Nanqiao immigrant village

Yuci District is located in the north of Ningbo, with an administrative area of 2,500 square kilometers, accounting for 26.7% of the urban area of Ningbo, with a coastline of 97.4 kilometers and a tidal flat area of 370.7 square kilometers. The population is 2.067 million, accounting for 34.7% of the total population of Ningbo; The urban population is 882,000, accounting for 28.9% of Ningbo's urban population; The level of urbanization is 42.7%.

1. Development mechanism of urbanization in coastal areas on the north shore of Hangzhou Bay, Shanghai

The scouring and silting on the north shore of Hangzhou Bay changes frequently, alternating in time and space, forming scouring and silting waves.

1. 1 Characteristics of urbanization development

The coastal area on the north shore of Hangzhou Bay in Shanghai is located in the south wing of Shanghai, starting from Nanhuizui in the east and reaching the junction of Shanghai and Zhejiang in the west. Its basic scope includes the area south of Feng Ting Highway in Jinshan District; South of Nanting Highway, Nanfeng Highway and Nanfeng Highway in Fengxian County; South and east of Far East Avenue in Nanhui County. This area starts from Fengjing Town, Jinshan District and ends at Donghai Town, Nanhui County. It governs 43 towns and 6 farms, with an area of 196 1.2km2 and a population of 1698000, accounting for 14. 1% of the total population of the city. It accounts for about 60% of the city's river and sea coastline. At present, it has formed three county-level central cities: huinan town, nanqiao town and jinshanwei town, Kangqiao Municipal Industrial Development Zone, Jinshan Petrochemical and Jinshanzui Industrial Zone, as well as important industrial parks such as Shanghai Comprehensive Industrial Zone and Shanghai Chemical Industrial Zone under construction. The three central urban areas and major industrial parks are gradually developing into "growth poles" of regional economy, which play a positive role in driving the development of surrounding areas. Feng Ting Highway, Nanting Highway, Nanfeng Highway, Chuannanfeng Highway, Xinxu Highway, Jin Song Highway, Tingxu Highway, Shanghai-Hangzhou Highway, Xinfeng Highway, Feng Zhe Highway, Far East Avenue and other traffic axes are closely linked, which constitutes the basic framework of urban space in the coastal area on the north shore of Hangzhou Bay.

However, there are still a series of problems in the process of urbanization in Shanghai's coastal areas, which are mainly manifested as follows: ① urbanization is lagging behind, and the urbanization level in coastal areas is only 40%, which is far from the industrialization level of 70%; The function cultivation of urban areas and key towns is insufficient, which lacks driving force for regional economic development. (2) The motive force of industrialization development is insufficient, and the overall economic quality is not high; There is a lack of gradient promotion between coastal industries and township industries, and the driving force is small. Coastal and resource processing industrial system has not yet formed. (3) The scale of cities and towns is too small and there are too many cities and towns, resulting in scale effect. Urban infrastructure is backward. ④ The development of society, environment and economy is not coordinated enough. The development of social undertakings obviously lags behind economic growth, the foundation of education and scientific research is weak, the quality of population is low, and there is a shortage of talents, which cannot meet the needs of future economic development; Industrialization has brought serious pollution to the environment and affected the sustainable development of economy and society.

1.2 Dynamic mechanism of urbanization development

According to the law of urbanization development in the world, urbanization development can be roughly divided into three stages, namely, the initial stage, the accelerated stage and the stagnant stage. In the acceleration stage, due to the start of large-scale infrastructure or large-scale projects, or other policy factors, the level of urbanization in some areas may be rapidly improved in the short term. For example, since the independence of Singapore in 1959, the government has continuously invested heavily in expanding and improving the construction of ports and docks, and developed port-related industries based on ports. Driven by the port economy, the level of urbanization has improved rapidly. By 1979, the urbanization level is over 70%, and the annual growth rate is about 10%. In the next 20 years, the urbanization level of the coastal area on the north shore of Hangzhou Bay in Shanghai will increase rapidly, reaching about 70% by 2020, and its development motivation mainly comes from the following aspects:

One of the driving forces of 1.2. 1: Yangshan deepwater port construction. The sustained economic and trade growth in the Yangtze River Delta and the Yangtze River Basin has brought abundant goods to Shanghai Port. In 2000, the port cargo throughput exceeded 200 million tons, ranking third in the world, and the container throughput exceeded 5 million TEUs, ranking sixth in the world, laying a solid foundation for the development of Shanghai Port into an international shipping center. In view of the fact that container transportation has become the mainstream of contemporary international shipping industry, and container ships are becoming larger and larger, the core of Shanghai International Shipping Center is to build a container hub port with a water depth of 15m. After comprehensive argumentation, Yangshan Port, which is located in the north of Hangzhou Bay and 30 kilometers away from Shanghai Nanhuizui, is finally determined as the new port site of Shanghai International Shipping Center International Container Hub. At present, the construction of Yangshan deepwater port has entered the early stage of construction. It is estimated that by the end of the Tenth Five-Year Plan, the total container throughput will reach 1.50- 1.60 million TEU. Accounting for 27% of Hong Kong; By 2020, its container throughput will reach100000 TEU, accounting for 62% ~ 64% of the whole country.

According to the general law of urbanization development in coastal areas of port cities in the world, coastal areas that are in harmony with the functions of international hub ports are often the carriers of port-based economy and become the gathering areas of port-related industries, and their urbanization level is generally above 70%. Therefore, the construction of Yangshan Deepwater Port will promote the industrial development of its neighboring coastal areas such as Nanhui, Fengxian and Jinshan, thus accelerating the urbanization process in this area.

1.2.2 Power II: Shanghai's urban function transformation and industrial structure adjustment. The new round of Shanghai Master Plan (200 1) has positioned Shanghai as "one of the centers of international economy, finance, trade and shipping", which not only clarifies Shanghai's position and role in the national economic development, but also points out the direction of Shanghai's urban development goals and function adjustment: distribution, production, management and innovation will gradually become the five basic functions of the city; "Three, two, one" industrial development strategy has become the adjustment direction of economic structure. The cultivation and establishment of a number of large markets with strong agglomeration and wide radiation, the continuous promotion of high-tech industrialization and the transformation of traditional industries will lead to the reorganization and continuous evolution of urban functional zoning in regional structure.

A new round of urban layout adjustment has concentrated a number of high-level service industries in the central city, and accelerated the transfer of a number of industrial projects to the suburbs, enhancing the service function of the central city and accelerating the industrialization process of the suburbs. The adjustment of industrial structure and the spatial reorganization of industrial layout will promote the continuous transfer of industry and population from the central city to the suburbs, form a multi-level and complementary regional urban system with the central city as the core, and become an important measure to accelerate the process of urban modernization and suburban urbanization.

In the process of adjusting the economic structure of Shanghai's central city, the coastal areas of Shanghai, as the surrounding hinterland, have the advantage of high potential energy to accept the gradient transfer of industries and related industries and develop accordingly compared with other suburbs. As an important part of the international shipping center, Yangshan Port, an international deep-water wharf, has great attraction to petrochemical and other industries, and the coastal area has become the best location choice for the layout of heavy chemical industry. Shanghai's industrial spatial layout planning will arrange Shanghai Chemical Industrial Zone and Shanghai Comprehensive Industrial Development Zone in coastal areas. The development of industry will actively promote the growth of the tertiary industry and greatly promote the urbanization of coastal areas.

1.2.3 the third driving force: the adjustment of administrative divisions of "changing counties into districts" and "withdrawing towns". There are obvious differences between suburban counties and urban areas in metropolis. Generally speaking, one of the main functions of suburban counties is to exist as the agricultural production base of metropolis. Therefore, Nanhui and Fengxian, as two suburban counties in Shanghai in the past, have long been the production bases of grain and vegetables in Shanghai, and have made great contributions to the "rice bag" and "vegetable basket" projects in Shanghai. At present, the primary industry accounts for a large proportion in the economic structure of the two regions, and the industrialization process is slow. Take Nanhui District as an example. In the past, people always thought that it was only the "back garden" of Shanghai, and it did not have the function of undertaking some economic functions in Shanghai.

In order to build Shanghai into an international metropolis as soon as possible. Vigorously improve Shanghai's comprehensive competitiveness, truly realize the requirements of "rich central city and strong suburbs", actively cooperate with Shanghai's new round of industrial adjustment, seize the opportunity of Yangshan deepwater port construction, strive to cultivate the needs of port economy, and make necessary adjustments to the administrative divisions of coastal areas, that is, Nanhui and Fengxian are removed from counties, and towns and villages in various districts are merged. County reform can not only improve the administrative status of Nanhui and Fengxian, but also better accept the economic, social and cultural radiation of metropolitan area, improve local visibility, attract foreign investment, expand financing channels for urban construction, and effectively promote the development of urbanization.

The merger of villages and towns is an important measure to promote the formation of reasonable scale of villages and towns. Nanhui, Fengxian, Jinshan and other districts all have the phenomenon that the scale of towns is too small, the number is too large, and small towns are scattered. Most cities and towns have a population of less than 30,000, and the urban population is only a few thousand. Too small a town scale will not only bring obvious weaknesses such as poor agglomeration effect, scattered construction investment and difficulties in the development of the tertiary industry, but also adversely restrict the development of market towns and curb the process of rural urbanization. The merger and co-construction of towns and villages is an objective requirement to promote the further development of urbanization. Adjusting administrative divisions scientifically, merging multiple towns and expanding the scale of towns are effective means to improve the quality of towns and promote the orderly development of urbanization. The merger of villages and towns in the coastal areas of Shanghai started soon. Reasonable urban scale and urban hierarchy system are conducive to urban infrastructure construction, improving the investment and financing environment, thus effectively promoting the energy release in coastal areas and accelerating the urbanization process.

2. The urban function orientation of the coastal area on the north shore of Hangzhou Bay in Shanghai.

The function orientation of coastal cities is an important premise and one of the main contents of formulating the urbanization development strategy of coastal areas. According to the location conditions of Shanghai coastal area, the resource advantages of its own economic and social development and its important role and position in the development of Shanghai's international metropolis, the development goal of Shanghai coastal urban belt has the following connotation characteristics: ① A comprehensive economic development zone driven by ports. Taking the construction of Yangshan Deepwater Port as an opportunity, we will optimize the industrial structure, take coastal industries and port-facing industries as the pillars, realize high industrial dependence, highlight scientific and technological innovation and rationalization of industrial structure, promote the development of industrial structure in the direction of heavy industrialization and high processing degree, and develop the tertiary industry in the direction of port service, and gradually form an industrial cluster with rapid technological progress, large opening up, high scale density, reasonable resource allocation and high economic benefits. ② the hinterland center of the gateway port. Relying on Shanghai's international metropolis and the "international standard, domestic first-class" port collection and distribution system, we will enhance the radiation function in the domestic region and make the coastal areas "the gateway to Shanghai" and "the gateway to the world". ③ Regional coastal cities with their own characteristics. With outstanding national characteristics and local characteristics of Shanghai, it embodies distinct internationality, and builds a modern coastal city with personality that integrates the functions of residence, tourism and leisure, science and education, science and technology, culture and entertainment. (4) Efficient use of land resources, rational planning of urban spatial structure, promotion of urban-rural integration and urban modernization, efforts to realize urban infrastructure modernization and scientific urban management, and promote social progress and improve people's living environment.

According to the above development goals and connotation characteristics, the urban functional orientation of Shanghai coastal areas can be summarized as: an important part of Shanghai's international metropolis, an open, comprehensive and modern Shanghai coastal city featuring port driving and port service, integrating residence, tourism, leisure, science and education, science and technology, culture and entertainment.

3. Urban spatial layout planning of the coastal area on the north shore of Hangzhou Bay in Shanghai.

According to the present characteristics and future development trend of the spatial layout of Shanghai coastal areas, combined with the urban functional orientation, the basic framework of the spatial layout of Shanghai coastal areas is constructed with the urban system of "one center, three sub-centers and four levels". "One Center" refers to Harbour City; The three sub-centers are Huinan New City, Nanqiao New City and Jinshan New City. "Level 4" refers to the four levels of city scale and function, that is, central city-sub-center-key town-general town. The development strategy of Shanghai coastal cities is to strengthen the functions and status of central cities and sub-centers, rationally cultivate key towns and ensure the stable development of general towns.

3. 1 central city

That is, the Harbour City that echoes Yangshan Deepwater Port from a distance. Harbour City is located in Nanhui, with Luchaogang Town as the main body, including Mudeng Town and parts of Peng Zhen Town. The population is about 500,000. Harbour City is connected with Yangshan Deepwater Port through Luyang Bridge. Its main function is to meet and serve the needs of deep-water port operation to the greatest extent, and secondly to cultivate and develop port economy, promote the formation of new industrial clusters and economic growth points, and promote the economic and social development of surrounding areas. In order to meet the needs of deep-water port construction and operation. Harbour city should have container storage and loading and unloading area, supporting collection and distribution system and logistics distribution center, perfect container import and export service system, financial and trade area, coastal industry and processing area, foreign-related land, scenic living area and so on. Harbour city should have a high starting point and leap-forward industrial development while meeting the needs of port operation. In addition to the basic urban functions and industrial allocation, it should also have some urban functions and industrial allocation with strong international influence to supplement the urban and industrial functions of Shanghai International Shipping Center, form a new bridgehead for Shanghai's industrial development, and have a significant impact on the economic development of Shanghai's coastal areas and even the entire Yangtze River Delta region and the Yangtze River basin. Considering the strategic goal of industrial development in Harbour City, the industrial structure and technical level should meet the functional requirements of Shanghai International Shipping Center, with the tertiary industry as the main industry, export-oriented and technology-intensive manufacturing as the main industry, and the tertiary industry accounting for more than% of India, focusing on logistics and information industry, developing high-tech industries, coastal industries and marine industries, and expanding international finance and trade.

3.2 Sub-center

Namely Huinan New Town, Nanqiao New Town and Jinshan New Town. The urban functions of the three sub-centers are as regional political, economic, cultural and information centers, mainly developing real estate, commerce, information services and urban industries. In addition to playing the central role of the region, each sub-center should actively absorb the migration of rural population in the region, and should also formulate relevant policies to attract investment immigrants and intellectual immigrants from outside the region and attract population through multiple channels. The population of each sub-center is 20. 300,000 people, forming a scale effect; At the same time, with the help of the government's macro-control, we should implement large investment, improve the level of infrastructure, improve the investment environment and strengthen the construction of intellectual elements to meet the requirements of industrial layout in the information age. In the division of functions within the region, it is necessary to highlight its high-level and leading role in developing economies of scale, and strive to cultivate its functions of organization, management and service to the regional economy. The measurement index of its urbanization level has been gradually upgraded from "population quantity type" to "functional quality type", which has become an important growth pole of economic and social development in coastal areas.

3.3 Key towns

There are many towns below the county-level central city in the coastal area on the north shore of Hangzhou Bay in Shanghai, but the scale is small. The foundation of urban construction is weak, mostly evolved from rural market towns, and the development forces of cities and towns are relatively scattered. In order to gradually improve the urban system in coastal areas, some towns with superior location conditions, relatively good basic conditions and certain development potential and scale should be selected as key towns to support and cultivate, so as to become local node towns connecting urban and rural areas. As the gradient intersection between the central city and the general market town, the central town has the radiation and driving effect on the adjacent general market town in economy, culture and education. At the same time, considering the modernization of transportation and communication in the future, residents in grass-roots residential areas can also obtain corresponding services directly from superior centers, and the requirements for the functions of local node town centers will be reduced. Therefore, the functions of these key towns should take township enterprises as the main body, and form stronghold towns and district service management centers with professional characteristics. In addition, in the spatial layout of key towns, efforts should be made to form the characteristics of Shanghai coastal urban belt with different shapes and distinctive features, improve the visual effect and enhance the urban taste and attractiveness of coastal areas.

Combined with the overall deployment of "one city and nine towns" in Shanghai, four key towns with a population of about 50,000 have been formed in the coastal areas of Shanghai through the necessary merger and spatial reorganization of towns and villages, among which Zhou Kang New Town, Fengcheng New Town and Fengjing Town are comprehensive towns, mainly developing industry, commerce and real estate; Fengxin Town (that is, the Gulf Tourist Area) is a professional town with high-grade villas as the main body, mainly developing tourism and real estate.

3.4 General towns

The general town is the lowest level of the urban system in the coastal areas of Shanghai, and it is the economic and administrative center of the town. Compared with key towns, general towns are smaller in scale and relatively single in function, and mainly serve as gathering places for rural industrialization and service centers in rural areas. On the one hand, through the establishment of industrial communities, the industries of surrounding villages will be attracted to towns and villages; On the other hand, it provides daily life services for the surrounding rural areas, which mainly plays a role in improving the living and living quality of rural residents. In the urban development strategy, we should pay attention to the improvement of infrastructure such as commerce, service and culture, and form the scenery of modern pastoral market towns.

There are 14 general towns in the coastal area on the north shore of Hangzhou Bay, namely Xingta Town, Zhujing Town, Nong Xin Town, Songyin Town, Lin Ting Town, Zhuanghang Town, Guangming Town, Qingcun Town, Tangwai Town, Situan Town, datuan town Town, Sandun Town, Huang Lu Town and Donghai Town.

4. Spatial development strategy model of urbanization in Shanghai coastal areas.

The spatial development modes of urbanization mainly include point-axis development, gradient transfer and network development. According to the general law of spatial development in coastal areas, combined with the current economic and social characteristics of Shanghai coastal areas, the development conditions and trends are comprehensively analyzed. On the basis of the point-axis development model, the urbanization of Shanghai coastal areas adopts the comprehensive development model of "node-development axis". The point-axis development model can give full play to the economic agglomeration effect; We can give full play to the leading role of each "growth pole", realize the professional division of labor and cooperation between regions and towns, form an organic regional economic network, and improve the overall economic benefits of society. On the basis of the development of point axis, a comprehensive model of "node-development axis" type overall network development system is formed, and a set of multi-level, multi-objective and multi-functional growth and development system is established, which connects "point" with "axis" and "surface" into "belt" and "network" to realize the optimal development of point, axis and surface and the optimization of spatial structure, and promote the port.

At present, the embryonic form of the development axis framework of Shanghai coastal areas has been formed. One is to develop along the traffic axis of Feng Ting Highway, Nanfeng Highway and Chuannanfeng Highway, connecting Kangqiao Industrial Zone, huinan town, Shanghai Comprehensive Industrial Zone and nanqiao town; the other is to connect Shanghai Comprehensive Industrial Zone, Shanghai Chemical Industrial Zone, Jinshanzui Industrial Zone and jinshanwei town along the development axis of Xinfeng Highway, Feng Zhe Highway and Shanghai-Hangzhou Highway. These two traffic axes play an extremely important role in the socio-economic development of coastal areas, and they are the two main development axes of coastal areas. On the basis of continuing to develop and expand these two axes in the future. Focus on the construction of a traffic axis connecting the first-class growth pole-Harbour City and other growth poles, form a fast and convenient traffic network with the central Harbour City as a fan-shaped radiation roof, and strengthen the port collection and distribution function of Harbour City. At the same time, along the traffic trunk road connecting Harbour City with other growth nodes, a new economic development axis in coastal areas will be cultivated. In this way, the development axis, which is composed of major traffic trunk lines such as roads and railways, as well as power, telecommunications and information superhighway, connects the growth nodes at all levels in coastal areas to form an overall network development model. According to the requirements of the overall network development model of "node-development axis", the "network" of urban belt composed of primary industry, tourism and leisure belt, shelterbelt and wedge-shaped green space must be interspersed between "growth pole" and "development axis" The arrangement of these "meshes" can not only improve the ecological environment and ensure the sustainable development of coastal areas, but also create good coastal tourist attractions and give play to the important functions of coastal areas as urban eco-tourism. The "network" layout of Shanghai coastal areas is carried out in the form of a combination of points, lines and surfaces. The dotted "grid" is the coastal tourist resort in Nanhui, the Green Bay tourist resort in Fengxian and the natural ecological tourist resort in Jinshan. Linear "network" mainly refers to the green axis along the traffic line and the green belt along the coastline, as well as the production protection green belt in various industrial parks; The regional "grid" consists of farms in coastal areas, including Donghai Farm, May 4th Farm, Liaoyuan Farm and Huo Xing Farm. Dot-shaped "network" mainly develops the function of tourism and leisure, and provides a good place for tourism and leisure for coastal areas and even the whole Shanghai metropolis; Linear "net" plays an important role in protecting and improving the production and living environment; Regional "network" mainly develops urban agriculture, ecological agriculture and export-oriented agriculture, providing basic guarantee for economic and social development of urban belt. The "network" system combining points, lines and areas is intertwined with all the "growth nodes" and "development axes", which together constitute a modern eco-city belt with economic prosperity, social progress and beautiful environment in Shanghai coastal areas.