What is the most famous city in Brazil?

Name Brasilia

English name Brasilia

Category world heritage

Approved year number 1987

The heritage originally belonged to Brasilia and was planned to be built on the flat land in central Brazil in 1965.

Heritage status: emerging cities in Brazil

The capital of Brazil, a modern emerging city. Located in the central part of Goias, the triangle formed by the intersection of Maranyon River and Wilder River. Altitude 1 100m, 900km from Rio de Janeiro in the southeast and 865km from Sao Paulo in the south. Even the eight federal districts around satellite towns have an area of 58 1.4 square kilometers and a population of 1.864 million. Located in the plateau, the climate is mild and pleasant. The annual average temperature is 65438 07.7℃. The annual average precipitation is 1600 mm, and the rainy season is concentrated in 10 to April of the following year. The capital of Brazil was originally Rio de Janeiro. For the sake of national defense security and the development of the mainland, the idea of moving the capital to the mainland has long existed. 189 1 year, Brazil's first constitution stipulated the construction of a new capital on the mainland. Until 1956, the current site was selected. Designed by Brazilian designer L. Costa, construction started in June 1956 1 1, and on April 2 1, 1960. Brazil announced that the capital and most government agencies would move to the city. At first, the population was less than 200,000. Later, a large number of immigrants poured in and the population soared, making it one of the largest cities in China.

The city is located on the artificial lake Parana Peninsula, shaped like an airplane facing the east. The "nose" is a square with three powers, protruding at the tip of the peninsula, surrounded by the presidential palace, the Supreme Court and the parliament building. The "fuselage" is an east-west avenue, 8 kilometers long and 250 meters wide. The "front cabin" is the government building, square and cathedral; The "back cabin" is the cultural and educational area, sports city, TV tower and so on. The "tail" is the industrial area and the printing and publishing area; Wing is a residential area with nurseries, schools, sports fields, theaters, hospitals, shopping malls and restaurants. The junction of "wing" and "fuselage" is the central business district, with commercial service facilities such as supermarkets, banks, post and telecommunications buildings, national theaters and hotels. The artificial lake covers an area of 44 square kilometers and stores 500 million cubic meters of water, which is divided into South Lake and North Lake. There are zoos and botanical gardens nearby. The lake is the embassy area and private residential area, and the island in the lake is the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, called Crystal Palace. The green area accounts for 60% of the urban area. There are modern high-rise buildings, traditional Spanish castles and European baroque buildings in the urban area, which is known as the World Architecture Expo.

Industry is dominated by pollution-free light industry, and industries such as clothing, food, electricity, electronics, automobiles, printing and building materials have developed rapidly. As a national transportation center, expressways radiate from state capitals and major coastal cities. The railway connects Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo. There is an international airport in the southern suburbs, and suburban towns are mainly located in the north of artificial lakes. There is an echo wall built by 1970 in the suburbs, where a military parade is held every August.

brief introduction

Brazil, Brasilia, cultural heritage, 1987 is included in the World Heritage List.

Evaluation by the World Heritage Committee:

Brasilia was approved as the national center and capital in 1956, which is a milestone in the history of urban design. Lucio Costa, an urban planning expert, and Oscar Niemeier, an architect, imagined everything about the city, from the layout of residential areas and administrative districts to the symmetry of the building itself. Brasilia is often compared to the shape of a bird, which shows the harmonious design concept of the city and the amazing imagination of government buildings.

Brasilia is a newly-built capital planned in 1965 on the flat land in central Brazil. The plane form of the city is a swept-back wing jet plane, and the layout of each functional area is reasonable. It is an ideal city and a milestone in the history of urban planning.

Brasilia, a modern new city, is located in the triangle where the maranhao River and the Wilder River meet on the plateau of Goias State in central Brazil, and is now the new capital of Brazil. It forms a federal district with several satellite cities. The area is 58 14 km2, and the population is1860,000 (estimated 1990). Here, the scenery is beautiful, the climate is pleasant, the trees are green all year round, and the flowers are unbeaten. Brasilia has the shortest history among hundreds of cities with world cultural heritage. Urban design is unique, architectural styles are colorful, and various architectural styles are integrated into one city, so it has the reputation of "World Museum of Architectural Art".

Brazil once built its capital in El Salvador and Rio de Janeiro, both coastal cities. 1822 after independence, for political, economic and strategic security reasons, the Brazilian government decided to create a new capital in its own land. It took a long time from the idea to the actual move of the capital.

138 planning and decision-making for Beijing to move its capital (1822- 1890), site selection and planning for the new capital (189 1- 1956), and construction started (/kloc)

Before the construction of the new capital, the Brazilian government invited tenders from all over the world to collect design schemes, and then invited many famous architects from all over the world to form a selection Committee, and selected the plane layout of Professor Lucio Costa from 26 design schemes as the blueprint for aircraft types. Oscar Niemeyer, a famous Brazilian architect who participated in the United Nations Building, was also invited as the chief engineer of the new capital construction.

Brasilia has three parts: new area (urban area), old area and workers' residential area.

The plane layout of the new area is like a jet plane with its nose facing east and its wings swept back, which symbolizes that Brazil is a rapidly developing country. The nose has a square with three powers: Parliament, Presidential Palace and Supreme Court, which symbolizes the nerve center of the whole country. The front of the fuselage is a government office with 18 symmetry. The parliament building consists of the meeting halls of the Senate and the House of Representatives and the super-high office building. The conference halls of the two houses are flat, 240 meters long and 89 meters wide. At the top of the apartment, two bowl-shaped roofs stand out, with the chamber of the House of Representatives above and the chamber of the Senate below, symbolizing democracy and centralization respectively. The presidential palace is a well-designed four-story building, and its appearance is almost entirely made of glass. Among the above buildings, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Building is the most striking. The whole building stands in the lake, and its four walls are made of glass, which is called the Crystal Palace. There is a deformed lotus flower with five stone heads on the lake at the main entrance of Crystal Palace, which symbolizes the unity of five continents.

The buildings backward from the nose are the main axis of the city, which are patchwork, different styles and integrated, forming a harmonious and magnificent picture. Passing through this main shaft, there are a group of different residential groups. These houses are arranged along the natural curve parallel to the lake, forming the wings of the jet turbine. There are dozens of buildings in each residential area, including schools, kindergartens, cinemas, churches, shops and hospitals. The living area is separated by green spaces, or flower beds and jungles, and the seasons are evergreen, which makes people feel that although they are in tall buildings, they are not lacking in interest in nature. At the rear of the plane are the railway station and the north-south railway. Then there is a small factory. In addition, the historical center of the University of Brasilia, the cathedral and the embassy buildings with different styles scattered in different locations all show modern architectural art and style. The whole new area has a coordinated layout, novel structure, lush greenery and flowers everywhere. The Paranhoa artificial lake in front of the wing is sparkling and green. This artificial lake is intercepted by four rivers, with a storage capacity of 49 1 100 million cubic meters, and also plays a role in regulating climate.

The Dina Historical Center in Planhad is the most famous building in the old district (built at 1859). Now it is located in a satellite city in Brasilia, and it is the largest and oldest building complex in the Federal District. The other nine manors are also well preserved, the largest of which, Souladino, was built in 1832, and its houses are typical local buildings. The historical center of Bazlandia is also a famous building in the old district.

Workers' residential area is a temporary wooden house with modern characteristics built by construction workers when they create a new capital. Most of the wooden houses have been preserved to this day, and a few need to be rebuilt or demolished due to urban construction. Notre Dame de Fatima, Oliveira Hospital, St. Joseph's Church, the First Church of Brasilia and the First School are also located in the workers' residential area.

The famous natural landscapes in Brasilia include National Park, Aguas Emandada Biological Reserve, Eberg and Gabasa Vado Nature Reserve, San barto Rama and De Scoberto Environmental Reserve. The municipal authorities also plan to establish a series of nature reserves, such as Rio Maranao Nature Reserve in the Gama River basin. These natural attractions are located in the urban area, adjacent to the old district, or remote and inaccessible, which makes Brasilia full of vitality and infinite charm.

The completion of Brasilia is the first time to realize the planned future city. This is a capital truly built on green land. Its planning and design embodies the great creativity of people's spirit and wisdom, and is also a model of modern architectural spirit. However, some people criticize urban planning, arguing that the pursuit of form is more than the pursuit of economic interests, culture and historical traditions, and insufficient attention is paid to the employment and living conditions of low-income people.

1974 August 15, Brazil established diplomatic relations with China.

When people fly over Brazil to 47 S15 W, they will be surprised to find that there is also an "airplane" on the ground, which is Brasilia designed as a bird. Brasilia was founded in 1956 (1960 became the capital). It is located in goias Plateau rich in red soil, with an altitude of1170m and a distance of1000km from the coast. As the capital, Brasilia is the administrative center of the country. The purpose of establishing Brasilia is to better manage the inland areas of Brazil. Colonial history made Brazil's population excessively concentrated in coastal areas, and port cities continued to expand in the19th and 20th centuries.

As early as the end of the seventeenth century, the idea of building a capital appeared in central Brazil. 1922, during the centennial celebration of Brazil's independence, a stone tablet was erected in the selected position, which marked the maturity of this idea. The Constitution 189 1 foresees the opening of a federal government area in the central area of the country. 1955, Juscelino Kubitschek, former governor of minas gerais, was elected president of Brazil. At this time, Brazil made a decision to move the federal government from Rio de Janeiro to Brasilia. This decision emphasizes Brazil's desire for development and progress.

It took Brazil five years (1955 ~ 1960) to build a new federal capital, and a highway across Mato Grosso and the Amazon River was built. This project is based on the design of Brazilian urban planner Lucio Costa and architect Oscar Niemeyer.

The design of Brasilia is inspired by the "Corbusier style" rules, and the functions of the city have been reasonably organized and planned. The overall shape runs through the whole city by two vertically intersecting axes, and looks like an airplane or a big bird flying to the southwest. The main shaft is six kilometers long and 350 meters wide, which is mainly used for administrative purposes; The commercial area and residential area are distributed in four fan-shaped areas centered on churches and schools, and extend along a 20-kilometer-long horizontal axis. The width of the intersection of the two shafts is twice that of other places to ensure efficient traffic management.

Brasilia is a modern city with the characteristics of modern architecture in Brazil. It is located in the triangle formed by the confluence of goias Plateau, Wilder River and Maranyon River in central Brazil, and forms a federal district with eight surrounding satellite towns, with an area of 58 14 square kilometers. Its urban design is unique and its architectural style is colorful, and it is known as the "World Museum of Architectural Art". Among all the hundreds of cities listed in the world cultural heritage of mankind, Brasilia is the youngest. Because Brasilia is located in the highland of 1 100 meters above sea level, although it is located in the tropics, its climate is cool and pleasant.

Brasilia includes three parts: new area, old area and workers' "residential area". Located in a unique new area on the artificial lake peninsula, it looks like a big bird or a jet plane. "Bird's head-airplane's head" is a three-power phalanx composed of legislative, judicial and administrative institutions. It is the seat of the Brazilian Presidential Palace, the Federal Supreme Court and the heads of government (government ministries) in Congress; "Bird Body-Aircraft Body" is the main traffic axis of the city, and it is an avenue about 8 kilometers long and 250 meters wide. There are ivory government buildings, churches, national theaters, parks, conference centers, business centers and other buildings on the avenue; The "two wings" stretching from north to south 16 km are flat and wide three-dimensional highways, with well-planned residential areas, commercial outlets and hotel areas. Behind the "engine room" is a sports area and a cultural area; The "tail" is a long-distance bus station and industrial areas such as instrument processing and automobile repair; "Menwei" is an industrial, printing and publishing area serving the capital. Brasilia was built into the shape of an airplane to fully show the booming spirit of the times, which means that Brazil is taking off-developing rapidly. The most famous building in the old district is Dina Historical Center in Planhard, a satellite city. It is the largest and oldest building complex in the Federal District.

Harmonious memorial buildings make the city look neat and symmetrical, and the prospect is also very beautiful. In the wide square area, the towering square buildings of skyscrapers create a harmonious picture of the city under the balance of smooth surfaces, which has become a typical symbol of Brazil's new capital.

Brasilia is the third capital of Brazil. Historically, Brazil used El Salvador and Rio de Janeiro as its capitals. From 65438 to 0956, President Kubitschek made a decision to move the capital to Brasilia to speed up the development of the mainland. Construction started in Brasilia 1957 and was finally completed on April 2 1, 1960.

Brazil's unique architecture includes Ita Marati Palace, Brasilia Cathedral and TV Tower.

Ita Marati Palace is the seat of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the whole building is a glass peripheral structure. The building is surrounded by pools, and white clouds, blue sky, water and tall buildings form a beautiful and extraordinary picture.

The architectural style of Brasilia Cathedral is first-class. The main building is underground, and the exposed part is a metal roof covered with glass. Under the top cover is an idol hanging in the air. Christ and saints are like being in the blue sky and white clouds.

The TV Tower is 2 18m high and is the highest point in Brasilia. When you climb the tower, you can have a panoramic view of the plane city.

Rio de Janeiro city

It covers an area of 43,907.2 square kilometers, accounting for 0.5 137% of Brazil's land area.

Geographical climate

A state in southeastern Brazil. Near the Atlantic Ocean. It covers an area of 43,600 square kilometers. Population 1, 4133,000 (1990), with urban population accounting for more than 90%. 1889 established the state, 1975 merged the state of guanabara. The capital moved from Niteroi to Rio de Janeiro. The coastal lowlands have a hot and humid climate, while the inland plateaus have a mild climate. Important rivers include the Bahr River in Pale. Industry, agriculture and service industry are developed, and service industry accounts for about 37% of the employed population, and income accounts for half. Industries are mainly steel, textile, food, printing and petrochemical. There are petroleum, bauxite, iron, coal, marble and other minerals. Fishing and salt industry flourished. Agriculture mainly produces sugarcane, oranges, bananas, vegetables, cotton, fruits and rice, and raises livestock. Land, sea and air transportation are developed. Beautiful scenery and more places to visit.

Introduction to geography

Rio de Janeiro is located in the southeast of Brazil, bordering on Estado do Espirito Santos, Espiritu in the north, minas gerais in the west, S? o Paulo in the southwest and Atlantic Ocean in the southeast, with a coastline of 636 kilometers. The coastal terrain is relatively flat, and the inland is mostly hills and mountains. It has a tropical maritime climate, generally 17-39 degrees, with an annual average temperature of 25 degrees.

Rio, the capital of the state, is 45km from Brasilia 1, 1 45km from Sao Paulo, 420km from El Salvador 1, 69 1 km from Bello, 509km from city of victoria, and 4990 km from Iguazu and Manaus1.

Human population

In 2000, the population of Rio de Janeiro was14.4 million (14,404,923), accounting for 8.47% of Brazil's170,000 population, of which 95% were urban and 5% were rural. The labor force population is 6.35 million, illiteracy accounts for 7.2%, and the unemployment rate is 5%. The average life expectancy of men is 7 1 year, and that of women is 77 years. The population growth rate of Rio State is 1.04%, and the birth rate index is 0.8444(IDH). Among them, Rio de Janeiro has a population of 5.6 million (5,598,953), accounting for 39.29% of the state's population.

administrative division

Rio de Janeiro is divided into 8 districts and 92 cities. The general situation of its eight districts is as follows:

1, the state capital-(regio metropolis), located on the southeast coast of Rio State, with an area of 5,693.4 square kilometers, accounting for 12.97% of the state area. Population 10348002, accounting for 7 1.84% of the whole state population, which is the most densely populated area in the whole state. It belongs to 20 cities, among which Rio de Janeiro is in the region. The main ports in Rio are concentrated in this area, mainly for tourism, trade and finance.

2. Coastal plain area-(Reginao das Baixadas Litoraneas), located on the eastern coast of Rio State, adjacent to the state capital area in the southwest, with an area of 5,064 square kilometers and a population of 503 1, 5 1. It belongs to 12 city, mainly in petrochemical industry.

3. Regio Norte is located on the northeast coast of Rio State, bordering the coastal plain in the south, with an area of 9,767.8 square kilometers and a population of 6710.4 million. Nine cities are mainly oil industry groups and alcoholic beverage industries.

4.Regio Noroeste, located in the northwest of Rio State, adjacent to the North District in the east, covers an area of 5,385.4 square kilometers, with a population of 287,946, and has 0/3 subordinate cities, mainly engaged in agricultural product processing industry.

5. The Grand Baya District is located at the southernmost tip of Rio State, with an area of 1753.4 square kilometers and a population of 123855. Its subordinate cities are only Angela dos Reyes and Parati. Mainly tourism and nuclear power generation.

6.Regio do Medio Paraiba, located in the southwest of balaji, covers an area of 6,203 square kilometers and has a population of 759,998. It has 12 cities, mainly engaged in metallurgy and metal processing.

7. Rio Centro-Sul Fluminense, the capital of the eastern neighboring state, covers an area of 3,036 square kilometers, with a population of 236,926, and has 10 subordinate cities, mainly engaged in tourism and garment processing.

8. Regio Serrana is located in the north-central part of Rio, with an area of 6,960.6 square kilometers and a population of 722,334. 14 city, mainly in tourism and garment processing industry.

economic conditions

Rio de Janeiro is not only an important gateway to Brazil and even South America, but also one of the most economically developed regions in Brazil and even South America. Known as an important transportation hub and information communication, tourism, culture, finance and insurance center in Brazil. In 2000, the gross domestic product (GDP) of Rio de Janeiro was US$ 82.3 billion (R $654.38+62.6 billion), accounting for 14.36% of Brazil's GDP, and the per capita GDP was US$ 5,734. 1999 Rio's GDP is109.6 billion US dollars, accounting for 13.53% of Brazil's total GDP, of which agriculture and animal husbandry account for 0.6%, industry for 29.3% and service industry for 70. 1%.

Agriculture and animal husbandry

Agriculture and animal husbandry in Rio State account for a small proportion of the state's GDP, with a rural population of only 720,000 and about 90,000 farmers, mainly supplying vegetables and non-staple foods in Rio State. Agricultural land is 3264 150 hectares, most of which is less than 10 hectares, of which 44% are natural pastures where cows are raised. The main crops are cassava, rice, kidney beans, corn, potatoes, sugar cane, coffee, oranges, bananas, tomatoes, papaya and other tropical fruits and vegetables. And fishing. The north and northwest mainly produce fruits and sugar cane, as well as juice and sugar cane wine processing industries. This mountainous area mainly produces vegetables and flowers. Bananas and tomatoes are produced in the south. Rio State has implemented various plans, such as Moeda Verde, orchard Irrigation, Rio-Cafe, Rio-Cana and Rio-Leite, mainly to further promote the development of agriculture and animal husbandry in the region by providing low-interest loans and technical services.

industry

Rio is the second largest industrial base in Brazil. In 2000, there were 22,050 industrial enterprises in Rio. It is especially famous for its chemical, petrochemical and pharmaceutical industries, accounting for 65,438+05% of the output of similar products in Brazil, among which offshore oil exploitation ranks among the best. Rio is rich in natural resources, especially the reserves and output of offshore oil and natural gas resources rank first in Brazil.

The mining and processing industries in Rio are relatively developed, and Petrobras ranks first among 65,438+000 large companies in Brazil. In addition to oil exploitation, a large petrochemical enterprise (Refinaria Duque de Caxias) has been established in Duque de Caxias, Rio State. CVRD, the largest mining company in Brazil, ranks second in Brazil, and large mining companies such as Valesul Aluminum Company have enterprises in Rio State. There are also Volta Redonda's National Steel Company, Cosigua Steel Plant, Fabrica de Alcalis in Cabo District, Fabrica de Caminhoes da Volkswagen in Rezende and so on. Building materials such as marble granite processing, glass and cement production and private enterprises account for 9.6% of the state's GDP. Shipbuilding, medicine and chemical industry, plastics, machining, metal components, printing and textile and clothing also account for a certain proportion.

In addition to three large-scale thermal power plants, Rio has also built Angola 1 and Angola's second nuclear power plant in Oshima Bay. At present, the power generation capacity of nuclear power plants is 9.5 billion kWh, which will reach 21500 million kWh (265438+9500 gwh) in 2004, and eight power generation projects will be built.

service industry

Rio is famous for its services such as tourism, information and communication, finance and insurance. Brazil is one of the countries with the highest foreign exchange income in the world. Most tourists to Brazil come from Latin America, America and Europe. Rio de Janeiro is rich in tourism resources and has many tourist attractions, among which Rio is the most.

Rio de Janeiro and Brazil are proud of 28 famous scenic spots and tourist attractions, of which 14 is located in the coastal areas, mostly charming bays, beaches and lush tropical islands. 14 is located in the mountainous areas surrounded by mountains and trees in the state, which is not only a historical relic, but also a national and national forest park.

Not only is communication developed, there are 4.44 million fixed telephones and 298 mobile telephones, but the IT industry is also developing rapidly. Software products rank first in Brazil's software industry, accounting for 40% of the Brazilian market. Rede GLOBO, Brazil's universal television station located in Rio, is the largest television network in Brazil and even Latin America. Brazilian Bank BB, CEF Federal Economic Bank, BNDES National Bank for Social Development and Bradesco, as well as famous Brazilian and world financial institutions such as Itau Bank, Santander Bank, Unibanco Bank, Amro Bank -ABN Bank, Banco Boston Bank, HSBC Bank and CITIBANK Bank all have offices in Rio. The annual turnover of Bolsa de Valores is $654.38+0 billion.

traffic

The road network in Rio State extends in all directions. According to a survey conducted by Brazil's Ministry of Communications 1999, the total length of highways in Brazil is1658km, and that in Rio State is 22069km, of which the total length of national highway BR- 1 16 leading to Sao Paulo is 429km, and the total length of national highway BR-040 leading to Bello is 434km. The national highway BR- 10 1 to Victoria is 5 14km long, and there are also national highways BR-393, BR-493, BR-495, BR-356 and many other national highways.

In addition, there are 10 airports and 24 airports in Rio de Janeiro.

port

Rio de Janeiro, Itaguai, Niteroi, Areal do Cabo, Angola (Angela dos Reyes) and Mangalatiba. Among them, Guay Port and Mangoladiba Port have been merged into Sepatiba, and the other four ports are all managed by Rio de Janeiro Docas Company, except Argo, Aray, which is managed by the local government.