Who are the main members of the South Vietnamese State established by Zhao Tuo? Where did the original Baiyue people go?

I. Establishment of Nanyue State Nanyue State was established by Zhao Tuo in 204 BC, two years earlier than Liu Bang's Western Han Dynasty. In its heyday, Nanyue Kingdom's sphere of influence included today's Guangdong Province, Guangxi Autonomous Region, a small part of southwest Fujian Province, Hainan Province, northern Vietnam, Hong Kong and Macao.

Speaking of the establishment of South Vietnam, it began with Qin Shihuang's hundred Vietnam expeditions. In 2 19 BC, in order to expand the territory and completely solve the security problem of the southern border, Qin Shihuang launched 500,000 troops to attack South Vietnam in five ways. The main commander is Qin Jun, and the assistant commander is Zhao Tuo. In the face of the tenacious resistance of Baiyue people, Tu Youyou carried out a powerful means of conquest, and both sides suffered heavy casualties.

The Baiyue people could not fight against Qin Jun's regular army, so they fought guerrilla warfare with Qin Jun and attacked Qin Jun at night by taking advantage of their familiarity with the terrain. Qin Jun suffered heavy casualties. According to academic discussions, 500,000 Qin Jun suffered about 300,000 casualties, with a casualty rate of 60%. Even the Lord was ambushed and killed by a poisonous arrow. As soon as the commander died, the first battle to conquer Baiyue in the south failed.

Besides the guerrilla warfare of Baiyue people, the poor supply line in Qin Dynasty was also one of the reasons for Qin Jun's failure. Later, Qin Shihuang sent people to build the Lingqu, which was an artificial passage. The Lingqu connects the Lijiang River in Guangxi with the Xiangjiang River in Hunan, which is connected with the Yangtze River. This means that Qin Jun can sail directly from the Yangtze River to the Lijiang River in Guangxi, and then transport it to the front by land. After the supply line was opened, Qin Shihuang arrived in 265438 BC.

On the second expedition, Qin Jun's main commander was Ren Tao, and his lieutenant was Zhao Tuo. This time, the number of troops increased by 654.38 million. Together with the remaining two hundred thousand people, a total of three hundred thousand people attacked Baiyue. Baiyue is big, but its population and strength are not much. In the first war, less than 6,000 people survived an army of more than 50,000 people.

This time, Baiyue could no longer resist Qin Jun's attack. Qin Jun was in an overwhelming position, defeated all the Baiyue tribes who resisted, arrived in today's Guangdong and Guangxi areas, conquered all the Baiyue people there, and set up three counties in the local area according to the county system, namely, Nanhai County, Guilin County and Elephant County.

Qin Shihuang did not set up a chief in these three counties, but only set up a chief in the South China Sea for militarized management. Ren Tao served as the chief of the South China Sea, while the Qin Dynasty continued to implement immigration and border defense policies for the three counties.

Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor: In thirty-three years, the deceased, husband and Jia family slightly took the land of Lvliang, namely Guilin, Xiang Jun and Nanhai, so as to be suitable for stationing troops. In the thirty-third year of Qin Shihuang (2 14 BC), the Qin Dynasty recruited escaped criminals, adopted sons and businessmen to attack the Luliang area, set up Guilin County, Elephant County and Nanhai County, and sent those who were guilty and should emigrate to the garrison.

In 2 10 BC, Ren Tao and Zhao Tuo launched a war against Luo Ou in northern Vietnam. This time, the scale of the war was not large, and it was the continuous expansion after the Qin army set up three counties, which made the territory of the Qin Dynasty reach the northern region, and then Ren Tao and Zhao Tuo stayed there.

In the same year, Qin Shihuang died, and Zhao Gao, together with Hu Hai and Reese, tampered with the testamentary edict and made Hu Hai emperor. In the second year, Chen Sheng and Guangwu launched the Daze Township Uprising, and then numerous anti-Qin peasant uprisings broke out all over the Qin Dynasty. In just three years, Liu Bang invaded Guanzhong and forced Wang Ying to surrender. Xiang Yu's main force in Julu perished, and the Qin Dynasty perished.

Although the Qin Dynasty perished, Ren Tao and Zhao Tuo who stayed in Baiyue did not perish. They also recruited 300,000 Qin Jun and hundreds of thousands of immigrants to Baiyue. When Ren Tao and Zhao Tuo learned of the Central Plains Rebellion, they didn't mean to rescue the Qin Dynasty. Instead, it closed all the roads leading to the Central Plains by Baiyue and became a separatist force.

In 206 BC, Ren Tao died, and lieutenant Zhao Tuo became a general. In order to get a separatist regime, Zhao Tuo killed Qin generals and officials who did not obey him, and established a de facto separatist regime. By 204 BC, Zhao Tuo was king. At this time, the Central Plains was in the stage of Chu-Han War. Two years later, Liu Bang defeated Xiang Yu and established the Han Dynasty.

After Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor, he refused to recognize Zhao Tuo's status as the king of South Vietnam and placed the king of South Vietnam under the jurisdiction of Changsha in the Han Dynasty. In BC 196, Lu Jia, an envoy, was sent to South Vietnam. Lu Jia successfully persuaded Zhao Tuo, king of South Vietnam, to become a vassal state that surrendered to the Han Dynasty, ranking above the vassal state. In fact, Zhao Tuo's South Vietnam is an independent small kingdom.

After Liu Bang's death, Lv Hou came to power and cut off the trade with South Vietnam. The relationship between the two sides deteriorated and a series of wars took place, which was unfavorable to the Han army. So Zhao Tuo proclaimed himself emperor in 183 BC. After Emperor Wendi ascended the throne, he took measures to appease South Vietnam, repair the ancestral cemetery in Zhao Tuo's hometown and reward the people of Zhao Tuo. Zhao Tuo surrendered to the Han Dynasty again, but this was only a nominal surrender.

Until the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, in 1 12 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent several troops to attack South Vietnam. In the second year, Nanyue State directly perished, and counties were established in the original territory of Nanyue State, which belonged to the jurisdiction of the Han Dynasty. South Vietnam has existed for 93 years and no longer exists.

Second, the composition of South Vietnam The composition of South Vietnam is mainly divided into three parts:

1 300,000 Qin Jun.

According to historical records, among the 300,000 Qin troops, there were Qin Jun who was destroyed by Wang Jian and Qin Jun who was composed of Chu people. Not all Qin Jun destroyed by Wang Jian were Qin people, but there may be people from the Central Plains such as Zhao, Han and Wei, and there may be more Chu people, because the Chu State at the end of the Warring States Period was bordered by Baiyue after all, and its customs were similar.

These people stayed in Baiyue to breed. Some soldiers married women sent by the Qin Dynasty, while others married local Baiyue women. These Qin Jun and their descendants are one of the main populations of Baiyue.

2. Hundreds of thousands of immigrants who implement the border defense policy.

After the defeat of the First Baiyue War, Qin Shihuang learned lessons and sent a large number of criminals, other people's son-in-law and businessmen to fight several wars with Qin Jun. Every time Qin Jun conquered a place, he gave it to these people as the rear, adopted a step-by-step and slow-moving policy, and finally completely conquered Baiyue.

According to the records in Zi Tongzhi Bamboo Slips, Qin Shihuang sent more than 500,000 people to defend the border of South Vietnam. These people lived with some local conquered Baiyue people and gradually formed one of the main populations in South Vietnam.

3. Thousands of Vietnamese natives.

According to academic discussions, the population of the whole Baiyue area is less than 500,000. Qin Shihuang fought three wars in the south, causing numerous casualties. In terms of soldiers, the number of people killed was almost 50 thousand. Counting the results of three wars, it is not bad that there are 400,000 local people in Baiyue, which has become one of the main populations in South Vietnam.

The total population of these three parts adds up to 654.38+200,000, which is the total population of South Vietnam.

Third, the concept of Baiyue Baiyue is a general term that refers to all people living in the south and southeast coast of Chu. As we all know, there was a state of Yue along the southeast coast during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, which was the most powerful during the period of Gou Jian, the King of Yue. It was once one of the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period. When the King of Yue had no borders, there was a war with Chu, and the border was killed by the Chu army.

The monarch of the state of Yue was killed, and the state of Yue was in chaos. Their descendants became independent, some surrendered to Chu, and some became independent locally. They were divided into many small independent regimes, mainly distributed in the coastal areas of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Fujian. In Jiangsu, they are called wuyue and Yangyue, in Zhejiang, they are called Dongou, and in Fujian, they are called Fujian and Guangdong.

For convenience, the whole southern part of Chu is called Yue for short, Nanyue in Guangdong, Ou in Guangxi and Luoyue in northern Vietnam. Together, it is called Baiyue, which is a very general term.

At the end of the Warring States Period, after the demise of Chu State, General Wang Jian of Qin led his troops to continue attacking Yuedi, and set up Huiji County in Yuedi, that is, from Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province to Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province today. Only four years after the demise of Chu, Qin Shihuang launched a large-scale war to conquer Baiyue.

Baiyue was inhabited for a long time and had contacts with the Central Plains Dynasty. The two sides had wars and trade, but Baiyue land was relatively backward in all aspects.

For example, the first monarch of Yue was the fifth grandson of Dayu, the illegitimate child of Xia Emperor Shao Kang. He was enfeoffed in Huiji, where his descendants lived and developed gradually. Moreover, Dayu himself died in Huiji, and the state of Yue existed until the Warring States, and also participated in the hegemony of the vassal states in the Central Plains.

After Qin Shihuang conquered Baiyue, Baiyue belonged to China. The original Baiyue people were either killed, fled or conquered, and mixed with China people. The two sides intermarry and reproduce for generations. After South Vietnam was destroyed by the Han Dynasty, after nearly a hundred years of development, the Vietnamese in its territory were gradually assimilated, either becoming Han Chinese or other ethnic minorities, and their descendants have been handed down.