit.

The ancient people in China emphasized Yin and Yang, attached importance to the five elements, and pursued the unity of heaven, earth and man. This cultural phenomenon is also reflected in architecture.

There is no stone in the mountain, no stone in the water, no stone in the garden and no stone in the room. Stones are also very popular in China.

Judging from the building materials, there are really few high-rise buildings with stones as the main materials on the ground in ancient China. The reasons may be as follows.

From the perspective of yin and yang, stones belong to yin. Although the stone house is strong, it is too yin, which may be unhealthy. There is no yang and no yin. The ancients may choose poplar as the top, stone as the foundation, adobe brick as the wall, and the combination of yin and yang makes them feel comfortable to live in.

In ancient China, there were also large-scale pure stone construction projects, mainly the tombs of emperors. When people die and go to the underworld, it is still very appropriate to build a home of life with stones.

The Forbidden City in China is a great ancient architectural complex, also known as the Forbidden City.

There are more than 8,000 buildings in the Forbidden City, with a construction area of 6.5438+0.5 million square meters. The building materials are brick-wood structure, yellow glazed tile roof and blue-white stone base decoration. It is the largest and most well-preserved ancient royal building complex in the world.

The buildings in China seem to be alive. If a house is uninhabited and unattended for a long time, it is easy to collapse.

China is different from Europe.

You are so strange!

Where are all the magnificent religious buildings in China?

Buddhism includes Yungang Grottoes, Longmen Grottoes, the more famous Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes and, of course, Leshan Giant Buddha in a Chinese Odyssey. Well, these are Buddhism, and there are also local religions in China, such as Laojunyan Stone Statue in Quanzhou and Laozi Stone Statue in Gaofengshan, Pengxi County, Sichuan Province.

Not as grand as your cathedral.

China people are never afraid of anyone!

China people are not only born chefs, but also born architects, and these people are never lacking among religious fanatics. To make it bigger, China people are too lazy to build blocks. If they want to do it, they should make it as big as possible and carve stone statues directly, so there are various Buddhist caves. Don't think that after those stone statues are made, they will be exposed to the wind, rain and sun. How can our ancestors blaspheme their beliefs like this? Giant niches are built above and below the grottoes to protect them, but it is difficult to preserve multi-system wood structures for a long time.

As for why there are few stone structures in temples and Taoist temples in urban areas? That's because the ancients in China were ruthless, and everyone liked to build bronze statues. It is not uncommon to have a statue of tens of thousands of pounds. You know, copper was a hard currency in ancient China, and it couldn't be bigger-have you ever heard of the "Three Weapons Case" that destroyed the Buddha? Actually, it's all driven by money. According to religious aesthetics, the statue near the roof can give people the most sacred feeling, so there is no need to build it too high.

It's not without height. Many pagodas are stone structures. For example, the Zhenguo Tower (East Tower) of Kaiyuan Temple in Quanzhou has an all-stone tenon-mortise structure and is 48 meters high. It doesn't need nails This technology ranks first in the world and first in Europe in the same period!