How did the civil war in the mid-Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China lead to the eastward tour and Jiangnan?

This problem involves several population migrations in the history of China, and "going to the East" and "going to the West" including "Lower Southeast Asia" are not unique to the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. Details are as follows:

First of all, about the trip to the East:

1, Introduction: Going to the East, the peasant movement from North China to Northeast China in China's modern history (Qing Dynasty to Republic of China). Guandong refers to the area east of Shanhaiguan, also called Guanwai (Northeast), which was considered as the "land of Longxing" of Manchu in Qing Dynasty.

2. In Qing Dynasty, Shandong people can be divided into three periods:

1) 1644 to 1667, the Qing court promulgated the Regulations on Recruiting People for Reclamation in Liaodong, stipulating that "those who recruit 100 people will be given the title of magistrate and the army will be given the garrison". In the past 23 years, "there are many people from Shandong who immigrated to the Northeast", and many areas are "blessed with many benefits" because of immigration.

2) From1668 to 1860, in order to maintain the inherent customs of Manchuria and ensure the livelihood of the Eight Banners, in the seventh year of Kangxi, the Qing court ordered that "Liaodong recruit people and grant officials, and stop forever" and implemented a policy of banning the Northeast. At that time, wicker walls were planted everywhere in Shanhaiguan, and the middle was connected by ropes. Manchu soldiers were stationed there to closely guard the pass, and Han people were not allowed to go out. However, this policy failed to stop the refugees in Shandong Province. At this time, the refugees "either carry baskets, help the old and carry the young, or go out to Guan Yu in the east, or cross the Bohai Sea in the east, with ants in groups". For a time, Shandong people traveled all over the vast land of Kanto;

3) From 186 1 to191kloc-0/After the Opium War, the Qing government's control over the frontier was weakened day by day, and Russia continued to encroach on the border of Heilongjiang. The Qing government adopted the suggestion of Tepuqin, the general of Heilongjiang Province, and officially opened up wasteland in the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860). With the gradual opening up of kanto region, the number of refugees who go abroad to make a living is increasing day by day, and the number of them is aging day by day, while the refugees in Shandong and Zhili are "following the trend" and "going into the Tao all the year round", so that the Northeast eventually becomes an "immigrant society". It is estimated that in the third year of Xuantong (19 1 1), the population of Northeast China was * * * 184 1 10,000, of which the number of refugees from Shandong, Hebei and Henan was about 1 10,000. It can be inferred that the number of refugees who moved from Shandong to Northeast China in Qing Dynasty was between 7 million and 8 million. "The scale is large, as you can imagine.

During the Republic of China, the number of Shandong people entering kanto region varied from year to year, but it was at least over 200,000, and it was over one million for four years. In 38 years of the Republic of China, the average number of Shandong people venturing eastward reached 480,000 per year, with a total of more than 6,543,800+0,830. According to the research of historian Mr. Lu Yu, excluding returnees, there were 7.92 million Shandong people who stayed in Northeast China during the Republic of China alone.

Second, go west:

1, Introduction:

Westbound is one of the five most famous migration events in China's modern history. In the long history of more than 400 years from the mid-Ming Dynasty to the early Republic of China, countless Shanxi people, Shaanxi people and Hebei people left their homes, which opened up the economic and cultural channel between the hinterland of the Central Plains and the Mongolian grassland and promoted the prosperity and development of the northern region.

2. Explain in detail:

In the early Qing Dynasty, after the recuperation and development of Gan III, the population of the whole country exceeded 300 million during the Qianlong period. The contradiction between man and land is acute, and a large number of poor people in the mainland are forced by the pressure of life to "go west", "travel east", "wade through ancient roads" and "go south to South Asia", forming four major immigration waves in modern times, all of which are unofficial behaviors characterized by making a living. Since the Qing Dynasty, thousands of people from Shaanxi and Shanxi have flocked to Cheng Guihua, Tumote, Chahar and Erdos to make a living. "Westward migration" has greatly changed the social structure, economic structure and lifestyle of Inner Mongolia. At the same time, Shanxi immigrants, who account for a very high proportion of immigrants, as the main carrier of cultural communication, brought Shanxi's Jin culture to the central and western regions of Inner Mongolia, forming an immigrant culture rich in Shanxi's local characteristics. As a part of farming culture, Jin culture has merged with local nomadic culture through population migration, forming a vibrant multicultural and enriching China culture.

The barren land, frequent natural disasters and poor living environment in northern Shanxi have forced many northerners to make a living outside. There is an old saying in Shanxi, "Hequ defends Texas, and it will not be collected for ten years and nine years." Men go outside and women dig wild vegetables, which fully shows that most people who go to the west are hungry people caused by natural disasters. From the third year to the fifth year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty, Shanxi and other provinces suffered from drought for three consecutive years, and the worst drought occurred in modern times, known as the "Seven Famines in butyl five", and it didn't even rain in some areas. Population migration caused by natural disasters is most prominent in northern Shanxi, such as Xinzhou and Yanbei. The barren land and harsh natural environment in northern Shanxi forced a large number of people to leave their homes. For example, "Yanggao is located in the northern fortress, with excellent sand moraine, high soil and yellow sand, and low soil everywhere. It is difficult to cultivate with alkali and brine ... The land is barren and the people are poor, so there is nothing to hide. In case of famine, they are displaced. " In the harsh natural environment of barren land, cold climate and no stream irrigation, people in northern Shaanxi live in poverty. Every time there is a disaster, people have to be displaced and go out to make a living.

Third, lower Nanyang:

1), introduction:

In the last years of China's feudal dynasty, ordinary people who could not bear the war and former nobles who lost power emigrated overseas. Due to its geographical proximity, Southeast Asia has become a place of immigration and refuge for China immigrants. Therefore, this migration is called "Lower Nanyang" in history. Yang Jinyuan is the author of the novel Lower Nanyang.

2), details:

China's contacts with Southeast Asia can be traced back to the Han Dynasty two thousand years ago. According to Historical Records, History of Han Geography and other documents, China had contacts with Myanmar, Viet Nam and other countries around 1 century. In the Tang dynasty, immigrants began to increase and were called "Tang people" by local people. But it was not until the Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty that China people's road to South Asia became wider and wider.

Mass migration:

1. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, thousands of China Confucian scholars and military and political officials fled to Vietnam.

2. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, people from the Central Plains moved to zhina.

3. In the late Tang Dynasty, Huang Chao attacked Guangzhou, and Cantonese fled to Southeast Asia.

When the Southern Song Dynasty was destroyed by the Yuan Dynasty, a large number of adherents also stayed here.

5. At the end of Ming and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, a large number of refugees, peasant troops scattered by Qing soldiers, remnants of Ming army who failed to resist Qing Dynasty, and Ming adherents who were unwilling to work for Qing court set off a climax of emigration to Southeast Asia. After the death of the Ming Dynasty, Chen Shangchuan, the commander-in-chief of Gao, Lei and Lian, and the deputy commander-in-chief led more than 3,000 family members and more than 50 warships to the Mekong Delta in southern Vietnam, so this place was called "Ming Township". From 65438 to 0659, the families of officers and men who followed Emperor Li Yong into exile in Myanmar, some fled to Siam (now Thailand), and some were placed in remote places in Myanmar. Today, Gui and Min in northern Myanmar are descendants of these officers and men.