Which countries in Europe have now reached a fairly developed level of economy?

Sweden is one of the countries with the best welfare in the world

Sweden is one of the countries with the best welfare in the world, and its housing system is included in the social security system. The goal of the Swedish government's housing policy is to ensure that everyone has access to a residence that is sufficiently spacious and comfortable in a beautiful environment. Society has considered it a social right for people to obtain housing of adequate standards. The quantity and quality of Swedish housing have reached the highest level in the world.

1. Public housing construction and property management

Public housing construction and property management in Sweden are mainly responsible for public housing operating companies. The public housing management company was founded in the 1940s. The purpose of establishing the company was to influence the market and regulate supply and demand, rather than to occupy the housing market. The purpose of the company's housing operation is to provide affordable and high-quality housing to members of society. It is financially responsible for its own profits and losses, but it does not make any money. Sweden has 1.5 million residents living in 800,000 public housing units managed by 300 operating companies, accounting for 21% of all housing in Sweden.

There is an association of housing operating companies across Sweden. Its main task is to strengthen connections and information exchange between regions and study how to improve management skills. For example, how does public housing management use computers? How to renovate old public housing? etc. Public housing operating companies in each city are under the jurisdiction of the municipal government, and company managers are appointed by the government. The companies are responsible for not only the construction of public housing, but also the operation, management and maintenance of public housing.

Public housing construction is planned and issued by the municipal government, and organized and implemented by the public housing operating company. The company attaches great importance to the construction of residential communities, and has specific plans from the overall layout to each detailed department, including the scale of the entire residential area, road traffic, residential and various public service facilities, three-dimensional structures and various equipment installations, above ground and underground Pipelines, indoor and outdoor projects, etc. are all considered comprehensively, and attention is paid to environmental greening and artistic treatment of space. The municipal supporting projects and laundry rooms, car rooms, public housing and children's entertainment facilities that directly serve housing in residential areas shall be borne by the housing construction unit. For-profit projects such as shopping malls shall be borne by the profit-making unit. Kindergartens and medical stations shall be borne by the for-profit units. Social welfare projects such as homes for the elderly and other social welfare projects are constructed by the municipal authorities. Municipal supporting projects outside residential areas are the responsibility of the competent departments according to legal provisions. If there are disputes between relevant parties, the municipal government will coordinate. During the planning, design and construction stages of residential communities, property management personnel participate in opinions, with the purpose of ensuring the quality of residential investment and benefits, and ensuring ease of use and management after delivery. This is a successful experience that is beneficial to property management and is worth learning from in our country.

The main task of public housing operating companies is to manage and maintain public housing. The company establishes management organizations in different areas, with management offices and management points set up below. Most of the administrators have received professional training. Each administrator manages 100-300 households. The management is located in a residential building with professional maintenance personnel. The management office is located in a residential area and is responsible for daily maintenance and management, as well as difficult repair projects or major repairs. Technical problems are solved with the help of the company's technical personnel; management and maintenance personnel at all levels are assigned according to the principle of fewer but more refined. Jobs with small labor requirements (such as glass changers and painters) are not equipped with personnel and are hired from the public when needed.

Public housing rentals and maintenance methods have great flexibility. Residents can freely choose the material standards for interior decoration and kitchens. The management office is responsible for installing sanitary equipment, and any excess parts will be allocated to the rent of the house. Residents can decide on their own regarding the method of repair. If indoor repairs are done by the residents themselves, the indoor repair costs can be deducted from the rent.

There are various forms of ownership in Swedish housing, and the operating conditions of all types of housing are basically the same. There are no special economic policy preferences, and public housing operating companies are no exception. In the housing market, the supply of housing exceeds the demand, and tenants have a choice when choosing housing locations and housing standards. The managers of various housing estates should give full play to their respective advantages, compete on an equal basis, improve management level and service quality, and reduce operating costs to attract tenants.

Public housing operating companies give full play to their own advantages and expertise to survive and develop in competition. Their characteristics and advantages are as follows:

(1) The proportion of newly built unit-type public housing is large , relatively centralized, with reasonable distribution of maintenance points, and full use of modern means to manage houses. Residents are notified by phone and maintenance trucks are on call.

(2) The company maintains regular contact with the tenants' association to listen to opinions and improve services. At the same time, it regularly negotiates to set reasonable rent standards, which are generally lower than the rent of private rental housing.

(3) Strive to maintain and beautify the environment of residential areas, such as adding green spaces, flowers and trees, art pieces or public event venues, etc.

(4) Provide different services to different tenants, such as providing shopping products and medical services for the elderly. By continuously improving management work and improving service quality, the quality of public housing under their management is getting better and better, and the number of housing units and residents are increasing.

2. Cooperative housing and property management

The construction and property management of cooperative housing in Sweden are mainly responsible for the National Federation of Housing Cooperatives (HSB). HSB is a national housing cooperative organization composed of 63 provincial and municipal housing cooperative associations.

HSB determines the order in which households obtain housing based on the length of membership and the amount of savings. Housing costs are repaid by residents in installments. 70% of the house price is the mortgage loan, and the interest rate is calculated according to the market interest rate. The money to repay the mortgage loan is paid with the salary before personal income tax. This part of the money will be exempted from income tax by the state, which is actually a subsidy to the house buyer. The installment payment plus the maintenance fees for the exterior of the house (indoor repairs are taken care of by yourself), central heating fees, public water and electricity fees, sewage treatment fees, health service fees, insurance premiums and equipment maintenance fees add up to form the annual housing expenses that need to be paid. . When residents move into cooperative housing, they acquire permanent use rights. If the house needs to be transferred, sublet, exchanged or bought and sold, it needs to be approved by the local cooperative at the grassroots level, and the price can be freely negotiated by both parties. HSB provides for a "buy-back" system (acquisition of housing that members want to sell) to help the government prevent speculation in housing.

HSB believes that residential construction only takes one or two years, while residents need to live in them for more than 60 years. Therefore, it is very important to manage, repair and maintain residences and provide good services to residents. Most HSB staff are engaged in management work and pay attention to the continuous improvement of management skills and the modernization of management methods. The housing is owned and used by the cooperative members. So they attach great importance to the role of members. After members move into their new home, they elect people they trust to participate in the management committee. One of the members is appointed by the HSB Association to be a person who is familiar with the business and has experience in order to work with other members to effectively carry out management work. Members of the Management Board are part-time. Large cooperatives (more than 50 households) sometimes employ a full-time administrator, and maintenance work is undertaken by the association and residents respectively. Some indoor equipment maintenance is repaired and maintained by the residents themselves or entrusted to the association for maintenance. Outdoor, management and other more complex parts are repaired by The association is responsible. In addition, the association also provides members with various services and consultations, conducts various technical trainings, and cultivates residents’ habits of caring for their homes and the environment