How does China solve the population problem?

Take the road of overall consideration to solve the population problem with China characteristics

Li Bin, Director of National population and family planning commission.

China is the most populous developing country in the world, with a large population, weak foundation and relatively insufficient per capita resources. Proceeding from this basic national condition, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council have always closely combined the solution of development problems with the solution of population problems, persisted in reform and opening up, adhered to the basic national policy of family planning, and implemented comprehensive decision-making and overall planning. After 30 years of hard work, it has created two miracles: rapid economic growth and all-round population development.

I. Historical contribution and present situation of population and family planning work

Over the past 30 years of reform and opening-up, China has made great achievements in population and family planning, and achieved a historic change in the type of population reproduction from high birth, low death and high growth to low birth, low death and low growth. The total fertility rate of women has dropped from 5.8 before the implementation of family planning to about 1.8 at present. This great achievement delayed the arrival of China1300 million population day and World 6 billion population day by four years respectively, created important conditions for rapid economic growth, effectively relieved the pressure of population on resources and environment, significantly improved the survival and development of population, and made important contributions to the development of world population. China explored a new way of combining family planning with poverty alleviation and development, which reduced the absolute poverty population from 250 million before the reform and opening up to150,000, and established a good image of a responsible populous country in the international community.

Since the beginning of 2 1 century, China is facing a more complicated population development situation. On the premise of stabilizing the low fertility level, the first half of this century will usher in the peak of total population, working-age population and elderly population. The overall quality of the population is not high, the sex ratio of the birth population is high, the population flow and migration are more active, and the population development is in a historical period in which factors such as quantity, quality, structure and distribution are intertwined. Generally speaking, the population problem is still one of the key problems that restrict China's economic and social development for a long time. In the longer term, the quality, structure and distribution of population will gradually become the main factors affecting the coordinated and sustainable development of economy and society, and the task of coordinated development of population with economy, society, resources and environment is very arduous.

There is no ready-made solution to the population problem in China. We can only proceed from reality and unswervingly take the road of overall consideration with China characteristics to solve the population problem.

Second, the overall thinking and main tasks of solving the population problem as a whole.

The population problem is essentially a development problem. It is the fundamental way to solve the population problem and promote people's all-round development to comprehensively apply the policies of population and economic and social development and realize the long-term balanced development of population. The general idea of population development in the coming period is to hold high the great banner of Socialism with Chinese characteristics, take Deng Xiaoping Theory and Theory of Three Represents as the guidance, implement the Scientific Outlook on Development, adhere to the people-oriented principle, promote institutional innovation, give priority to people's all-round development, stabilize the low fertility level, improve the quality of the population, improve the population structure, guide the rational distribution of the population, promote the transformation from a populous country to a powerful country in human resources, and promote the coordinated and sustainable development of population, economy, society, resources and environment.

According to this general idea, we should focus on promoting four "changes" at present:

(a) a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between population, resources and environment, and actively promote the transformation of development mode.

As the most populous developing country in the world, the tension among population, resources and environment in China will exist for a long time. At present, the per capita arable land in China is 1/3 of the world average, the per capita water resources are 1/4, the per capita mineral resources are 1/2, and the per capita resources rank 120 in the world, and the environmental sustainability index ranks last among 146 countries and regions. Therefore, it is necessary to moderately control population growth, but also to speed up the transformation of development mode and handle the relationship among population, resources and environment as a whole.

On the one hand, it is necessary to stabilize the low fertility level, promote the long-term balanced development of the population, and create a good population environment for sound and rapid economic and social development. It is estimated that the total population will reach 6543.8+0.45 billion in 2020, and the peak value will reach 6543.8+0.5 billion around 2033. Stabilizing the low fertility level is still the primary task of population and family planning work at this stage. To maintain the stability and continuity of population policy, we should firmly grasp three key points: the focus is on rural areas, the difficulty lies in floating population, and the focus is on provinces with "large population", "late population reproduction type" and "large floating population", strengthen classified guidance and strive to promote the overall situation.

On the other hand, we should accelerate the transformation of development mode and promote the coordination of population, resources and environment. In the mode of production, we should optimize the combination of dual resources, make full use of human resources, save material resources, and form an industrial structure with equal emphasis on capital-intensive and labor-intensive on the basis of scientific and technological progress. In the way of consumption, we advocate moderate consumption and build a conservation-oriented society. In the way of distribution, we should give consideration to the unity of fairness and efficiency, so that the broad masses of the people can enjoy the fruits of reform and development.

(2) Scientifically grasp the influence of demographic changes on economic development, and actively promote the transformation from a populous country to a powerful country in human resources.

In the era of economic globalization and knowledge economy, the strength of national strength and the stamina of economic development increasingly depend on the improvement of workers' quality and the accumulation of human capital.

From the characteristics of population structure, China has a huge working-age population and abundant labor resources. According to the calculation of the population aged 16-64, it will reach the peak of 990 million in 2065 and 43.8+0.6 and 870 million in 2050, an increase of 28 million over 2000, which is higher than the total labor force in developed countries. Judging from the scale of market capacity, China's total population is large, per capita income is still in the stage of rapid growth, and domestic demand has great potential, which will surely become a powerful driving force for steady and rapid economic growth in the future. From the perspective of labor cost, China's current labor cost is only equivalent to 1/20 to110 in developed countries, which is generally low and still has great competitive advantages.

The low quality of labor force in China is the bottleneck that affects the exertion of human resources advantages. At present, the proportion of rural working-age population with primary and secondary education or below is as high as 47.6%. We must continue to tap the demographic dividend, at the same time, further increase investment in education, cultivate a labor force that adapts to changes in industrial structure, and constantly improve the overall quality of workers.

(3) Focus on solving outstanding problems that affect and restrict scientific development, and actively promote the transformation of population and family planning work from simply controlling population to solving population problems as a whole.

First, vigorously improve the quality of the birth population. There are about 800-654.38+0.2 million cases of birth defects in China every year, which brings a heavy burden to families and society. Strengthen departmental cooperation, fully implement birth defect intervention projects, explore the implementation of free pre-pregnancy eugenics health examination, and strive to reduce the occurrence of birth defects.

The second is to comprehensively control the problem of high sex ratio at birth. Since 1990s, the sex ratio at birth in China has remained high, which has seriously affected social stability and harmony. Carry out the "Care for Girls Action" in an all-round way, increase publicity and advocacy, improve the interest-oriented policy system, carry out high-quality maternal health care services, and seriously investigate and deal with non-medical fetal sex identification and sex-selective artificial termination of pregnancy. Through concerted efforts and comprehensive management, the trend of high sex ratio at birth will be effectively curbed.

The third is to strengthen the service management of floating population. Since the reform and opening up, China's population, especially the rural labor force, has experienced an unprecedented flow with the market as the leading factor and the development migration as the main form. According to the national 1% population sampling survey in 2005, the floating population in China reached147 million. In the next two or three decades, about 300 million people will enter cities and towns from rural areas, which will become one of the most important issues that will comprehensively affect the overall and regional development, industrial layout, ecological construction, government social management and public services in China in the coming period. Do a good job in the planning of population development functional areas and put forward policy countermeasures for rational population distribution. Study and explore the specific path and mode of promoting population transfer through industrial structure upgrading. According to the requirements of the development of urban-rural integration pattern, we should solve the relationship between population and urban layout. Strengthen the service management of the floating population, establish a high-quality service system and mechanism for the floating population, so that the floating population can enjoy equal basic public services and form a "chess game" pattern of family planning service management for the floating population.

The fourth is to actively respond to the aging population. In 2007, the proportion of elderly people over 65 years old in China was 8. 1%, and it will reach the peak of 320 million in the 1940s, accounting for 22% of the total population. In rural areas, we can consider implementing an idyllic old-age care method based on land security and relying on social security. Accelerate the establishment of a new rural social endowment insurance system with wide coverage and subsidies, and give priority to the elderly in family planning families who need the most protection. In cities and towns, expand the coverage of basic old-age insurance, improve the level of overall planning, and build an old-age service system based on home-based old-age care, supported by community services and supplemented by institutional old-age care. Give appropriate tax relief to the only child who supports and cares for the elderly, and give appropriate nursing subsidies to the elderly.

(four) adhere to the people-oriented concept of governance, and actively promote the transformation of population and family planning work ideas and working methods.

The first is to innovate the work concept. Respect the people's dominant position, strengthen service awareness, pay more attention to administration according to law and humanistic care, and pay more attention to regulating population growth by economic means. The second is to improve working methods. Establish and improve a long-term working mechanism with publicity and education as the guide, legal management, village (neighborhood) autonomy, quality service, policy promotion and comprehensive management. The third is to improve the working system. We will comprehensively promote the construction of family planning service system for grassroots population and the professionalization of cadres, continuously improve the service capacity and level, and give full play to the important role of population and family planning network in social management and public services.

Third, establish an institutional mechanism to solve the population problem as a whole.

(1) Accelerate the establishment and improvement of the macro-control system for population development.

First, constantly improve the macro-decision-making mechanism and solve the population problem as a whole. Adhere to the integration of population development planning into the overall plan of national economic and social development, carry out in-depth research on population development strategy, and formulate macro-control policies for population that are conducive to scientific development. Coordinate the formulation and implementation of population policies and economic and social policies. Accelerate the informatization construction of population and family planning, and improve the dynamic monitoring, comprehensive analysis, prediction and early warning system of population development. The second is to accelerate the formation of a comprehensive work pattern of government-led, departmental coordination, mass participation and regional cooperation to control the population problem. We will further improve the leading institutions and coordination mechanisms for population and family planning work, improve departmental coordination mechanisms and regional cooperation mechanisms, and strengthen the unified coordination of population management systems. The third is to establish and improve the performance evaluation system that is compatible with the overall solution to the population problem. We will continue to insist that the top leaders of the party and government personally take the overall responsibility, explore the establishment of a comprehensive index system covering the number, quality, structure and distribution of the population, and explore and evaluate the changes in the comprehensive carrying capacity of the population and the degree of population coordination.

(2) further strengthen the interest-oriented mechanism of population and family planning.

First, comprehensively implement and improve the "three systems". We will improve the reward and assistance system for rural family planning families and raise the standard of reward and assistance. Since 2009, the standard has been raised by 20%, and the annual per capita is not lower than that of 720 yuan; Expand the scope of implementation of the project of "having fewer children and getting rich quickly"; We will fully implement the special assistance system for family planning families. The second is to build an interest-oriented policy system framework. We will constantly establish and improve interest-oriented policies and measures that are beneficial to family planning families in six aspects: prenatal and postnatal care, children's success, risk resistance, reproductive health, family prosperity and old-age security. The third is to coordinate relevant economic and social policies. Do a good job in linking inclusive policies such as urban and rural subsistence allowances, social assistance and land acquisition compensation with family planning policies, and formulate and improve preferential policies for family planning families, especially rural one-child households and double-female households.

(3) Establish an investment guarantee mechanism that gives priority to people's all-round development.

First, adjust the structure of fiscal expenditure and establish an investment guarantee mechanism for stable growth in the field of population development. Further increase policy support and financial support for population development in rural areas, central and western regions and poverty-stricken areas. The second is to use economic leverage to guide enterprises, families and individuals to increase investment in human capital and form a virtuous circle of social investment mechanism.

(4) Establish and improve the grass-roots democratic management mechanism.

The first is to further transform government functions. Standardize the responsibilities and authorities of grass-roots governments and empower the masses and social autonomous organizations. Strengthen assistance and guidance to mass autonomous organizations, and enhance the ability of mass participation and autonomy. Adhere to the law, and earnestly respect and protect the people's right to know, participate and supervise. The second is to vigorously promote the openness of government affairs and village affairs. Conscientiously implement the "Regulations on the Openness of Government Information", and widely publicize various population and family planning laws, regulations, policies and procedures through the mass media and the columns on the openness of government affairs and village affairs. Third, give full play to the important role of mass organizations such as the Family Planning Association, unblock the channels for expressing people's demands, strengthen the collection, analysis and interaction of people's opinions and suggestions, and accept social supervision.

Hehe, for your reference!