The first batch of mainland immigrants in Taiwan Province province.

All along, the history books have recorded the history of Hong Kong, mostly from the British colonial rule of Hong Kong. However, Hong Kong was inhabited by human beings more than a thousand years ago. The most powerful archaeological discovery is the recent discovery of a 5000-year-old (ancient kiln) on Lantau Island, the largest outer island in Hong Kong. As for the prehistoric Neolithic stone carvings, they are scattered all over Hong Kong. Although the significance of the sculpture and the identity of the creator cannot be verified, it is believed that this safe haven and Tamsui Bay once attracted many ancient people sailing along the Pacific coast to stay here.

About 2000 years ago, in the Han Dynasty, China incorporated Hong Kong into its territory. The Han Tomb in Lizhengwu, Kowloon was built at this time. In the14th century, many Cantonese people came to settle in Hong Kong, and some people (Hakkas) moved to Hong Kong from central China. Many modern Hong Kong people are still paying (rent) to the descendants of the landlords at that time. These ethnic groups are commonly known as (the five major ethnic groups in the New Territories).

According to some earliest historical records, Hong Kong is determined to become an important economic center. According to official historical records, the army was originally stationed in Tuen Mun and Tai Po to ensure Tolo Harbour. In addition, crane fishermen from eastern Guangdong have also settled in Hong Kong. /kloc-In the 7th century, the Qing Dynasty entered China. In order to suppress opponents and pirates, the Qing court banned ordinary people from settling in the coastal areas. Finally, the ban was lifted, and new immigrants settled in Hong Kong one after another, namely (Hakka) or (Hakka).

Hakka people who used to be farmers began to grow rice and tea trees, and also produced Guanxiang and pineapple. Collect pearls in the interests of the family; Now, Tuen Mun and Tai Po have become two major towns in the New Territories.

Historical evidence of Hong Kong's early lifestyle can be found in some small fishing villages and small granges. Many of these early villages are still protected by visiting walls, moats and guard rooms.

1840 after the first opium war, Britain forced the Qing government to sign the treaty of nanking on 1842 and cede Hong Kong Island. 1856, the British and French allied forces launched the second Opium War, forcing the Qing government to sign the Beijing Treaty in 1860, ceding the Kowloon Peninsula, the area south of today's Jiejie. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894, 1894, Britain forced the Qing government to sign the "Special Provisions on Expanding the Border of Hong Kong" in 1898, and forcibly leased the New Territories for 99 years until130 June 1997. Leasing in the New Territories has increased the area of Hong Kong tenfold.

1984 12 19: China and Britain signed a joint statement on the question of Hong Kong and implemented "one country, two systems" after Hong Kong 1997.

Macao

Macau became the territory of China from the Qin Dynasty, and was leased by the Portuguese from 1557 in the Ming Dynasty. It was not until 1887 that the Portuguese government and the Qing government signed the Sino-Portuguese Reconciliation and Trade Treaty (which expired in 1928), that Macao became a colony of Portugal and became the first territory of European countries in East Asia.

Macao, known as Haojing 'ao in ancient times, has a close historical relationship with Xiangshan County. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Xiangshan was already the land of more than 100 Guangdong islands. About the 3rd century ago (that is, when Qin Shihuang unified China), Macau was formally incorporated into Chinese territory and belonged to Panyu County, Nanhai County. In 420 (Jin and Yuan Dynasties), Macao belonged to Fengle County and Xinhui County. In 590 (the tenth year of Emperor Yangdi), Xinhui County was abolished and changed to Baoan County, and in 757 (the second year of Tang Dynasty to Germany), Baoan County was abolished and changed to Dongguan County. Since the Southern Song Dynasty, Macao has been under the jurisdiction of Xiangshan County, Guangdong Province. According to historical records, Zhang Shijie and his army were stationed in this area at the end of the Song Dynasty. People who settled in Macao in the early days formed small villages here and made a living by fishing and farming.

Since Macao, the sacred territory of China, has been illegally occupied by Portugal since ancient times, the Portuguese of Macao's coat of arms have always enjoyed privileges or special status in Macao during the period of the Australian-Portuguese government, which has made the residents dissatisfied to some extent. From1August 29th, 849, when Shen Zhiliang assassinated Governor Amalio, to1February 3rd, 966, the "December 13th" incident and the Taipa School incident triggered by the Cultural Revolution showed that people were deeply dissatisfied with the Portuguese privileges in Macao. 1On April 25th, 974, the Portuguese revolution was successful, and the new government implemented the policy of decolonization, recognizing that Macao was illegally occupied by Portugal, which was the territory of China under the current Portuguese regime, and Macao's sovereignty belonged to China.

From 65438 to 0986, the Chinese and Portuguese governments started four rounds of negotiations on the Macao issue. 1April, 1987 13, the two prime ministers signed a joint statement on Macao and its two annexes in Beijing. According to the Joint Declaration, Macao (including Macao Peninsula, Taipa Island and Sixth Ring Road) is the territory of China, and People's Republic of China (PRC) will resume the exercise of sovereignty over Macao on February 20th. China promised to implement one country, two systems for Macao, and ensured that Macao people enjoyed the right of "a high degree of autonomy and Macao people ruling Macao".

1On March 3, 9931,the National People's Congress passed the Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region in Beijing. 1 at 0: 00 on February 20th, 1999, witnessed by the heads of state of China and Portugal, Wei Qili, the 27th Governor of Macao, and He Houhua, the1Chief Executive of the Macao Special Administrative Region, handed over the Macao regime at the handover ceremony venue of the new Macao port. The next morning (65438+February 2 1), the people of Macao welcomed the PLA troops stationed in Macao; At this point, People's Republic of China (PRC) officially resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Macao.

Taiwan Province Province, China

In ancient times, Taiwan Province Province was connected with the mainland. Later, due to the crustal movement, the connected parts sank into the sea, forming a strait, and Taiwan Province Island appeared.

Most of the early residents of Taiwan Province Province immigrated directly or indirectly from Chinese mainland. 197 1 year and 1974, the earliest human fossils in Taiwan Province province were discovered twice, and they were named "Zuo Zhenren". Archaeologists believe that Zuo Zhenren came to Taiwan Province Province from the mainland 30,000 years ago. Both Liu Qingren and Dongshan Ren, discovered in Fujian archaeology, belong to the late Homo sapiens in the southern Paleolithic region of China, and they are of the same origin and both inherit some characteristics of China Homo erectus. Among the early residents of Taiwan Province Province, a few short black people belong to the nigri Tuo ethnic group, and the Langya ethnic group belongs to the sparrow ethnic group. The early residents of Taiwan Province Province mentioned above are the ancestors of the ethnic minorities in Taiwan Province Province today.

The recorded history of Taiwan Province Province can be traced back to 230 AD. At that time, Sun Quan, the king of the Three Kingdoms, sent 65,438+10,000 officers and men to Yizhou (Taiwan Province Province), and Shen Mou, a native of Wu, left the earliest account of Taiwan Province Province in the world. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties (AD 589-6 18), Taiwan Province Province was called "Liuqiu". The Sui Dynasty worked as a teacher in Taiwan Province Province for three times. According to historical records, in 6 10 A.D. (the sixth year of Sui Daye), Han people began to migrate to Penghu. By the Song and Yuan Dynasties (AD 960- 1368), there had been a considerable number of Han people in Penghu. After the opening of Penghu, the Han people began to develop in Taiwan Province Province, bringing advanced production technology at that time. /kloc-In the 20th century, the Song Dynasty placed Penghu under the jurisdiction of Jinjiang County, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, and sent troops to defend it. The Yuan Dynasty also sent troops to Taiwan Province Province. The Yuan and Ming governments set up a patrol inspection department in Penghu, which was responsible for patrolling criminals and holding salt classes. The name of Taiwan Province Province began to appear in the late Ming Dynasty. After entering the17th century, the development scale of the Han nationality in Taiwan Province Province is getting bigger and bigger. In the era of war and famine, the Fujian authorities of the Ming government and Zheng Zhilong Group immigrated to Taiwan Province Province in an organized way.

/kloc-in the 0/6th century, western colonial forces such as Spain and the Netherlands developed rapidly and began to extend their tentacles to the east. /kloc-At the beginning of 0/7th century, the Manchu in northeast China became increasingly powerful and the Ming government was in a difficult situation. During the peasant uprising in the late Ming Dynasty, Dutch colonists invaded Taiwan Province Province. Soon, the Spanish occupied parts of northern and eastern Taiwan Province Province, and were driven away by the Dutch in l642, and Taiwan Province Province became a Dutch colony. Dutch colonialists enforced compulsory rule, took the land for themselves, forced people to pay various taxes, plundered rice and sugar in Taiwan Province Province, and re-exported raw silk, sugar and porcelain purchased from China to other countries through Taiwan Province Province, thus making high profits. The rule of Dutch colonists aroused the resistance of the people in Taiwan Province Province. 1652 In September, the peasant leader Guo Huaiyi led a large-scale armed uprising. Although the armed uprising was suppressed, it shows that Dutch colonial rule has fallen into crisis.

1644, the Qing army entered the customs and established the Qing regime in Beijing. 166 1 In April, Zheng Chenggong led 25,000 soldiers and hundreds of warships from Kinmen into Taiwan Province Province in the name of General Nan Mingyi. When Zheng Chenggong marched into Taiwan Province Province, he told the Dutch colonialists that Taiwan Province Province "has always belonged to China", that the residents of Taiwan Province Province and Penghu Island are China people who have occupied and cultivated this land since ancient times, and that the Netherlands "should return it to its original owners" after fierce fighting and siege.1February 662, Zheng Chenggong forced Dutch Governor Bayi to sign and surrender. Zheng Chenggong regained China's territory of Taiwan Province Province from Dutch colonists, and became a great national hero, admired by the broad masses of people.

Zheng Chenggong died only four months after recovering Taiwan Province Province. Zheng regime transplanted the mainland's political, cultural and educational systems to Taiwan Province Province, attached importance to land development and water conservancy, developed foreign trade, and promoted the economic development of Taiwan Province Province. By the end of Zheng regime, the population of Han nationality in Taiwan Province Province reached 654.38+200,000.

At the end of Zheng regime, the Qing government was in a state of military confrontation. After the Qing government pacified the mainland, it began to plan an attack on Taiwan Province Province, and once adopted the policy of appealing to the court in an attempt to persuade Zheng to pacify the Qing Dynasty. The Zheng regime repeatedly counterattacked the coastal areas of the mainland. By the autumn of 1678, Zheng Jun was defeated and lost all the counties along the southeast coast, and then completely retreated to Taiwan Province Province. At this time, it was a foregone conclusion that the Qing government ruled China, and the Zheng regime gradually evolved into a local separatist regime. 1On July 8th, 683, the Qing government sent Shi Lang, the prefect of Fujian Navy, to lead more than 20,000 sailors and warships from Tongshan to Penghu and Taiwan Province provinces. The Qing army launched an attack on the defenders in Penghu, and Zheng was defeated. Zheng Ke, the grandson of Zheng Chenggong, led the people to surrender to the Qing government.

1684, the Qing government set up a patrol road and a Taiwan government, which were subordinate to Fujian province. By181year, the population of Taiwan had reached10.9 million, most of whom were immigrants from Fujian and Guangdong. Immigrants reclaimed wasteland in large quantities, which made Taiwan Province Province a new agricultural area, and provided a large number of rice and sucrose, daily consumer goods and building materials imported from the mainland, which made the economy of Taiwan Province Province develop to a considerable extent. During this period, Taiwan Province Province had close contacts with Fujian and Guangdong, and Chinese culture was introduced into Taiwan Province Province more comprehensively.

1840 After Britain launched the Opium War and invaded China, western powers forced China to open its trading ports. During the 65438+60s, fresh water, chicken coops, Anping and puppies opened in Taiwan Province Province, with opium as the main import and tea, sugar and camphor as the main exports.

In the 1970s, after the Meiji Restoration, Japan began to "expand its territory". In the south, Ryukyu and Taiwan Province Province are the expansion targets, claiming that Taiwan Province Province is an "indigenous" residential area, a "ownerless land" and not under China's sovereignty. Qing Government-Restatement: "Taiwan Province Province has been included in China's territory for a long time", "Taiwan Province counties have been born, and there is no society that does not belong to China". 1874 65438+ 10, the Japanese invaded Taiwan Province province. In June 5438+10, China and Japan signed the Beijing Special Article. Although the weak Qing government reached a compromise with Japan, the Beijing Special Feature still showed that China exercised sovereignty over the whole of Taiwan Province Province. Later, Qing officials suggested that Taiwan Province Province be a province.

With the invasion of western powers, China was forced to enter the frontier of China, and the frontier crisis appeared. 1884- 1885 during the sino-French war, the French army attacked Taiwan Province province. Liu Mingchuan led the army and suffered heavy losses. By the signing of the Sino-French New Testament in June 1885, the French army was forced to withdraw from Taiwan Province Province.

After the Sino-French War, in order to strengthen coastal defense, the Qing government designated Taiwan Province Province as a single province in 1885, and Taiwan Province Province became the 20th province in China. Liu Mingchuan, the first governor of Taiwan Province Province, actively carried out the new policy of self-improvement, cleaned up land tax, increased fiscal revenue, bought ships, set up telegraph lines, set up the General Administration of Posts and Telecommunications and built railways; Buy warships and add batteries. Set up a machine bureau and make weapons by yourself; Set up coal bureau and install new shearer; Set up companies to promote cities and build streets and roads; Establish western learning and telegraph schools to train architectural talents. Liu Mingchuan concentrated many new undertakings in one province, making Taiwan Province one of the advanced provinces in China at that time.

1894, Japan launched the Sino-Japanese War, and the Qing government was defeated the following year. /kloc-In April of 0/7, he was forced to sign treaty of shimonoseki, which humiliated his country and ceded Taiwan Province Province to Japan. After the news came out, the whole country was angry and opposed to cutting the table; Taiwan Province provincial capital "crying loud", gong. Liu Yongfu, the general of the Qing army in charge of military affairs in Taiwan Province Province, led the army and civilians to resist the Japanese occupation. After more than five months of fighting, the Japanese invaders paid a heavy price, but finally failed. Since then, Taiwan Province Province has been a Japanese colony for 50 years.

In Taiwan Province Province, the Japanese implemented an autocratic governor system, established a strict police system, controlled the society of Taiwan Province Province, and used the Baojia system as an auxiliary tool for police politics. 1937 After Japan launched a full-scale war of aggression against China, it launched the "Imperial People's Movement" in Taiwan Province Province, instilling the idea of being loyal to the "Emperor" and loving the "country" (Japan), trying to turn the people of Taiwan Province Province into loyal subjects and good citizens of Japan. Economically, the policy of "agricultural Taiwan Province Province, industrial Japan" is implemented, and Taiwan Province Province provides rice and sucrose to Japan; Later, in order to cooperate with Japan's southward policy, it developed industries related to military supplies in Taiwan Province Province, and regarded Taiwan Province Province as a supply place for the Japanese army. The people of Taiwan Province Province have never succumbed to Japanese colonial rule. In the early days of Japanese occupation, the anti-Japanese armed forces with farmers as the main body fought for 20 years. Later, the Cultural Association, People's Party and Producer Party also organized and led the national resistance movement against Japanese colonial rule.

1937 in July, the Japanese created the "July 7th Incident", and the people of China started the national War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, many compatriots in Taiwan Province Province returned to their motherland to participate in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, which contributed to the victory of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the recovery of Taiwan Province Province. 194 1 After the Pacific War broke out in February, on February 9, 65438, the Japanese government issued the Proclamation of China's Declaration of War against Japan, clearly telling the Chinese and foreign countries that "all treaties, agreements and contracts involving the relations between China and China will be abolished."

1In August 1945, Japan was defeated in World War II, and 15 announced its unconditional surrender in August. After eight years of heroic War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the people of China finally recovered Taiwan Province Province. Taiwan Province compatriots celebrated their return to the motherland with great joy. 10 year 10 On October 25th, the surrender ceremony of Taiwan Province province in China Allied War Zone was held in Taibei. On behalf of the China government, the surrendering officials announced that from now on, Taiwan Province Province and Penghu Islands will formally rejoin Chinese territory, and all land, people and political affairs will be under China's sovereignty. So far, Taiwan Province Province and Penghu are under the sovereignty of China.