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Kaiping Diaolou, located in Kaiping City, Guangdong Province, is a unique type of local architecture in China, and it is a multi-storey tower building integrating defense, residence and Chinese and Western architectural arts.

According to the existing evidence, Kaiping Diaolou was produced at the latest in the late Ming Dynasty (16th century), and developed into a unique group architectural image expressing the history, social form and cultural tradition of overseas Chinese in China in the late19th century and the early 20th century. This kind of building complex is large in scale, diverse and unique in shape, and distributed in the rural areas of Kaiping City.

It is characterized by the combination of Chinese and western dwellings, which have many styles such as ancient Greece, ancient Rome and Islam.

Since the Ming Dynasty (1368- 1644), Kaiping, which is located between Xinhui, Taishan, Enping and Xinxing, has been a land of "four noes", where bandits are rampant and social security is chaotic. In addition, there are many rivers, and every typhoon and rainstorm, floods occur frequently, and local people are forced to build towers in the village to protect themselves.

On June 25th, 200 1 year, as an important historical site and representative building in modern times, it was approved by the State Council to be included in the fifth batch of national key cultural relics protection units.

In 2007, Guangdong "Kaiping Diaolou and Village" was officially listed in the World Heritage List, becoming the 35th World Heritage Site in China. The first overseas Chinese cultural world heritage project was born in China.

Kaiping Diaolou combines the unique architectural art of China traditional rural architectural culture and northwest architectural culture. It is a multi-storey building, taller than ordinary houses, stronger and thicker than ordinary houses, with smaller windows and iron doors and windows. The four corners of the upper part of the watchtower are built with protruding fully enclosed or semi-enclosed corner castles, which can repel the enemies entering the village from the commanding heights.

Ethnicity

The development of history

Founded in the early Qing dynasty, a large number of buildings were built in the 1920s and 1930s. The rise of Kaiping Diaolou in Guangdong is closely related to the geographical environment of Kaiping City and the social security in the past. Kaiping is a low-lying city with dense river networks. In the past, the water conservancy was in disrepair for a long time, and every time there was a typhoon and rainstorm, there was always the worry of being flooded. In addition, the territory under its jurisdiction used to be the remote border of Xinhui, Taishan, Enping and Xinxing counties, which has always been known as "caring for the four" and the social order is chaotic. Therefore, in the early Qing Dynasty, villagers built watchtowers to prevent floods and bandits. After the Opium War, the rule of the Qing government became more decadent, and Kaiping people began to go abroad to make a living because of livelihood problems. After a generation or even several generations of efforts, they gradually have some industries. During the Republic of China, wars were more frequent, especially bandits. Because of the blend of mountains and rivers, convenient land and water transportation, overseas Chinese and returned overseas Chinese live relatively comfortably, and bandits are concentrated in Kaiping area to commit crimes. At that time, Shao Zhang, Zhu Bing, Hu Nan, Hou Wan, Tan Qin, Wu Jinfa, Zhang Zhan and Huang Bao were big bandits in the county. They plundered everywhere, causing countless tragedies. According to rough statistics, from 19 12 to 1930, about 7 1 occurred in Kaiping, killing more than 100 people, capturing more than 2 10 cows and plundering countless other properties. At that time, the county town of Cangcheng was captured three times, and even the county magistrate Zhu was captured. During the period from the first year of the Republic of China (19 12) to the fifteenth year of the Republic of China (1926), bandits robbed schools eight times and captured more than 0/00 teachers and students. Among them, in the eleventh year of the Republic of China (1922), when several bandits robbed Kaiping Middle School in Chikan area, they were illuminated by the searchlights of Yingcun watchtower, and four township groups intercepted them in time, intercepting the principal and students 17. This incident caused a sensation in the county, and overseas Chinese were surprised to hear the news. They think the watchtower has played a role in preventing bandits. So, they scrimped and saved, and sent money back to their hometown to build a watchtower. Later, in order to protect their families and property from losses, some overseas Chinese built various towers when they returned home to build new houses.

Development history

kaiping diaolou

During the period from the first year of the Republic of China (19 12) to the fifteenth year of the Republic of China (1926), bandits robbed schools eight times and captured more than 0/00 teachers and students. Among them, in the eleventh year of the Republic of China (1922), when several bandits robbed Kaiping Middle School in Chikan area, they were illuminated by the searchlights of Yingcun watchtower, and four township groups intercepted them in time, intercepting the principal and students 17. This incident caused a sensation in the county, and overseas Chinese were surprised to hear the news. They think the watchtower has played a role in preventing bandits. So, they scrimped and saved, and sent money back to their hometown to build a watchtower. Later, some overseas Chinese built various towers when they returned home to build new houses for the safety of their families and the protection of their property. In this way, the number of towers has become a major feature of Kaiping, the hometown of overseas Chinese, reaching more than 3,000 at most, with 1833 existing. In 2007, Kaiping Diaolou was awarded as a World Cultural Heritage Project.

Most of the existing towers in Kaiping were built in the early Republic of China. The watchtower was not built for people to see, but to prevent thieves from avoiding floods. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, thieves were everywhere in Kaiping, floods continued, people were in dire straits, and many overseas Chinese, returned overseas Chinese and their relatives were killed. Suffering, seeing this, I asked someone to design the blueprint of the watchtower of the host country and bring it back to my hometown for construction. Due to the influence of living in Europe and America, the watchtower has various architectural styles and colors. The history of Kaiping Diaolou has also had a glorious page. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, seven soldiers of the Self-Defense Force in Chikan Township, Kaiping, relying on a watchtower in the south tower, which was dangerous on the bank of the Tan River, attacked Japanese steamboats that tried to invade by water for seven days and seven nights, and wiped out 16 Japanese invaders. Later, the Japanese aggressors became angry from embarrassment and openly ignored international law. They used cannons to make a big hole in the south tower, fired gas bombs and poisoned the seven warriors. After the Japanese invaders brutally killed the seven warriors. The heroic deeds of the seven warriors of Nanta against Japan have been widely circulated among Kaiping people so far. South Tower is the monument of Kaiping People's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.

The colorful and charming European and American customs of Kaiping Diaolou have long attracted countless passers-by. In the early 1970s, a group of photographers from Hong Kong went to the Kaiping countryside to interview and take photos for a few days, and took a lot of photos of the watchtower. During the period of 1984, more than 50 consuls in Hong Kong were suddenly attracted by Kaiping Diaolou when they visited Jiangmen Siyi, Guangdong.

The unique architectural style and historical background of Kaiping Diaolou are valued and cherished by the state. 1In the autumn of 983, the Ministry of Construction of the State Council entrusted an investigation team of China ancient architecture composed of six professors and scholars from several universities in Beijing and Tianjin. In Guangzhou, I drove to Kaiping to inspect the watchtower with the recommendation of Guangdong architecture. In Kaiping, the investigation team has sketched and photographed more than 400 pictures of watchtowers in Yueshan, Shuikou, Shagang, Tangkou, Chikan, Lily, Xiangang and other places with the largest number and richest styles, and collected a large number of detailed drawings and historical materials of watchtowers.

The China Ancient Architecture Investigation Team believes that Kaiping Diaolou is a special page in the history of ancient architecture in China, and its artistic technique of making foreign things serve China is of great reference value.

Kaiping Diaolou, with its peculiar style, has become a wonder in the hometown of overseas Chinese.

Main classification

Through building materials

There are many kinds of watchtowers in Kaiping, which can be divided into four types according to building materials: stone building, rammed earth building, blue brick building and concrete building.

Shilou

Stone buildings are mainly distributed in low mountains and hills, which are also called "stone buildings" locally. Some walls are made of conventionally processed stones, while others are made of randomly placed natural stones and filled soil. There are 10 stone buildings in Kaiping, accounting for 0.5% of the total number of towers.

cob

Rammed earth buildings are distributed in hilly areas, mainly in Chishui Town and Longsheng Town. This kind of watchtower is often called "mud building" or "yellow mud building" in the local area. Although it has been eroded by decades of wind and rain, it is still strong. There are 100 towers, accounting for 5.5% of the total number.

Brick building

Brick buildings are mainly distributed in hilly and plain areas, and there are three kinds of bricks used: one is red brick fired by indigenous methods in Ming Dynasty, the other is blue brick fired locally in Qing Dynasty and Republic of China, and the third is modern red brick. The watchtower made of red bricks fired by early indigenous methods is rare in Kaiping. The early part of Yinglong Building,