The Concept Explanation of "jacobins" and "robespierre"

jacobins

A radical bourgeois political group that joined the Jacobin Club during the French Revolution. The official name of Jacobin Club is Friends of the Constitution, and its predecessor was the third Brittany Club. 1789, 10 After moving to Paris in June, they met in jacobin Cathedral, hence the name. At the beginning, it included many members who later became Fiji faction and Gironde mission, and after arriving in Paris, it absorbed a group of non-constitutional convention members in Paris. Due to political differences, in July of 179 1, July of 1792, and June of 10, the Constitutionalists and the Gironde split one after another, and jacobins became a radical bourgeois revolutionary democrat represented by M.F.M.I de robespierre. Among many revolutionary groups in the French Revolution, Jacobin Club is the only national organization with thousands of local organizations. Jacobin has the largest number of small business owners, including many wealthy bourgeoisie. His radical ideas won the support of sleeveless trousers. 1792 After the overthrow of the imperial system in August, the society became one of the main groups leading the Great Revolution.

1On June 2, 793, jacobins overthrew the rule of gironde and gained political power. The main leaders at that time were robespierre, G.-J. Dandong, J.-P. Mara, L.-A.-L. De Sangjuste. Jacobins government ruled by terror, organized patriotic forces, severely cracked down on domestic and foreign counter-revolutionary forces, restricted bourgeois speculation and set a price ceiling, and won the revolution.

There are different political views in jacobins. Dandong faction advocates relaxing the terror rule of 1793 in autumn and winter, while Ebel faction based on Paris Commune (1792 ~ 1794) advocates more severe terror policy. Robespierre suppressed the leaders of the two factions from March to April in 1794, but opinions were not unified. 1794 In June, after the French army won a major victory in Furong, robespierre further strengthened its terrorist measures, and the bourgeoisie was unwilling to continue to be restricted, which made the internal contradictions in jacobins more acute. The hot moon coup on July 27th ended jacobins's regime. 1 1 The Zeyue Party closed the Jacobin Club. 1799 In July, jacobins members and supporters rebuilt the club, but it failed only after 1 month.

Robespierre

Maximilian Maximilien Francois Marie Isidore de Robespierre? OIS Marie Isidore de Robespierre (1May 6, 758-1July 28, 794) was a French revolutionary, an important leader during the French Revolution and one of the actual heads of the jacobins government.

Early life

Robespierre was born in Alas, Calais, northern France. His father, grandfather and great-grandfather are all local lawyers and are said to be descendants of Irish immigrants. He is the eldest of four children and was born four months after his parents' wedding. When robespierre was 6 years old, his mother died in childbirth, and his father ran away from home and traveled around. He died in Mannheim on 1777, and their children were raised by their grandmother and aunt respectively.

1770, robespierre came to study at King Louis College, where he won a scholarship from a local priest in Arras. His friends at school included Camille Demoulain, who was one of the most important figures in the French Revolution in the future. Robespierre studied hard, got excellent grades in Latin and Greek, and got the nickname "Roman". 1775, King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette passed the college after the enthronement ceremony, and robespierre recited the Latin literature words written by the teacher to the king on behalf of the whole school. 1780 graduated from law school, 178 1 obtained a bachelor's degree in law.

In the summer of the same year, robespierre returned to his hometown. At the end of the year, he was admitted to the alastair court and began to work as a lawyer. At the beginning of 1782, he was appointed as one of the five judges of the bishop's court in arras. He was deeply influenced by Rousseau, and often defended people who were obviously treated unfairly, with high success rate. 1783, Vizer, who lives near arras, caused protests from his neighbors because he installed a lightning rod invented by Franklin. Robespierre successfully defended him with the help of his friend and patron A-J Bersars, and the case once attracted national attention.

Robespierre's life in Arras is relatively calm, and he keeps in touch with some local lawyers and scholars from time to time and participates in local cultural activities. He was accepted as an academician of alastair Academy of Sciences and later elected as the president of alastair Academy of Sciences. During this period, he got to know Joseph Fouché, who will play an important role in the French Revolution, and his future colleague Lazar Cano in the Public Security Committee.

From the Third Level Meeting to the Constitutional Convention

1788, France was facing an economic and political crisis, and people kept calling for a three-level meeting. Robespierre published "Letter to the People of artois-On the Necessity of Reforming the Third-level Meeting in artois" (according to the division at that time, artois belonged to artois County), describing the history of the local third-level meeting since the Middle Ages, strongly criticizing the artois nobles for seizing the power that should belong to the people, exploiting and oppressing ordinary people, and calling for system reform. Louis XVI is still mentioned in the article in respectful language.

After the royal family announced the convening of the third-level meeting, he actively participated in the election and was successfully elected as the third-level representative. He left arras in may 1789. During the period of Versailles, he made a speech and suggested that his parishioners should unite with the third class. When a bishop persuaded the third class to cooperate with the first and second classes on the grounds of famine relief, he spoke and criticized the extravagance of church life. Although his speech was not as charming as that of Mirabaud and other delegates, he quickly improved his speech level, and delivered 276 speeches during the third-level meeting and the Constitutional Convention, ranking 20th among delegates. In his speech, he supported universal suffrage for male citizens, opposed the king's veto power, supported the empowerment of Jews, called for the abolition of slavery and the death penalty, and opposed news censorship, but did not speak against the bill prohibiting workers from forming trade unions and holding strikes. His suggestion was rarely adopted, but it soon won him a high reputation in the whole country and earned him the title of "incorruptible".

His other main activity place at that time was the Jacobin Club. His influence is more obvious here. On March 36, 179 1 was elected as the president of the club, which led Galeries Lafayette to leave angrily. 179 1 June, Louis XVI and members of the royal family attempted to abscond. Robespierre called for the deposing of the king at the Constituent Assembly, but said that he did not support the establishment of a republic. After the Constituent Assembly decided to declare Louis XVI innocent, he initially supported the Deliere Club to hold a protest petition in the training ground, but later persuaded the Jacobin Club to withdraw its support. /kloc-After the training ground tragedy in July, 0/7, the constitutional monarchy headed by Galeries Lafayette completely broke with the jacobins Club, and robespierre became one of the leaders of jacobins.

War and the king's trial

1791On September 3rd, the Constitutional Assembly adopted the Constitution, and the meeting was dissolved on 30th. Due to robespierre's proposal, former members of the Constituent Assembly, including himself, could not participate in the election of the newly established Legislative Assembly. After the Constituent Assembly, I returned to my hometown of Arras and didn't return to Paris until June 1 1. During this period, Austria and Prussia formed the first anti-French alliance, and the cloud of war hung over France. Brissot, one of the leaders of Gironde in the Legislative Assembly, called for punishing the fleeing aristocrats and directly launching an active attack on foreign powers. The king and queen hoped to rely on foreign forces to restore their former kingship, and also actively supported France, showing a tough attitude.

After robespierre returned to Paris, he also supported gironde's militant stance at first, but later he changed his mind and started a fierce debate with brissot for several months from 65438 to early February. In addition to giving a speech at the Jacobin Club, he also founded the Constitutional Guardian to express his views. He declared that he was not opposed to all wars, but pointed out that France was not prepared for war, the people lacked weapons, the army was in the hands of nobles, and the court plotted to overthrow the revolution. The real enemy was actually inside France. He refuted the claim that brissot and others exported revolution to Europe, and pointed out that foreign people would not warmly welcome invaders. He emphasized that war will greatly restrict freedom and democracy and easily lead to military dictatorship.

Although robespierre continued to be supported by the Jacobin Club, his anti-war remarks were unpopular in Paris at that time, and his reputation was once degraded. The French finally declared war on Austria on April 20th. 1792. At the beginning of the war, the French army lost one after another, and the royal family also had a fierce conflict with gironde. At first, robespierre still advocated the maintenance of constitutional monarchy, opposed the realization of * * * and through the uprising, and hoped to strive for democracy through the Legislative Assembly. But in July, he gradually moved closer to the Dillier Club, which was preparing for the uprising, and finally proposed to depose the king again on August 8.

1792, 10 In August, the people of Paris revolted, broke into the palace and overthrew the king. Robespierre did not directly participate in the uprising, and later refused to be the president of the court to try the conspirators. But in the name of the representative of the Paris Commune, he exerted influence on the Legislative Assembly. On September 2nd, after the news of Verdun's siege spread to Paris, the people of Paris, worried about the revenge of royalists and priests who refused to take the oath in prison, broke into the prison and lynched 1000 prisoners, known as the September Massacre in history. Robespierre didn't seem to instigate or try to stop the massacre, but in the meantime, he accused brissot of colluding with the royal family. Brissot survived under the protection of Dandong and Petion.

On September 2 1 of the same year, France established a new National Association and announced the establishment of the Republic of China the next day. Robespierre entered the National Assembly as the candidate with the most votes among the Parisian delegates. In February 65438, the king was interrogated. He spoke 1 1 times and strongly demanded the execution of King Louis XVI.

Jacobin dictatorship

1793 In May, at the proposal of robespierre, the National Association passed the Food Price Limit Act, but the National Association began to persecute the revolutionary commune and arrested Mara. On May 26th, he called on the people to revolt and remove gironde people from the National Association. On June 4th, he was elected as the chairman of the new National Association, presided over the adoption of the new constitution, guaranteed citizens' freedom of person, belief, publication, petition and association, right to education and social relief, and stipulated that if the government violated people's rights, people had the right to resist.

13 In July, Mara was assassinated by royalists. On the 26th, the Citizens' Association authorized the Public Security Committee to arrest the suspect. On the 27th, robespierre joined the Public Security Committee, reorganized the revolutionary court, simplified the trial procedure, implemented Jacob's dictatorship, and punished criminals and revolutionary traitors with revolutionary terror policy, which was known as "terror rule" in history. Many innocent people were falsely accused and killed, and thousands of people were guillotined. Among them are the king's relatives and most of the nobles. Some people criticize this policy as "killing nine families" and violating human nature.

On the one hand, the newly formed revolutionary army of the Public Security Committee put down civil strife, on the other hand, it defeated foreign intervention troops and successively repelled the allied forces of Prussia, Austria, Britain and the Netherlands. 1794 In February, the "Yue Feng Law Order" was promulgated, and the property of the "public enemy" was confiscated and distributed to patriots. The Public Security Committee kept a balance between the Ebel faction who advocated radical policies and demanded the expansion of terror and the Dandong faction who advocated tolerance and relaxation of repression, and sent the leaders of the two factions to the guillotine.

While attacking the Catholic Church, robespierre also opposed the non-Christianization movement and doubted the motives of atheists. 1On May 7, 794, he submitted the "Supreme Dominant Worship and National Festivals Act" in the National Assembly, which reflected Rousseau's influence. The celebration of the Supreme Ruling Day was held on June 8th, designed and arranged by the painter David. Robespierre, then chairman of the National Association, delivered a speech and burned idols symbolizing atheism and nothingness.

Hot moon reaction

At the beginning of July, 1794 began to stop participating in the work of the public security Committee. On July 26th, he delivered a four-hour speech in Congress, implying that conspirators and swindlers in Congress and public security committees would be liquidated. On July 27th (hot September), St. Just is going to give a speech at the National Association. Although he criticized the League of Nations, he did not ask for arrest. This is a spirit of compromise. But his speech was rudely interrupted at the beginning, and the National Assembly immediately passed a decree to arrest robespierre and his supporters, but robespierre and others were immediately rescued by the commune. The revolutionary commune mobilized the armed forces, but did not get clear instructions and began to dissolve after midnight. That night, the National Association announced that he was deprived of his citizenship, and the guild guards went to arrest him. He was shot in the chin, and the next afternoon, he was guillotined with St. Just, Kudong and other followers. It's for the hot moon coup.

Evaluation and impact

Robespierre is one of the most controversial figures in the French Revolution. Because all his manuscripts and notes have not been preserved, it has brought great difficulties to the research work, and the evaluation of him often reflects the critics' own ideology.

Some people think that he is too idealistic or rigid and lacks practical ability, but others think that he is good at sizing up the situation and can seize the right moment to take action. Critics call him self-centered, suspicious and unreasonable, while supporters praise him for his integrity, keen eyes and concern for the country and revolution. Some people criticize him for have it both ways and constantly changing his position, but others think that his principles and goals remain unchanged, and he just chooses different means to achieve his goals according to the situation. It is generally believed that he behaved abnormally in the hot months, which caused the panic of the National Association and led to his own failure. Some people speculated that he lost confidence in the revolution at that time, so he took a self-destructive action, while others criticized him for being stupid and incompetent, and deserved it.

Robespierre's role in the reign of terror is the most controversial issue. Critics believe that he is a theorist of terrorist rule, extremely cruel, and his hands are covered with blood, and he should be responsible for the killing of a large number of innocent people during the terrorist period. Some supporters pointed out that Fu Xie, Peyo-Valen and others killed people like hemp, far exceeding robespierre, and thought that he actually played a role in restraining radicals in the security committee. Some contemporaries, including Napoleon, thought that he intended to control terror and punish Fu Xie and others for killing innocent people in hot months, which led to the latter's alliance with the Rightists, but some scholars questioned this. Some supporters believe that it was inevitable for France to implement a terrorist dictatorship at home and abroad at that time, but critics believe that terrorism has set a dangerous precedent, which is not worth the candle.

Robespierre has a far-reaching influence in French and world history./kloc-Many European revolutionaries paid tribute to him in the 9th century. Some critics believe that Jacob's dictatorship is the predecessor of the authoritarian regime from fascism to the * * * production party. Whether there is a lasting relationship between robespierre and fascism is still inconclusive. However, in view of the fact that robespierre was erected shortly after the October Revolution in Russia, it seems that the statement that Bolshevik leaders created the people's democratic dictatorship based on the experience of the French Revolution is not groundless. As the influence of the French Revolution has not been eliminated, it is still far away to make an objective evaluation of robespierre.