Are Afrikaans and Dutch a system?

Afrikaans

Afrikaans

Also known as Afrikaans. One of the two official languages of South Africa (the other is English). It belongs to the west branch of Germanic language family of Indo-European language family. Distributed in South Africa and Namibia (Southwest Africa). The population exceeds 5 million. Afrikaans evolved from Dutch used by Dutch, German and French immigrants who settled in South Africa after the middle of17th century. It is sometimes called Boer. The original meaning of "Boer" is Boer, because these immigrants mainly make a living by farming and animal husbandry after arriving in South Africa.

In the 200 years after European immigrants arrived in South Africa, people only spoke Afrikaans, and the standard written language was gradually formed in the middle of the19th century. The phonetic system of Afrikaans is based on the southern Dutch dialect, and the spelling rules are basically the same as Dutch, but slightly simplified. Grammar is also simpler than Dutch. Nouns have no changes in sex and case; The tense and personal forms of verbs have disappeared, leaving only regular changes. Tense and mood are expressed by modal words, and the present perfect tense is composed of auxiliary verbs. Another feature of Afrikaans is the use of reduplication. The vocabulary is similar to Dutch, but there are many Malay-Portuguese (a commercial language in Southeast Asia and South Africa in the 8th century17 ~/kloc-0), Hortundu and Bantu loanwords. There are a lot of loanwords in English, mainly scientific and sports words.

Afrikaans literally means "African" or "Africa", and some people have translated their Chinese names into Afrikaans, Afrikaans or Fijian. Because in the past, European immigrants who used South African language were called "Boers" (meaning farmers in Dutch), some people in history also called South Africans "Boers".

South African is the language used in South Africa and Namibia, and belongs to the Indo-European Germanic family in language classification. South African is currently one of the official languages of 1 1 stipulated in the South African Constitution, and it is also the "national language" recognized by the Namibian Constitution, although it is not the official language of the country (English is the official language of Namibia).

The historical development of South African language and its position in South African society today are controversial. When introducing this language, Encyclopedia Britannica said: "Few languages can cause such a big controversy (like South African)".

Afrikaans, which is popular in South Africa and Namibia, has 6 million users, ranking outside 100.

Language family: Indo-European, Germanic, West Germanic, Low Germanic, Low Frankish, South African.

Official status, the country is the official language: South Africa

Introduction: South African was originally a Dutch dialect used in South Africa, which was basically developed from 1652 to 1705 by Protestant European immigrants and indentured workers and slaves brought to South Africa by the Dutch East India Company. Most of these European immigrants are Dutch immigrants, but there are also many immigrants from Germany and France. In addition, there are some immigrants from Scotland and other European countries. As for these indentured laborers and slaves, in addition to Malays from Indonesia, there are also Khoikhoi and Bushme who are indigenous to Africa.

According to Ethnology: World Languages (2005), there are 6.2 million South African speakers in South Africa, including 1 10,000 bilingual people who use both South African and English. This figure accounts for about 15% of South Africa's total population, second only to Zulu (22.9% of the total population) and Xhosa (17.9% of the total population), making it the third largest language in South Africa. In addition, there are 4 million people in South Africa who speak South African as a second language. As for places outside South Africa, there are 1.3 million South African speakers in Namibia, 20,000 in Botswana, and some South African speakers in Malawi and Zambia. South Africa has had various names in history, including "Cape Dutch" and "African Dutch".

As Barnard(2003) pointed out, to understand the history of South Africa, it is almost inevitable for us to discuss the history of South Africa. The development history of "South African Language" is divided into five stages.

Early embryonic stage: 1652, the Dutch East India Company occupied the Cape Peninsula, the southernmost tip of Africa, as a midway supply station for the Dutch fleet to continue China Eastern Airlines. From 65438 to 0657, the first Dutch immigrants landed in South Africa and began to occupy the land that originally belonged to Hoykoy, which also opened the history of western colonialism in South Africa. With the arrival of Dutch immigrants, Dutch began to be used by this group of European immigrants in South Africa. Soon after, many indentured workers and slaves from Asia were "imported" to South Africa by the Dutch East India Company as helpers. The main language of these Asians is Portuguese mixed with Malay. These different languages-Dutch used by European immigrants (mainly accents belonging to the western provinces of the Netherlands) and mixed languages used by Asians (Mandarin and Malay)-began to influence each other due to language contact.

In the18th century, the language mixing project became more complicated, and more other elements were gradually added, including the Koi language used by khoikhoi as a nanny and helper, and the French language used by French Protestants who recently moved to South Africa. Due to the stimulation of the new environment and the emergence of new things, these Dutch immigrants have to borrow many sailors' vocabulary and other linguistic neologisms to adapt to the new life in Africa (BAS 2001; Shanghai-Nanjing 1999). When describing the evolution of "South Africa", Hu Ning said this:

From about 1740, the daily language used in South Africa is no longer pure Dutch. In the discussion about the reasons for the formation of this new language, one of the most convincing theories is that South African developed through interaction with other languages. (Hunning 1999； The emphasis is on adding)

Of course, with the formation of a new language, these European descendants whose ancestors came from the Netherlands gradually formed a new identity. They no longer call themselves "Dutch" but "Africans". Therefore, the language they use is gradually called Africaansch Afrikansch (Bas 200 1).

The arrival of the British: 1795, the British occupied the Cape of Good Hope and became the new owner of this land. With the British in power, English has become the main language of government agencies and educational institutions. In this case, the social status of English is higher than that of South African. Whether it is the upper class, government officials or intellectuals, English is mainly used instead of South African. Therefore, South African is nicknamed "kitchen dialect".

In this case, in order to get rid of the British control, and because they were dissatisfied with the British policy of "liberating slaves", these European immigrants who called themselves "Africans" or "Boers" launched the so-called "grotte Lake" in South African history (1836-660). Began to move eastward and northward from Cape Pier in coastal areas, and established several small republics of their own, including Transvaal and Orange Free State (Barnard 2003；; Shanghai-Nanjing 1999).

The rise of the South African Language Movement: In the process of establishing their own country, issues related to language and culture, especially those related to the South African language they use, are becoming more and more political. "South Africa has become the source and symbol of this rising national consciousness" (Barnard 2003).

Although these Boers already have "South African"-their own oral tradition, they still use the so-called "standard Dutch" in their writing. Especially their most important reading, Bible, is written and printed in standard Dutch (Bas 200 1). In this case, a group of priests and teachers launched the so-called "First Afrikaans Movement" around 1870, hoping to upgrade South African from the oral level to the written level. 1875, "genootkap virregte Afrikaners" was formally established in Cape. In the same year, the Association officially published the first grammar book and dictionary (Bernard 2003；; Shanghai-Nanjing1999; Wikipedia (2005 edition).

After the Second Ying Bu War (1899-1902), although the British won, they also gave the Boers autonomy, and Dutch became another official language in South Africa besides English. 1905, "Afrikaanse Taalgenootschap" and "Afrikaanse Taalvereniging" were formally established, which strongly demanded that South African languages be widely used and studied at different levels. 19 10, the British government merged Cape Province, natal province, transvaal province and Orange Province into the "South African Federation". 1925, with the joint efforts of South African language activists and nationalists, South African replaced Dutch and became the second official language of the South African Federation. 1933, the first complete south African bible was translated and officially published (Hu Ning1999; ; Olivier nd).

From the language of the oppressed to the language of the oppressor: from 1948, the "Kuomintang" composed of South Africans came to power, until 1994, the "African National Assembly" composed of South Africans came to power. Relevant scholars usually refer to this period as the "apartheid period" in South Africa (1948-65438), which was the peak of "South Africans" in power and the golden age of South African language. However, this is also a stage in which the South African language has changed from an oppressed language to an oppressor language.

After the "Kuomintang" came to power, in order to consolidate the rule based on racism, a series of laws related to apartheid were enacted, such as the Law on Group Residential Areas (1950), the Pass Law (revised and passed in 1952) and the Bantu Education Law (1953). In school history textbooks, the state machine blindly emphasizes the historical view of "South Africans", focusing on the historical relics of South African heroes such as the Great Migration of Cattle and Horses and the Anglo-Polish War, while the historical facts of other races are deliberately ignored. These textbooks even emphasize that blacks are inherently inferior, at least culturally inferior, as an excuse for their ideology of white domination (Liu Desheng nd).

At the same time, South African language is also highly guaranteed and promoted by the state machinery, including script writing, establishment of various literary awards and research in colleges, all of which are centered on South African language. According to the cultural figures in power in South Africa, South African is considered as the youngest Germanic language. These people not only emphasize the purity of South African, but don't like to borrow English words. They also claim that South African is the unique language of South Africans (that is, white South Africans), forgetting that South African itself is the cultural product of the interaction between Dutch and other different languages (including African native languages). More importantly, these South Africans have overlooked an important fact. In South Africa, there are at least 2 million non-whites (mostly mixed-race South Africans) whose mother tongue is South African (Barnard 2003).

196 1 year, the South African Federation announced its withdrawal from the Great Commonwealth and formally established the "Republic of South Africa", and the status of South African language reached the highest level in history. As Hu Ning (1999) said, "South African has changed from a' language with lower functions' to a' language with higher functions'". No matter in the fields of justice, politics, culture or academic research, the South African language presents a unique scene in these fields.

In this case, English is regarded by blacks as a powerful tool to resist South Africans, which fully shows the historical paradox. 1976, the South African government asked black schools to use South African as the teaching language instead of English, so a large-scale racial conflict broke out in Soweto. The South African government ordered the police to shoot at the demonstrators, killing more than 600 people and arousing fierce resistance from blacks to whites. Street fighting also took place in Cape Town, and more than 654.38 million black workers went on strike at the same time. 1977, 19000 students held a protest against the shooting of student leaders by the South African government. As a result, the South African government banned 18 anti-apartheid mass organizations in one breath, and social unrest and tension in South Africa became increasingly serious. South Africa and the United States are extremely isolated in the world, and the South African authorities have to relax some apartheid measures (Zheng Jiaxin 2000; Wikipedia (2005 edition).

Post-apartheid development: 1994, the African National Assembly led by Mandela won the first national election in South Africa and officially declared the end of the "apartheid system". After the "African National Assembly" came to power, it began to amend the South African Constitution, which was promulgated and implemented at the end of 1996. According to the newly published Constitution, although South African is still recognized as one of the official languages, its unique scene is no longer, but it has become one of the official languages of1/kloc-0 together with nine other indigenous languages and English * *. Later, in order to take into account the principle of equality among all ethnic groups, the South African Broadcasting Corporation began to reduce the broadcast time of South African programs on TV. South African Airlines also removed its South African name "Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens" from the plane and replaced it with an English logo (Wikipedia 2005; ; Liu Desheng nd).

Nevertheless, South African is still a strong language in South Africa, although English is quite backward. Today, newspapers and magazines in South Africa are still the largest print media in South Africa. In addition, in 1999, another pay TV channel was launched (Wikipedia 2005).

Notes; Shen (2000) translated the official names of South Africa into Afrikaans, but also mentioned other translated names, such as Afrikaans and Boer (his transliteration of Boer). In the autobiographical novel Youth by Nobel Prize in Literature-winning South African writer Coates, the translator in Taiwan Province Province translated "South Africa" into "Afrikaans" (see Coates 2004). In addition, the word "Fiji" is short for "South Africa" in Taiwan Province Province. Therefore, "South Africa" has also been translated into "Fijian" by some people (see Liu Desheng nd).

The proportion of people who use the other two languages is quoted from Tiantai Primary School (2003).

More accurately, it should be "the history after the invasion of South Africa by western colonialism", because as early as the middle of the17th century, before European immigrants began to enter South Africa, there were aborigines living there.

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