How many great migrations have taken place in the history of China?

In the history of China, there have been four major population migrations, namely, going east, going west, crossing ancient roads and going south to Southeast Asia.

1. Go to the East

During the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, due to natural disasters and the Qing government's call for immigrants, a large number of people in the Central Plains and Jiangbei areas were forced or took the initiative to cross Shanhaiguan and Bohai Sea to travel to the Northeast, reclaim land and settle down. Therefore, there are folk sayings of "border people" and "border people".

There are two concepts: broad sense and narrow sense. Throughout history, people in Shanhaiguan inland area make a living through customs, which can be described as "crossing the Kanto", which is broad. The narrow sense of "breaking through the Kanto" only refers to the history of people from Shandong, Hebei, Shanxi, Henan, northern Anhui and northern Jiangsu who went to Kanto make a living from the Shunzhi period of Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China. What we usually call "crossing the Kanto" is narrow.

Take the west exit

Westbound is one of the four most famous migration events in China's modern history. In the long history of more than 400 years from the mid-Ming Dynasty to the early Republic of China, countless Shanxi people, Shaanxi people and Hebei people left their homes, which opened up the economic and cultural channel between the hinterland of the Central Plains and the Mongolian grassland and promoted the prosperity and development of the northern region.

Xikou, in a narrow sense, refers to the mouth north of the Great Wall, including Shahukou in Shanxi; Fugukou, Shaanxi; Dushikou, Hebei Province, is the intersection of people from northern Shanxi, northern Shaanxi and Hebei Province moving westward. Xikou is a place where Shanxi merchants, Shaanxi merchants, Inner Mongolia and Outer Mongolia pass through customs and trade, so the people who pass through Xikou are mainly from northern Shaanxi, northern Shaanxi and Hebei. Houxikou generally refers to the place where Mongolia engages in agriculture and commodity trade north of the Great Wall, including Shenmukou in northern Shaanxi, Zhangjiakou and Guihuacheng in northern Hebei (now Hohhot).

3. Ancient road

"Ancient Road": Shaanxi businessmen have made three historical contributions. One is the "Silk Road", which opened up a commercial avenue for Chinese and foreign businessmen to lead to the world; The second is the journey of the ancient tea-horse road in Shaanxi, Kang and Tibet, which is called the "ancient road" by the people; Third, doing business in Mongolia is called "going west". It has promoted the economic and cultural exchanges and integration among ethnic groups and is of great significance to the stability and development of the frontier. The history of the "ancient road" of Guanshan merchants has not been mentioned and has almost been forgotten. Fortunately, it has attracted the attention of academic circles in recent years.

Shaanxi businessmen went to Bashu (mainly Kangding) through the "Qin-Shu Ancient Road", some businessmen went to northwest areas such as Xinjiang, and some went to India and Southeast Asia. There are two routes in Kangding, one is to go abroad via Changdu and Lhasa, and the other is to go abroad via Dali and Tengchong. ), because it is repeatedly walking between ancient roads, it is called "ancient road". The variant of "ancient road" is "ancient road", which also means stepping on mountains and crossing water to explore and follow everyone, so it is written as "ancient road". We have to admire the clever use of words by the ancients.

4. Lower Nanyang

Nanyang refers to the deep area of Southeast Asia (excluding northern Vietnam, etc.). ), including Sri Lanka and so on. East of the Arabian Sea belongs to Nanyang (Middle East and East Africa belong to the Western Ocean). China people go to Nanyang for activities (business, business, work and migration), which is called "going to Nanyang" or "going to Nanyang" in history. Before Zheng He's voyage to the West, it was a small-scale activity of officials and ordinary people. There was a Yuan Claw War in the Yuan Dynasty.

European powers hoped to attract Chinese development during their rule of various regions in Southeast Asia. In addition, there have been several chaos in China, and there has been a wave of immigrants who work for a living. During the late Ming Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, China people went to Southeast Asia to do business (the Maritime Silk Road), to work, and even immigrated to Southeast Asia (the main reason at first was that the Dutch authorities who established and ruled Indonesia came to South China to recruit workers), which was huge. The Natuna Islands were founded by China people.

Extended data:

Han Shu said: "Resettlement is the nature of benefiting the people; The flesh and blood are attached, and human feelings are also willing. " However, throughout the history of more than 2,000 years, China people have migrated on a considerable scale in almost every dynasty and generation.

Before modern times, the general direction of population migration in China was mainly from north to south. Northerners have moved to the south again and again, which has created the prosperity of culture and economy in the south, among which the most representative is Hakka.

References:

Baidu Encyclopedia-Great Migration