Complete works of prepositions in classical Chinese

1. Detailed explanation of Chinese prepositions Analysis of Chinese prepositions usage 1. Usage of preposition (1) For, For: to mark or introduce the object of action or the person or thing related to action.

It can be used in many occasions, but when it means "to be" and "to be treated", it can only be used as "responsible to the people | smile at him" and "he respects the teacher". Common faults in application are as follows: First, the word "right" should be used instead of "right".

For example, whatever we do, we should be responsible to the people. Second, the position of subject and object is reversed.

For example, scientific works are incomprehensible to those of us who are proficient in writing. This kind of uncivilized and impolite behavior can't be tolerated by educated people.

The above two sentences can be changed to: "We who are proficient in words can't read scientific works." And "educated people can't tolerate such uncivilized and impolite behavior."

You can also add "to say" after "person" in two sentences. (2) About.

The things involved in the introduction, for example, there is a beautiful legend about the cowherd and the weaver girl among the people. "About" and "Dui" are similar in usage and sometimes interchangeable.

For example, people have different views on this issue. However, they are still different in usage, mainly in the following three points: first, to express the connection and the things involved, use "about"; Point out that the object is "for".

For example, please contact the admissions office directly about enrollment. We can't let unhealthy trends go away.

Second, the prepositional phrase "about" is used as an adverbial, usually before the subject; Preposition phrases composed of "dui" can be used as adverbials, which can be placed before or after the subject. For example; My knowledge about aesthetics is limited.

I am very interested in aesthetics. I am very interested in aesthetics.

Thirdly, the prepositional phrase "about" can be used as a title, but the prepositional phrase "about" can't. For example, "About China's Modern and Contemporary Literature" can be used as the title, but "For China's Modern and Contemporary Literature" can't.

(3) in. Preposition phrases are often composed of directional phrases such as "up, middle and down", indicating the time, place, direction, condition or scope of actions and behaviors.

With the help of teacher Chen, we have made rapid progress. In socialist society, we must adhere to the principle of getting rich first, but this does not mean equalitarianism, but allows some people to get rich first.

"Are you there?" "Shang" and "Xia" should be inserted between nouns or noun phrases, and generally do not serve as predicates. The following sentence is untenable: duckweed can be raised all year round without reducing the number of transplanted bushes, and strive to greatly increase the yield of duckweed, thus breaking a new path to solve the fertilizer problem.

Since the start of construction, the project has made rapid progress with the active work of the person in charge of the Health Engineering Bureau, the workers who participated in the work and the People's Liberation Army. It is worth noting: "In? Noun verbs can also be inserted in the middle of "Shang" to indicate the range, but they can't insert object phrases.

For example, you can say "learning", but you can't say "learning Chinese" or "being? Subject-predicate phrases cannot be inserted in the middle of "Xia".

For example, we can say "under the leadership of the party", but we can't say "under the leadership of the party". If a verb or verb phrase is inserted in the middle of "zai zhong", it means that the action is in progress.

For example, "Baosteel is under construction and the new generation is thriving". There is a common problem, that is, you don't have to "go up" and abuse it.

Some people look at problems in the wrong way. (4) The prepositions "gei" and "heel" have the same side, and both can mean "right" and "direction", such as "he told me" and "he told me".

However, they have different meanings. Give can also mean the same meaning as prepositions, such as Wei, Substitute, Bei, Rang, etc. , and "Ji" can also mean the same meaning as the prepositions "He" and "Tong". When the meanings of "give" and "follow" are confused, there will be sick sentences.

For example, Lao Wang wants to sue Lao Li! This boy is really good. I dare not give him a game. The word "give" in these two sentences should be replaced by "follow".

(5) "Yu" is an archaic word, which is sometimes used to form prepositional phrases as complements and adverbials in modern Chinese written language. It not only refers to "being, being and orientation", but also refers to "reaching (reaching the extreme), beginning (understanding begins with experience) and being right (what is suitable for us)".

The common mistake in use is that some verbs can't be followed by "and", but only by "Yu". For example, over time, the concept of clean government was vague, and it was impossible to distinguish between true and false Marxism-Leninism, which eventually led to collusion with corrupt elements.

The verb "cause" cannot be followed by "Yu". "Yu" should be removed, or "cause" should be changed to adverb "even".

There is also a saying called "from", which is also wrong. For example, McGill University, known as the ivory tower, ranked first in the national university evaluation for two consecutive years, attracting foreign students from more than 65,438+000 countries.

The two prepositions "Zi" and "Yu" should not be used together. The word "Yu" is redundant, so just remove it. (6) Because, by "because" is a preposition, indicating the reason; "You" is also a preposition, meaning "from" (such as "starting from Beijing") or "being" (such as "broken by a stone | let him go"). Of course, there are reasons ("pneumonia caused by cold").

When they all indicate the reasons, they can be universal, otherwise they cannot be universal. For example, Marxism–Leninism believed that the development of everything has ups and downs, and all things are advancing in waves, which is determined by the internal contradictions of things and the external influences of nature and society.

The last sentence in the example means "decide", and "because" should be replaced by "by".

2. What do the following words mean in classical Chinese? "Wisdom, Hu, Zhe, Ye, Yan, Wei, Ruo, Qi, Nai, Yi, Su, He, Er, Yu, Cause, Both, Cause and Harmony". . . 1 etc.

(1) pronoun

1 & gt； He, she and other examples: I invite you to come in and share the same life with me. Hongmen feast —banquet offered with ill intentions

I explained: ① Will you be born with sorrow? "The Snake Catcher said" (2) I wonder how wide the general is. Lianlin biography

3 & gt； This example shows that equality is the second policy, and it is better to be negative for Qin Le. Biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru

(2) Auxiliary words

1 & gt； ; The explanation of the table structure is as follows: ① Everyone is sympathetic. Mencius (2) uses the spear of a child as a shield of a child, how about it? Everything is wrong.

2 & gt； Adopt a unique interpretation between subject and predicate: there is a clear view in solitude and water in fish. History of Three Kingdoms

3. What is the meaning of 1 preposition in classical Chinese? Grammatical features of prepositions: (1) indicates grammatical meanings such as time, place, way and object. For example, from tomorrow (starting) (indicating time) at home (self-study) (indicating place) according to the principle (doing things) (indicating way) to (completing homework) (. Modify verbs or adjectives, such as "get off" and "taller than him". Some object structures can be used as attributes, but "de" should be added, such as "evaluation of historical figures" and "book on the desk". A few object structures can be used as complements, such as "working late into the night" and "sleeping in bed". Object structures cannot be used as predicates. (3) "existence. It is equivalent to a verb, such as "Fall on me", "Run to 2 1 century", "Depend on your exam results", "Be brave in practice", "Go to your destination", "For the people" and "Come from new york". 2. The classification of prepositions (1) indicates time. Location: From the beginning to the present, follow (2): According to the photo, according to the passing basis, according to (3): For (4): Because (5) represents the object, scope: exclude (6) "direction following" and "same giving": except (7) is passive; (8) for comparison; " "Zhe, Le and Guo" in the above prepositions are morphemes, not dynamic auxiliary words. 3. The difference between prepositions and verbs. Most prepositions in modern Chinese are evolved from ancient Chinese, and some words have both prepositions and verbs. For, for, for, for, for, for, for, through, etc. Who does he serve everyone? We serve the people. The school gate faces south. The school gate faces south. We are better than our skills today. You are better than him. The plan has been adopted. We have improved our understanding. The difference between (preposition) and (1) verbs can definitely deny reduplication to express doubts, while prepositions can't. Is he in the dormitory (verb)? He wrote some words on the blackboard. ("zai" is a preposition and cannot be changed to "zai") (2) Are there any other verbs before and after "x+object"? If there are no other verbs, "X" is a verb. For example, the train arrives at the station. The train will not arrive until eleven o'clock. He lives in a dormitory. He lives in a dormitory. (Preposition) (3) Most verbs can take the dynamic auxiliary word "le", but prepositions can't. The car passed the Bayi Bridge. (Verb

4. What are the main prepositions in classical Chinese? Prepositions do not actively express relationships like verbs.

Together with the object it carries, it forms a prepositional structure (prepositional structure), which is generally used in front of the predicate as an adverbial to modify the predicate, or behind the predicate as a complement to supplement the predicate. Preposition structure can express the meaning of place, time, object, way, reason, comparison and so on.

This is the same in ancient and modern Chinese. The commonly used prepositions in classical Chinese are: Yu (Hu), Yi, Wei, Cong, Zi and Zai.

Among them, Yu, Yi and Wei are the most commonly used. The characteristics of classical Chinese prepositions are different from those of modern vernacular Chinese prepositions: First, classical Chinese prepositions are more mobile.

Apart from the word "Yu", there are almost two parts of speech: verbs and prepositions. To give a few examples: ① loyalty is unnecessary, and sages are unnecessary! Loyal people are not necessarily credible, and talented people are not necessarily useful! (1) b press its surface with a flat plate.

Press its surface with a flat plate. (2) The bus section is a ladder for me, and I must take the song.

("Public Loss") (The word "for" in front is gone, preposition; The last word "for", the upper voice, the verb. The ladder is like a funeral for me, and it will seize the song kingdom. )

(3) Fear of age. Li Sao (and, verbs, etc., meet) I'm afraid time can't meet my hopes. )

③ Yi Du and Meng De. (Battle of Red Cliffs) (and, preposition) I want to fight against Cao Cao. )

It is particularly important to note that some words are verbs in classical Chinese and are not blurred into prepositions. We should not mistake them for prepositions. For example, "Ba" and "Jiang" in the following two situations: ④ Holding a document is called "selling charcoal weng" (holding a document, claiming to be the emperor's order ...) ⑤ Taking Zhou Yu and Cheng Pu as the left and right commanders, the soldiers and equipment are combined with each other.

("Battle of Red Cliffs") (Zhou Yu and Cheng Pu were appointed as left and right governors, leading the army to join forces with Liu Bei to resist Cao Cao's army. Secondly, the object-object structure composed of prepositions in classical Chinese is more used as complement than in vernacular Chinese.

The preposition "Yu" is the purest, and this feature is also the most prominent. For example, the word "Yu" in Gong Bo Ji is used after the verb.

⑥ Mozi heard about it, starting from Shandong and going for ten days and ten nights. As for Ying. Hearing this, Mozi set out from Lu and walked for ten days and nights to Ying, the capital of Chu. )

⑦ There are more scenic spots than people. There are more places in Chu than people. )

Isn't Hu king? Why don't you introduce me to the king of Chu? Today, someone came ... (Now, there is a person here ...) The preposition "one" with an object means tools, methods, etc. , usually placed after the verb.

Fill it with oil and wrap it with a curtain. (Battle of Red Cliffs) It was filled with oil and covered with tents. )

? Why not give it a try? ("All done?" Why not try it with your feet? ) ? Meet Sean in private and tell him something. I met Sean privately and told him everything.

Because the object-object structure in classical Chinese is more used as complement than in vernacular Chinese, it is often necessary to translate complement into adverbial when translating into vernacular Chinese. Such as "starting from Shandong", "more than land", "less than people", "wrapped in curtains" and "try when you are enough"

Of course, some of them are translated into complements, such as "As for Ying". In a word, translation should conform to the habits of modern French.

Third, the usage of prepositions in classical Chinese is flexible. A preposition in classical Chinese is often equivalent to several prepositions in vernacular Chinese.

Look at the various meanings expressed by "Yu" and "Wei". (A) the preposition "Yu" 1.

On the surface, it is quite "in" in the vernacular. Like Yueyang Tower? .

It is engraved with Tang Xian's modern poems. The upstairs is engraved with the poems of Tang Xian and modern people. )

2。 Table time, quite vernacular "when" and "in".

For example, Historical Records? The Scholars: On the occasion of Wei and Xuan. (When Qi Weiwang and Wang Xuan lived. )

3。 The beginning and end of the table are equivalent to "from" and "to" in the vernacular.

Like Mozi? Public defeat: Zi Mozi heard that he set out from Shandong and walked for ten days and ten nights. Hearing this, Mozi set out from Lu and walked for ten days and nights.

) 4。 Table object is equivalent to "Xiang" or "Right" in the vernacular.

Such as "Purple Tongzhi Sword"? Battle of Red Cliffs: It is urgent. Ask General Sun for help. The military situation is critical. I request an order to ask General Sun for help. )

5。 Expressing the trend is equivalent to "giving" in the vernacular.

Such as "Zhuangzi? Yao allowed the world to be allowed. (Emperor Yao ceded the world to Xu You. )

6。 Tabby is equivalent to "bi" in vernacular Chinese.

Such as the Book of Rites? Tan Gong: The tyranny is fiercer than the tiger. Tyranny is fiercer than a tiger. )

7。 Passive expression is equivalent to "quilt" in vernacular Chinese.

Such as "Purple Tongzhi Sword"? Battle of Red Cliffs: I can't cite the whole State of Wu and hundreds of thousands of people and be subject to others. I can't take out all the land and 100 thousand troops of Wu State and let others control it. )

8。 Table range, quite vernacular "in".

Like Mozi? Public loss: there are more people in Jing country. There are many people and few people in Chu. )

(2) The preposition "Wei" 1. Passive expression is equivalent to "quilt" in vernacular Chinese.

Such as "Purple Tongzhi Sword"? Battle of Red Cliffs: Giants are mortal. In a distant county, they will be merged by others. (Wu Ju is an ordinary person, in a remote county, about to be annexed. )

2。 Table reason, quite vernacular "because (this)".

For example, Historical Records? Xiang Yu Chuan: More than 100,000 people entered the water, but the water did not flow. (More than 100,000 people of the Han army were forced into Suishui, and Suishui could not flow.

) 3。 Table substitution, quite vernacular "for" and "for".

Such as "Purple Tongzhi Sword"? Battle of Red Cliffs: Guaranteed to be breached by the general. (Promise to defeat Cao Jun as a general. )

4。 Telling the time is quite "when" in vernacular Chinese.

Such as the Spring and Autumn Annals of Yan Zi: Come for it. When he arrived. )

5。 Table objects are equivalent to "items" and "rights" in vernacular Chinese.

Such as "Peach Blossom Garden": It is not enough for outsiders to be humanitarian. It's not worth telling anyone outside. )

In addition, in classical Chinese, prepositions are often omitted, and so are the objects of prepositions. This is also the usage of prepositions in classical Chinese.

5. What is the definition of prepositional phrase postposition in classical Chinese? Preposition structure is postpositioned in modern Chinese. Adverbials are placed in front of predicates, and if they are placed behind, they are complements.

But in classical Chinese, the elements in complement are often understood by adverbials. Preposition structure is an object-object phrase. In classical Chinese, object-object phrases composed of "one" and "Yu" are common, and there are several situations when used as adverbials: 1. Object-object phrases composed of the preposition "Yu" are often in the position of complement in classical Chinese, and when translated into modern Chinese, they often move to the front of verbs as adverbials.

For example: ① "Green is taken from blue, and green is blue." When translating, both "Yulan" should be placed in front of the verb as an adverbial.

Urgent, please order to ask General Sun for help (please order to ask General Sun for help); 3. Take a ride with him and fight with the long spoon. 2. The preposition "one" is usually used as an adverbial in translation today. For example, there is a complaint.

(Tell me by chance) (2) Take ten Meng Chong warships, and wrap them in curtains (3) Shaped like wine bottles, decorated with the shape of tortoise and beast (4) Cover the palm (cover the palm).

6. In classical Chinese, what is a prepositional phrase post-sentence? There are two kinds of prepositional phrase inversion sentences.

1, the prepositional phrase postposition sentence is characterized by putting the prepositional phrase that should be in front of the verb after the verb. "I tried to stir the worm with a pig, but it still didn't move.

The prepositional phrase "pig" is put before the verb "provoke", which is the normal order. If the prepositional phrase is put before the verb, it is said that "it must be the pig's face that wants to provoke insects", which becomes the prepositional phrase inversion sentence.

(1) The first emperor knew that I was cautious and sent me to be a minister on the verge of collapse. ("Model") (2) The people in the territory do not take the border, and the country does not take the risk of mountains and rivers.

(3) Nothing can be limited to time and month. The weather will be gloomy sooner or later.

("Collecting Medicine") (4) It's slippery again, and Zheng merchants will meet the city in the week. (The Battle of Gaos) (1) means "I want to collapse, so I want to send my ministers with great events", (2) it means "the people are not bound by government boundaries", (3) it means "not limited by time" and (4) it means "Zheng Shang will be here" (Zheng Shang will be doing business).

2. Preposition object sentence Preposition phrase inversion sentence also includes the inversion of the prepositional phrase itself. Generally speaking, prepositions are always in front and preposition objects are always behind.

But sometimes, the preposition comes last and the preposition object comes first, which is very similar to the situation of verb-object inversion. This is the prepositional object sentence.

(1) Hey! Wes, who are we going home with? (Yueyang Tower) (2) How do you know the Prince of Yan? (Lian Po) (3) Q: "Why fight?" ("Cao Gui") (4) Yu is remembering it, sighing the simplicity of Li Yuan and laughing at the ugliness of Li Bo. (Shi Zhongshan) Other inversion sentences, as well as subject-predicate inversion sentences, such as "I'm sorry, you're ungrateful" ("Yu Gong") "Being on your son can help people solve their troubles! (New Ling Jun), it can be thought that this is an inverted sentence in rhetoric, and such a sentence is rare.