Knowledge of daffodils

First, the ecological habits of daffodils

Sex likes to be warm and moist, and needs good drainage. Alluvial sandy loam with deep, loose and fertile soil layer is the most suitable, and it is suitable for growth at pH 5 ~ 7.5. I like sunny days. Narcissus likes sunshine and warmth. Narcissus pots should be placed in sunny places and given plenty of light during the day. Because plants need to provide nutrients through chlorophyll photosynthesis, the leaves of daffodils can be generous, straight, light green and fragrant. On the contrary, the leaves are tall, thin and weak, and the leaves turn yellow or even do not bloom.

Generally speaking, daffodils will wither after the Spring Festival. Usually people throw away the blooming narcissus bulb, which is actually a pity. Narcissus is a perennial plant, which propagates through bulbs. If those bulbs that have blossomed are buried in the soil, they can continue to grow and reproduce. Choose a vegetable garden or nursery with sunny lee and deep soil layer, plow and rake it into high ridges, furrow and ridge it, bury the flowering bulbs in it and leave leaves naturally. A month later, the leaves withered and fell asleep. At this time, dig out the bulbs, cut off the fibrous roots and cut off the withered leaves along the base. Then bury the bulb to the depth of 10 cm, and at the same time, apply decomposed cake fertilizer or human excrement and urine, and then rake it flat. We can't save trouble, so we have to bury the bulb in the flowerpot, because the bulb will stay in the soil for a long time in spring, summer and autumn, especially in summer and autumn. It's hot, and the bulbs are buried inside without leaves. If we forget to water and fertilize them, it will lead to drought and death.

Second, the classification of daffodils

There are more than 800 species of this genus in the world, among which 10 has extremely high ornamental value. Narcissus is native to central Europe, Mediterranean coast and North Africa. Narcissus is a variety of narcissus in China, named narcissus tazetta tavar, chinensisRoem.

Narcissus is not native to China, but its hometown is on the Mediterranean coast. The Mediterranean region belongs to the "Mediterranean climate", which is characterized by mild and rainy winter and hot and dry summer, which is completely different from the monsoon climate in most parts of China. For some plants along the Mediterranean coast, it is certainly more cost-effective to bloom in pleasant winter than in dry and hot summer, so many ornamental flowers originated there bloom in winter, except daffodils, cyclamen, hyacinthus orientalis and crocus.

China was cultivated in the Tang Dynasty more than 1300 years ago, which won people's love and was one of the top ten famous flowers in China. Narcissus is distributed in the southeast coastal areas of China, with Chongming County in Shanghai and Zhangzhou in Fujian being the most famous. Hundreds of years ago, daffodils were also produced in Suzhou and Jiading. In addition to the common white narcissus, there is also a yellow variety called small narcissus. Narcissus has a long history of cultivation in Europe. Since 1930s, the Netherlands, Belgium, Britain and other countries have done a lot of work in daffodil breeding and variety improvement. At present, there are 26,000 cultivated varieties, and new varieties are born every year. The cultivation of daffodils in China began at the end of 19.

On June 9, 2006, Zhang Bingchun, a citizen of Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China, cultivated daffodils with different colors, such as red, yellow, blue and green, so it is also called colored daffodils.

Third, the benefits of placing daffodils at home

1, putting daffodils in the living room can make people feel quiet and warm. The living room is a place for family reunion and host reception. In this case, it is appropriate to choose gorgeous flower arrangements and noble daffodils. Narcissus can absorb the noise and waste gas from home and release fresh air when it is placed at home.

2, daffodils can also be placed in the study and bedroom, which can also create a quiet and comfortable atmosphere. When you decorate, you should create an elegant and quiet atmosphere, and you can put daffodils, a delicate and elegant flower. But not too much, just the right amount. When the environment is good, it is naturally a treasure trove of geomantic omen, and then people will be more powerful when they are doing things or resting.

3. The personality of daffodils can also bring good feng shui. Narcissus likes warm and humid, and needs good drainage. Narcissus likes sunshine and warmth. Narcissus pots should be placed in sunny places during the day to give light to sunny places. Green plants need chlorophyll to provide nutrients through photosynthesis, so that the leaves of daffodils can be generous, straight, light green and fragrant.

4. Daffodils are mostly planted indoors and can be placed in living rooms, study rooms, restaurants and other places. Putting a pot of daffodils in the room on New Year's Day and Spring Festival can increase the festive atmosphere and bring spring to the room. Narcissus also has an elegant fragrance. Can create a fresh and elegant environment for the room.

In addition, daffodils also contain a variety of alkaloids, which have a good resistance to some pollutants in the air and have a good role in purifying the air and protecting the environment. For example, daffodils are very resistant to carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide.

Feng shui placement knowledge

Let's introduce the knowledge of narcissus feng shui. From the perspective of daffodil feng shui, it plays a very good role, and it will show its unique energy in every unique place. Narcissus plays a very good role in cleaning the home environment. First of all, there are three main projects, as follows:

1, daffodils are placed in the most polluted kitchen, and soon you will see unexpected scenes. There is a lot of oil smoke in the kitchen when cooking at ordinary times. Many times, before we finish our own fried dishes, our throats are already sore from the smoke in the kitchen. If we put a daffodil on it, when we cook, it will suck oil next to it, which is quite effective, especially for families with fewer kitchen windows. After cooking, daffodils can continue to smoke.

Narcissus absorbs the waste at home and gives everyone a fresh air environment. We live in a fixed space. If we don't have it at ordinary times, the speed of exchanging air indoors and outdoors will be slower. We will always breathe the exhaust gas that has just been exhaled, and the carbon dioxide content is relatively high. However, if we don't need enough oxygen, people will have insufficient energy. If there are daffodils at home who have not released a trace of fragrance after taking a breath, the effect will be different. People will become more energetic, do things more smoothly, and turn on the air conditioner all day.

Planting daffodils is simpler and cleaner than other plants cultivated in soil. You see, daffodils don't need to spend money, don't waste too much money on chemical fertilizers, and don't need soil. They just need you to change their water regularly. Compared with some plants grown at home, roots need a lot of soil to support them. Where there is soil, there are insects. Cleaning insects is still a headache. Sometimes, weeding plants will bring out the soil and make the floor at home dirty, but daffodils only need water.

Narcissus and the History of China

Imported?

The original species of Chinese narcissus was introduced from Italy in the Tang Dynasty. It is a variety of narcissus tazetta l. It has been cultivated in China for more than 1000 years. After thousands of years of cultivation, it has become one of the world's narcissus, one of the top ten traditional famous flowers in China, ranking tenth.

The earliest reliable document recording the introduction of narcissus into China is a passage in the highway section of Beihu Record: "Sun Guangxian continued to note that he was engaged in Jiangling Day, stayed with a stranger Musemi, tasted several narcissus plants, and collected them in water boats, which did not fade after years." Musimi, a Persian living in Gangneung, gave Sun Guangxian some daffodils. Sun Guangxian was an important poet of Huajian School in the late Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties. At that time, I worked in Jiangling, which was under the jurisdiction of Nanping in Gaojixing, and Jiangling was equivalent to Jingzhou in Hubei today. Therefore, it is generally certain that Chinese narcissus was indeed introduced from abroad. At the end of the Five Dynasties Tang Dynasty or earlier, the earliest place of introduction may be Jingzhou, Hubei. The image of Qu Yuan singing on the banks of the Ze River is quite similar to Narcissus, the narcissistic waterside god in Greek legend. At that time, fans from Narcissus immigrated to Rome to do as the Romans do, so he used Narcissus, the hometown of Chu, as Qu Yuan's local name instead of this foreign western name. This should be the origin of China's name Narcissus.

Song and Yuan Dynasties

After daffodils were introduced into Jingzhou, they were first planted and spread in this area. Since then, the literary works of singing daffodils in the Northern Song Dynasty have also been highly concentrated in the northern Hubei and western Henan regions centered on Jingzhou and Xiangyang in Hubei. Huang Tingjian praised narcissus for "carrying fragrance and wanting beauty, and mountain alum as his younger brother" ("Wang Chongdao sent 50 narcissus flowers, happily knowing and singing for them").

In the Southern Song Dynasty, daffodils spread more widely, and there were daffodils all over the south of the Yangtze River. The cultivation center moved to the capital Lin 'an (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang) and the coastal areas of Fujian and Zhejiang, which was recorded in various local chronicles of the Southern Song Dynasty. The commodity production of daffodils is also very prosperous in this area. For example, the Narcissus Theory of the Southern Song Dynasty records that the daffodils planted by gardeners in Jianyang (now Nanping City, Fujian Province) are "if they are in full bloom, they will last forever"

The rise of narcissus cultivation in Fujian and Zhejiang coastal areas in the Southern Song Dynasty was due to many reasons, such as biology and sociology. The southeast coast is a distribution center for overseas trade, and it is easy to obtain exotic species directly from overseas. Narcissus originated from Mediterranean coast is also more suitable for planting in southeast coastal areas of China. Zhejiang and northern Fujian are adjacent to Lin 'an, the then capital, and are the political, economic and social population centers at that time, which is conducive to the commodity production and development of this ornamental consumption species. This production and planting scene laid the basic pattern and corresponding industrial tradition of narcissus planting and circulation in China.

The planting and distribution of narcissus in Yuan Dynasty basically continued the situation in Southern Song Dynasty. Looking up the local chronicles of the Yuan Dynasty in the local chronicles series of the Song and Yuan Dynasties, we recorded the local products in the (Dade) Changguozhou Atlas (now Zhoushan City, Zhejiang Province), and narcissus was among them. Literature and art reflect real life. No matter the literary works or paintings with narcissus as the theme in Yuan Dynasty, the authors' living areas are highly concentrated in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Fujian, which reflects the characteristics of narcissus cultivation and distribution in Yuan Dynasty.

Ming and Qing dynasties

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the planting range of narcissus was further expanded. Besides Zhejiang, Fujian, Hubei and Hunan, there are also records of narcissus in Anhui, Jiangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi and Qionglai. Such as (Jiajing) Guangdezhou (now Xuancheng City, Anhui Province), (Jiajing) Nan 'anfu (now Dayu County, Jiangxi Province), (Jiajing) Pu 'anfu (now Panxian County, Guizhou Province), (Jiajing) Hongya County (now Meishan City, Sichuan Province) and (Wanli) Leizhou.

Narcissus cultivation in southern Jiangsu has developed remarkably, forming some famous producing areas and many excellent varieties. Jiajing Wang Shimao's Miscellaneous Academy said, "Those who spend a lot of money on Taiwan are expensive, but single daffodils are expensive. Jiading leaves are short and flowers are high, which is the best species. " Ruoying's Narcissus Preface in Poems on Flowers in Jinling also said that "Narcissus can be found everywhere in the south of the Yangtze River, but there are the most varieties in Jiading, Wuzhong, and the rest are hidden in leaves", which means that the narcissus produced in Jiading (namely Jiading County, which belonged to Suzhou in the Ming Dynasty and now belongs to Shanghai) has single petals, short leaves and high flowers, and high quality varieties. Zhou Wanli Wenhua's History of Runan Gardens "Jiading, Shanghai and Jiangyin are the most prosperous daffodils in Wuzhong" can also be confirmed. In addition to the above-mentioned areas rich in daffodils, Wuxian (now Suzhou, Jiangsu) also produces daffodils, mainly from Guangfu (quoted from Guangfu Town, Wuzhong District) along the Taihu Lake. There are also records of narcissus in Suzhou local chronicles of Ming Dynasty, (Zhengde) Gusu chronicles, (Jiajing) Wujiang county chronicles and (Jiajing) Taicang state chronicles. There are indications that Jiading and Wuxian in Suzhou have become the central areas of narcissus cultivation since Jiajing in Ming Dynasty, which has a great influence. In addition, Qianshan Mountain in Haining County, Hangzhou is also famous for producing daffodils. Cao Xuequan's "Hangzhou Fuzhisheng" contains "Qian Shan, producing daffodils". At the end of the Ming Dynasty, there were also breeding bases and trade of narcissus in Beijing, such as "A Brief View of the Imperial Capital" by Chongzhen and Liu Dong, and Caoqiao in the south of You 'anmen. Plum blossom, camellia and daffodil in spring all illustrate the expansion of daffodil communication and the development of marketization in Ming Dynasty.

Suzhou narcissus grows prosperously and its reputation spreads far and wide. In the Qing dynasty, it was further marketized and sold to Guangdong. This situation continued until the Qianlong period. Notes on the poem Narcissus by Qianlong Biyuan: "Dengwei Mountain (quoted from Guangfu Town, Wuzhong District) is famous for its iron handle, and the natives have many kinds of narcissus." At the beginning of Qing Dynasty, Qu Dajun's Guangdong New Language contained "Narcissus Head, (quoted from: Bulb) Wumen, Qiu Lai, and ... no flowers will be spent every other year, so you must buy them every year". Qianlong Zhang September's "Qinyuanchun Gengxiangmen See Narcissus" Note: "Narcissus comes to Yangcheng from Wumen or floats in the sea or crosses the ridge." It's all about Suzhou narcissus trade to Guangdong. At this time, the daffodils in Jinling (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) began to flourish. In the early Qing Dynasty, Li Yu wrote "Random Love": "Jinling daffodils are the best in the world. Those who plant this flower and sell it to others can also operate creative rights. If you think early, you will be late. ..... give the pot a stone when you buy it ",which is about the production and trade of Jinling narcissus.

In the middle and late period of Kangxi, the focus of narcissus planting shifted to Fujian again, and Zhangzhou narcissus rose suddenly. Fujian is the traditional producing area of daffodils in China, and Jianyang was famous for its daffodils in the Southern Song Dynasty. Narcissus was recorded in Funing, Fuzhou and Quanzhou in Ming Dynasty, but not in Zhangzhou. We refer to other existing chronicles of Zhangzhou Prefecture and its counties in Ming Dynasty, such as (Zhengde) Daming Zhangzhou Prefecture, (Jiajing) Longxi County (1535) and (Wanli) Zhangzhou Prefecture (1573, 16 13). At the end of Ming Dynasty, Chen, a bachelor of Longxi County, said in "Knowledge of Vegetation in Irrigation Gardens" that "Zhang Nan is warm in winter and (Narcissus) does not make flowers", which may have revealed the truth. This shows that narcissus was planted in Zhangzhou in the Ming Dynasty, but it was not prominent. In the early Kangxi period, Zhangzhou daffodils mainly came from Jiangnan. (Kangxi) Zhangpu County Records (39-year edition) said that "Narcissus natives can also grow, but Jiangnan people are especially prosperous."

From the middle and late period of Kangxi, narcissus in Longxi County of Zhangzhou area began to outshine others and had an impact. "("Kangxi "Longxi County Records) (56 edition)" Narcissus, which was planted by each family at the end of the year, was buried in Suzhou without giving away local products ". That is to say, the cultivation and sales of narcissus in Longxi county are booming, and the supply is in short supply. Huang Shuzi, who was sent to Taiwan Province Province at the end of Kangxi and the beginning of Yongzheng, wrote in the Record of Taiwan Province Envoys: "The flower heads of Taiwan Province narcissus marked by Guangdong are not actually produced in Taiwan Province, but are resold from Zhangzhou and Suzhou, and the species in Suzhou are not as fat as those in Zhangzhou." It can be seen that at the end of Kangxi, Zhangzhou narcissus began to be exported, comparable to Suzhou narcissus, and formed a characteristic variety, known as "bulb hypertrophy." During the Qianlong period, Zhangzhou narcissus has surpassed Suzhou. Ganlong County Records of Longxi (27 th edition): "Narcissus in central Fujian is headed by Longxi, rooted in wuyue, and it is contested by people in winter." It shows that Longxi Narcissus began to sell back to wuyue, and wuyue has long been famous for narcissus. Zhangzhou and Suzhou became the most famous narcissus producing areas at that time, which made matters worse. Since Qianlong, counties in Quanzhou, Taiwan Province and Guangdong, which are adjacent to Zhangzhou, have purchased daffodils from Zhangzhou every year. For example, there are "daffodils" in Maxiangtang, Quanzhou ... without seeds, all counties in Zhang Jun are taken when they bloom. The Records of Guangxu Hengchun County in Taiwan Province records that "daffodils are all produced in Zhangzhou, Fujian, and cannot be planted elsewhere, so they are only for one spring". After Qianlong, Zhangzhou became the main area of narcissus cultivation, trade and export in China. Since Guangxu period, Zhangzhou narcissus was not only sold in China, but also exported from Xiamen to the United States, Canada and other overseas regions, making it the most famous narcissus producing area in China. In the third year of Xuantong (19 12), Cobar, a tax official of Xiamen Customs, said: "The narcissus bulbs are located in the south gate of Zhangzhou City, Liangshan, and there is a remarkable narcissus bulb trade in the local area, which is exported to the United States and Canada." (Xiamen Customs Annual Trade Report)

Republic of China (19 12- 1949)

During the Republic of China, Zhangzhou narcissus was famous at home and abroad, and its sales scope was further expanded. It is sold in major cities such as Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Guangdong, and exported to Europe, the United States, Japan and Southeast Asia. The declaration (1928) states: "Daffodils are scattered in rural communities of Huangshan Mountain, located outside the south gate of Zhangzhou Prefecture and in Wuli near Riqiao, with an average annual output of 3.5 million plants, reaching 100,000 trees. The two places with the highest output are Xintang and Cai Jun, each with an annual output of 20,000 yuan. The second is Dameixi, with an annual income of about 1 10,000. Others range from 6000 yuan to 1000 yuan. " The narcissus of Haicheng County in Liaoyang area of Northeast China (now Haicheng City, Liaoning Province) was purchased from Fujian. Foreign European and American cities, such as new york, London and Paris. Every flower season, people rushed to buy Zhangzhou narcissus, which became the fashion at that time. Therefore, the export trade volume of Zhangzhou narcissus is also increasing. In six years, the total value of exports to Europe and America reached 735,200 yuan. After the founding of New China, the output of narcissus increased greatly, and Zhangzhou narcissus continued to be exported to Europe, America, Japan and some countries and regions in Southeast Asia, which is an important product to earn foreign exchange through export.

contemporary era

At present, narcissus cultivation is mostly distributed in Fujian, Zhejiang, Shanghai and other provinces and cities along the southeast coast, and there are also reports of cultivation in Wuhan, Beijing, Xi, Yunnan and Sichuan provinces. Wild daffodils are mainly distributed in coastal islands of Fujian and Zhejiang.

Because the bulb looks like onion and garlic, it was called "elegant garlic" in the Six Dynasties and "heavenly onion" in the Song Dynasty. After that, people gave her many smart and beautiful names, such as Golden Lantern, Yintai, Lillian, Yake, actress and so on. Narcissus was paid attention to and loved by people as early as the Song Dynasty. During the Song Dynasty, a Fujian-born Beijing official retired to his hometown. When he returned to his hometown in Zhangzhou by boat, he saw a kind of aquatic plants with fragrant small white flowers growing by the river, so he asked someone to collect some and take them back for cultivation.

According to the genealogy of Zhang family in Caiban Township; During the Jingtai period of the Ming Dynasty, their ancestor Zhang Guanghui was studying in Kyoto, and one winter he asked for leave to go back to his hometown. He sailed through Jishui, Jiangxi Province, and found green leaves, yellow and white flowers and fragrant wildflowers on the water near the shore, so he picked them and planted them in Caiban to make them grow into new flowers. According to the Records of Zhangzhou Prefecture, when Zheng He went to Nanyang in the early Ming Dynasty, Zhangzhou narcissus had been shipped abroad as a famous flower.

On June 9, 2006, Zhang Bingchun, a citizen of Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China, cultivated daffodils with different colors, such as red, yellow, blue and green, so it is also called colored daffodils. [4]