Where does Russia usually exile prisoners?

Exiles vary from time to time in different dynasties and are generally far from the sphere of influence. It's just that ancient exile is often to expel the exiles from the ruling area, and there is no difference in arithmetic, which is also an important difference between ancient exile and later exile. Although "Shun Dian" also has: "The five streams are different, the third class lives, and the fourth is guilty, second only to Kyushu, thousands of miles away. Only Mingke is still allowed. " Obviously, exile is divided into three grades according to the distance from the exile place, but this is only an ideal state, and the real classification of exile will wait until the "inflow of five punishments" becomes the normal punishment.

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the punishment of exile was not completely institutionalized, but was only used occasionally. The choice of exile places is mainly barren land or places newly conquered by the empire. Generally speaking, there are three main aspects:

One is Fangling (now Fangxian) and Shang Yong (now Zhushan) in northwest Hubei. After Qin destroyed Zhao, Zhao was exiled to Fangling. In the Han dynasty, it was still used as a place to imprison guilty and deposed princes. Located between the mountains, the traffic is blocked and isolated, but it is not too far from the capital; Putting deposed governors here is convenient for close monitoring and can prevent them from making a comeback.

Second, Lingnan area, mainly concentrated in Hepu (the county is located in the north of Hepu, Guangxi), Rinan (the county is located in the north of Hue in central Vietnam) and Jiuzhen (the county is located near Qinghua in central Vietnam).

Third, the northwest frontier region mainly includes Hexi Corridor and Hetao Plain. In the thirty-third year of Qin Shihuang (2 14 BC), Meng Tian "expelled the Huns from the northwest. From Yuzhong to Hedong, it belongs to Yinshan Mountain, which is thought to be forty-four counties, and the city and river are impassable. It also made Meng Tian cross the river to climb the mountain, climb the Yinshan Mountain, cross the holiday in the north, and build pavilions to expel the people. Migration is the beginning of the county. " ("Historical Records of Qin Shihuang") The "Yuzhong" here is roughly equivalent to the present Ordos Plateau; "Yinshan", that is, today's Daqingshan; "Gaoque and Yinshan" are all in the western section of the yinshan mountains today; "Northern Holiday" is roughly equivalent to today's Hetao Plain. "Han inherited Qin system" is of great political significance to the large-scale settlement of immigrants in Hetao area, Hexi Corridor, eastern Qinghai and central Xinjiang. During the Han Dynasty, the exile gradually expanded to five counties in Hexi (Jincheng, Wuwei, Zhangye, Jiuquan and Dunhuang), and many ministers were exiled to Hexi with their families after being convicted. Yinshan and Hetao areas belonged to Shuofang secretariat in Han Dynasty. All the five counties in Hexi belong to Liangzhou, so we see many records of immigrants from Shuofang and Liangzhou in the literature.

One or two of these areas were the so-called "smoking areas" in the south, which were developed late and were originally used as places to punish prisoners. The cold in the northwest, since it was incorporated into the territory, has become an ideal exile place for rulers of past dynasties.

During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the exile system was fully formed. First of all, it is manifested in exile, one of the five official punishments, and also in the institutionalization of execution, resettlement and management measures of exile. The choice of exile has gradually become institutionalized.

During the Sui, Tang and even the Song Dynasties, economic, political, military and other reasons were considered in the choice of exile places, and the exile places were divided into south and north. Punishment or prevention, as well as most political prisoners, mostly live in the southern border areas. Although this area is wild and undeveloped, it is under the control of the state after all. The northern region has been under the control of nomadic minorities since the Qin and Han Dynasties, so the exile in this region is mostly related to the war situation of ethnic minorities. The government often keeps criminals on the northern border to defend the border. This exile with military significance in the north is caused by its unique geographical location and historical reasons.

In the Yuan Dynasty, the army left and went to Wan Li, mainly to Huguang, which is known as the "smoky land", and Liaoyang, which was despised by northerners. Criminals usually come from the south to the north, and northerners come from the south. As the Criminal Law of the Yuan Dynasty said, "Southerners moved to the north of Liaoyang, while northerners moved to Huguang Town in the south."

In Ming dynasty, the military system implemented the guard station system, and military criminals were an important source of soldiers in Ming dynasty, so exile was mainly banishment. In the Ming Dynasty, banishment was used in real border areas, that is, prisoners were sent to military facilities-health centers. According to the distance and region of the journey, the exile is attributed to the exiled people, and they are forced to be placed in health centers all over the country as military households.

The exile in Qing dynasty inherited the exile in Ming dynasty, and banishment, exile and dispatch were all arranged in different places. Exile is the lightest punishment, banishment is the heaviest, and death penalty is the first-class heavy punishment.

In the early Qing dynasty, criminals sentenced to military service or exile were sent to the Eight Banners as slaves; Or by the county to the governor's office, according to the mileage, as appropriate, to Haizhou barren and endangered counties. But before long, the distribution of prisoners in different provinces began to be uneven. In order to correct this shortcoming, in the eighth year of Qianlong (1743), the Ministry of Punishment compiled a three-way list, which distributed fugitives in all provinces of the country, taking the government as the unit, starting from the fugitive's government, and determining the exile location according to the exile distance, and designated a government in a province as a fugitive, with 2,000 miles of refugees and 2,500 miles of refugees. In order to make the judgment mileage consistent with the execution, the error is required not to exceed 100. For example, let's take Fujian Province in the Qing Dynasty as an example. If a criminal commits a crime in Taiwan Province and is sentenced to exile, he will flow to 2000 Li in guangzhou fu, Guangdong (now Guangzhou, Guangdong); When it reaches 2500 Li, it flows to Changsha, Hunan (now Changsha, Hunan); It flowed for three thousand miles to Changde House (now Changde, Hunan). These exile places are not reciprocal. For example, 2,000-mile fugitives from Taiwan Province should flow to guangzhou fu, while 2,000-mile fugitives from guangzhou fu do not.