Max Delbruck's detailed data collection

Max Delbruck (1906~ 198 1), a German-born American biologist, worked with American biologist Alfred & # 8226; Alfred Day Hershey and El Salvador & # 8226; #8226; Edward Ruglia won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1969. Delbruck was a pioneer in studying bacteriophages (viruses that attack bacteria), so he won this award. This study focuses on the genetic function of phage to some extent. Delbruck's research led other scientists to discover the structure and importance of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) which constitutes the genes of organisms.

Basic introduction Chinese name: Max Delbruck Nationality: American Date of birth:1September 4th, 906? Date of death:1981March 9? Occupation: biophysicist student days, adolescence, youth, career start-up, virus research, retirement, honor, influence, evaluation. Max Ludwig Delbrouck was born in Grunewald and is now a suburb of Berlin. Delbruck is the youngest of seven children in the family. His father, Hans Debriek, is a professor of history at the University of Berlin and has been an editor and political columnist of the Prussian Yearbook magazine for many years. Delbruck's mother, Thiersch delbruck, is the daughter of a surgical professor and the granddaughter of Baron von Justus von Liebig, a chemist. Justus von Liebig established organic chemistry to study carbon-containing compounds. Delbruck grew up in grunwald. Grunewald is a comfortable suburb of Berlin, but the residents here have not escaped the interference of World War I (1914-1918) and the ensuing political chaos, inflation and poverty. Delbruck was interested in mathematics and astronomy when he was a child. 1924 After graduating from Grunewald High School, Delbrouck went to Tubingen University to study astronomy. Later, he left there and went to his father's Berlin University to study for free. Dissatisfied, he went on to Bonn University, then returned to Berlin University, and finally entered the University of G? ttingen. OumlTtingen) and stayed. When he was young, the University of G? ttingen had become the center of a new field of quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanical physics is a subject that describes the atomic structure and the motion of atomic particles. The inspiring atmosphere here has a great influence on young Delbrouck. Here, he met Professor Eugene Paul Wei Gena, a theoretical physicist who was born in Hungary and later became an American citizen, and Max Born, a German physicist who played an important role in the development of quantum mechanics. Both physicists later won the Nobel Prize in Physics. Delbruck discovered the mathematical proof of lithium chemical bond. 1930 received a doctorate in physics. Photo of 65438+Early 1940s Delbrouck continued to study in Britain, Switzerland and Denmark for three years. He worked as a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Bristol in England for one and a half years. Later, he won the academic award of Rockefeller Foundation, went to Copenhagen University, studied under the guidance of Danish physicist niels bohr for six months, and then went to Zurich University, studied under the guidance of Austrian theoretical physicist Wolfgang Pauli for six months. At that time, Bohr had put forward a theory about atomic structure. Pauli won the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physics for proposing to explain the law of electron movement in atoms. Bohr pointed out that some properties in physics are interlinked in biology, which made Gendre Brook interested in the relationship between physics and biology. This has also had a great impact on the future of Delbrouck. Starting from 1932, Delbrouck returned to Berlin and became the assistant of Austrian-born physicist Lise Maitenaz. Matenas played a key role in the discovery of nuclear fission. Metenas is working with German chemist otto hahn to study neutron irradiation of uranium. He discovered the nuclear fission process in 1938. American scientists quickly used this discovery to make the first nuclear bomb. Delbruck regularly meets physicists and biologists interested in genetics in Berlin. In an influential paper 1935, Delbrouck and his research partners proposed that genes can be regarded as molecules. 1937, Delbrouck immigrated to the United States after winning the second academic prize of Rockefeller Foundation. He used the prize money to study biology and genetics at California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. There, he collaborated with geneticist Thomas Hunt Morgan to study the genes of Drosophila. The life span of fruit flies is very short, so you can study many generations of fruit flies without waiting for a long time, so it is often used in research. At Caltech, Delbrouck began to study bacteriophages. He became interested in phage genes. Phage is a virus that can affect bacterial cells, and its name means "an object that eats bacteria". 1939, in a groundbreaking paper, he explained how bacteriophages reproduce in a single cell. This research initiated a new era of virus research. After the outbreak of World War II (1939~ 1945), he decided to stay in the United States. In Germany, some members of the Delbrouck family were persecuted for resisting Nazi rule. From 65438 to 0940, Delbrouck accepted the position of physics lecturer at Vanderbilt University in Nashville. For the next seven years, he continued to study phage at Vanderbilt University. On 194 1, Delbrouck married Mary Adeline Bruce, whom they met at California Institute of Technology. They have four children. From 65438 to 0945, Delbrouck became an American citizen. At about 1940, Delbrouck met Salvador Ruglia at the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science held in Philadelphia. Ruglia is engaged in phage research in the School of Internal and External Sciences of Columbia University in new york. Delbruck visited Ruglia's laboratory, and then they planned a series of experiments. The two shared their research results through letters and occasional meetings. The research object of virus is tiny organism, which is the main cause of disease. In the early 1940s, scientists knew little about the nature of viruses. Delbruck, Ruglja and hershey of Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, Missouri, all studied bacteriophages. Most phages have complex structures. They have a spherical head containing nucleic acid and a hollow tail made of protein, which enables bacteriophages to pass through the tough cell wall of bacteria. When phage enters bacteria, the tail first passes through the cell wall, and then the nucleic acid in the head is injected into the cell through the tail. Ruglia, delbruck and Hirsch used the newly invented electron microscope to collect phage images because ordinary microscopes could not observe viruses. 1943, Ruglia found that the virus can mutate, that is, using delbruck's perfect technology, change its characteristics from generation to generation. In 1946, delbruck and Hirsch found that if more than one phage strain infects the same bacterial cell, different phage strains will exchange genetic materials (genes) with each other. This phenomenon, which they call geic recombination, is the first experimental evidence of DNA recombination in viruses. After ten years of independent research and cooperative research, the three confirmed that phage particles with protein shell were mainly composed of DNA. 1952, Hirsch confirmed that when a phage invades a cell, DNA will shed its protein shell, replacing the genetic mechanism of the host, forcing it to produce a new virus instead of a new cell. With the discovery of virus replication, three biologists uncovered the basic life process of all life. This has also opened the door for countless discoveries about the replication and spread of complex biological genetic characteristics. Ruglia, delbruck, Hirsch and other scientists drafted a guide to phage research. They encouraged other researchers in this field to focus on seven phages that infect certain colon bacteria. In this way, the experimental results obtained by different laboratories can be compared. From 65438 to 0947, California Institute of Technology appointed Delbrouck as Professor of Biology. 1949, the National Academy of Sciences elected him as a member. Delbruck, Ruglia and Hirsch won the 1969 Nobel Prize in Biomedicine for their research on virus replication mechanism and gene structure. Delbrouck, who has retired, stayed at California Institute of Technology until 1977 retired and was appointed as a member of the college board of directors. From 196 1 to 1963, he served as a visiting professor at the University of Cologne, West Germany, and helped the university establish a school of genetics. Honors Received Some first-class universities and relatively small universities have awarded honorary degrees to Delbrouck. He also won many authoritative scientific awards, including1Kimber Gex Award awarded by the National Academy of Sciences in 1964. He is also a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts, the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society of London and the French Academy of Sciences. Influence and Evaluation Delbrouck is a famous figure who turned from physics to biology. He studied the idea of life phenomenon based on physics, and influenced physicist Irving Schrodinger to write a book "What is life? "(What is life? )。 This book influenced the study of DNA by Francis Harry Compton Crick, James Watson and Maurice Wilkins.