Who knows the history of Minnan dialect ~ ~

Minnan dialect (vernacular: b? n-l？ M-gú), also known as H! -ló-se (Taiwanese, Heluo, Taiwanese, Heluo, Fulao, etc. ) In Taiwan Province Province, it belongs to China Min dialect and is also the most influential Min dialect. It is distributed in southern Fujian, Taiwan Province Province, Chaoshan area in eastern Guangdong, Leizhou Peninsula, Hainan Island, Longyan and Zhangping areas in western Fujian, Fuding area in Ningde city in eastern Fujian, Cangnan, Pingyang and Dongtou areas in southern Zhejiang, and some countries and regions in Southeast Asia.

Distribution area

Minnan dialect is mainly distributed in Taiwan Province Province and Fujian Province, but also in Chinese mainland and other parts of Southeast Asia:

Jiangsu province: the southern mountainous area of Yixing county

Zhejiang province: mainly distributed in coastal areas;

Zhishitang District, Wenling County

Zhikanmen Town, Yuhuan County

Mudfish in Shimashima, Banping Island, Jiao Yuan and Tokyo Prefecture.

Guidao and Danan Township in the north of Ruian County.

Shuitou Town, Tengjiao Town in Lunan Island, Xiwan Township in the east coast and Moheng Town in Heping County.

Southeast corner of Taishun county

Southeast corner of wencheng county

Zhilingxi Town, Fanshan Town, Qiaodun Town, mazhan town, Zaoxi Town, Yanting Town, Guanmei Town, Southern Song Town and Xiaguan Town in Cangnan County.

Changxing County, Lin 'an County, Zhoushan Islands and other places.

Jiangxi province: the northeast area near Zhejiang.

Guangdong Province: Eastern Coastal Areas and Leizhou Peninsula

Hainan province: Haikou dialect and Wenchang dialect are the representatives, which are distributed all over the island.

Guangxi province

Southeast Asia: Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and other places

Sub-dialogue

Basically, according to the region, it can be roughly divided into the following sub-dialects:

Zhangzhou dialect

quanzhou dialect

Min dialect in southern Zhejiang

Teochew dialect

Hainan people

the leizhou dialect

Proximity between dialects

Fujian and Taiwan tablets

That is, the native Minnan language. Zhangzhou and Quanzhou are the birthplaces of various Minnan languages in linguistics, and all Minnan languages originated from Zhangzhou dialect and Quanzhou dialect. There are some differences between Zhang and Quan dialects, mainly in phonology, but there is a strict correspondence between them. Grammar and words are basically the same. Both the Xiamen dialect and the Taiwanese dialect, which have appeared since Ming and Qing Dynasties, are directly mixed from the dialects of counties (cities) in Zhang Quan, and they all embody the characteristics of "being both Zhang Quan and Zhang Quan". Based on this, Xiamen dialect and Taiwan dialect are also regarded as typical Minnan dialects by people at home and abroad. The Minnan language of Fujian-Taiwan films is relatively unified internally. The Minnan language in Southeast Asia also refers to the Minnan language in Fujian-Taiwan movies.

Zhen 'an tablets

During the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, a large number of Minnan people (mainly Longxi, Haicheng, Zhangpu, Anxi, Hui 'an, Tongan and other places) migrated to Cangnan County, Pingyang County, Yuhuan, Dongtou, Fuding and Xiapu in the northeast of Fujian. Southern Zhejiang and eastern Fujian are geographically connected, with similar accents. This area is collectively called "southern Zhejiang". After being introduced into southern Zhejiang and eastern Fujian, Minnan dialect is different from Minnan dialect because of its own evolution and the influence of surrounding dialects (Ou dialect in southern Zhejiang and Fuzhou dialect in eastern Fujian). Cangnan people used to call this dialect "Min Dialect in South Zhejiang". Compared with Fujian-Taiwan Minnan dialect, the main features of modern Minnan dialect in southern Zhejiang are the degradation and disappearance of entering rhyme and nasal rhyme, as well as the differences of words. But on the whole, Minnan dialect in southern Zhejiang basically retains other characteristics of the local Minnan dialect. Relatively speaking, Minnan dialect in southern Zhejiang is closer to Minnan dialect in Fujian and Taiwan than Chaoshan dialect.

Chaoshan tablets

There are many similarities between Chaoshan dialect in Fujian and Taiwan and Minnan dialect, but the differences between them are still obvious. Its grammar is the same as that of Fujian and Taiwan films, and its vocabulary corresponds to a higher degree, but its pronunciation and intonation are obviously different. Even so, although they all speak their own languages, they can still communicate without barriers, and basically Chaoshan and Fujian can quickly integrate into each other's language families. The areas where Chaoshan dialect blends with Fujian and Taiwan have both pronunciation characteristics, such as Zhao 'an, Fujian and Singapore. Chaoshan dialect is not only distributed in Chaoshan area of Guangdong province, but also widely distributed in many influx settlements in Southeast Asia.

The areas where Chaozhou dialect is used now mainly include Shantou City, Chaozhou City, Jieyang City and its counties, most areas of Shanwei City, and places where overseas hipsters live together. Chaozhou dialect is used in Chinatown in Bangkok, Thailand, Chinatown in Paris, France, most Chinese in Cambodia and some Chinese in Vietnam. There are about 30 million people who speak Chaozhou dialect as their mother tongue in the world. It is a sub-dialect of Minnan dialect in eight dialect areas of China. The famous opera "Li Jing Ji" and "Love Story of Chen Sanwu Niang's Cross-Class" came from Chaozhou and was widely circulated in southern Fujian and Taiwan Province Province. Chaozhou Fucheng dialect shall prevail. Folk Chaozhou Opera is sung in standard Fucheng Chaozhou dialect. There are eight tones. When the two syllables are put together, no matter what the condition of the last word is, the first word is almost in the same tone, and the last word basically maintains its original tone, just like Minnan dialect, except for some features such as repeated endings. Chaoshan dialect is rich in literary and colloquial pronunciations, which can be almost divided into systems, such as [h] for non-native Chinese pronunciation and [p] or [p? ], knowing the word Che Chengmu is pronounced as [ts] and [ts? ], pronounced [t][t? ] and so on.

The tone of a word (that is, a syllable) is called the tone of a word. This is the same as before. For example, the word "bamboo" is pronounced as "Zhang Liuqie, Rusheng" in ancient Chinese, "Zhu" in modern Mandarin and "Duo Ying (4)" in Chaoshan dialect, which is the tone. But the tones of ancient Chinese, common language and Chaoshan dialect are different. Why?

There are four tones in ancient Chinese: flat, rising, going and entering. In modern Chinese, there are also four tones in Mandarin, but they are all flat, rising, rising and falling. There are eight tones in Chaoshan dialect: even tone, rising tone, rising tone, rising tone, falling tone, falling tone, falling tone, falling tone and falling tone. Where did these eight tones come from?

Originally, the initial consonants of each of the four tones in ancient Chinese can be divided into voiced and unvoiced tones. The evolution to modern Chinese Putonghua is mainly characterized by voiced and unvoiced tones, and the entering tone disappears and the entering tone is sent to the other three tones. However, in Chaoshan dialect, according to the voiced degree of ancient initials, each tone becomes two: voiced tone becomes a negative tone (Yin Ping, Yinshang, Yinqu and Yinru); Turbidity becomes yang tone (yang ping, yang Shang, yang qu, yang entering). In this way, the four tones of ancient Chinese became the eight tones of Chaoshan dialect. The corresponding laws are as follows:

The four tones in ancient Chinese correspond to the eight tones in Chaoshan dialect.

Eight Tones in Chaoshan Dialect —— An Example of Four-tone Initial in Ancient Chinese

Pingsheng clear collapse, eastward advance, arch impact 1 (Pingsheng)

Pingsheng Turbid Friends, Children, Hong and Nong 5 (Yangping Sound)

Clear sound, cleverness, beauty and paper 2 (on the sound)

Shang Sheng is a woman's voice, Shanghai, City and Drought 6 (Yang Shang Sheng)

Clear mirror, trick, ticket and note 3 (Yin Qing Yin)

7 (to remove the sound) attack, leak, point, and use voiced sounds.

Entering the voice clearly, weeping, timidity, refuting 4 (Yin entering the voice)

The entering sound is turbid in the sun, inverse, ze and domain (Yang entering sound).

Hainan tablets

Hainan dialect is said to be a kind of Fujian dialect formed by people from southern Fujian (Putian) who moved there and mixed with the local language.

Hainan dialect, represented by Wenchang dialect, is the most different from Minnan dialect in other areas, and it is basically impossible to communicate.