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Please give one or two examples of "accidental encounters" in the history of science

1. Watt - Steam Engine

Watt was watching his grandmother cooking in the kitchen. There is a pot of boiling water sitting on the stove. The water is boiling. The lid of the pot made a snapping sound and kept jumping up. Watt observed it for a long time and felt very strange. He couldn't figure out the reason, so he asked his grandmother? What kind of thing makes the pot lid jump?"

Grandma replied: "The water is boiling, that's it. "Watt was not satisfied and asked again: "Why does the water jump when the lid is opened? Is something driving it? "Maybe my grandmother was too busy to answer him correctly, so she said impatiently: "I don't know. The children asked inquiringly what the meaning of this was. "?

For several days in a row, whenever he was cooking, he squatted next to the stove and observed carefully. At first, the lid of the pot was very stable. After a while, the water started to boil and it made a splash. Sound. The water steam in the pot came out, and the lid of the pot jumped. The steam kept rising, and the lid kept beating, as if there was a magician hidden inside, doing tricks.

Watt was so happy that he almost screamed. He opened and closed the lid of the pot, then opened it again, and checked again and again. He also covered the cup and spoon where the steam erupted. Watt finally figured out that it was water vapor that pushed the kettle lid to beat. The power of this water vapor was really quite big. In 1769, Watt changed the steam engine into a single unit with greater power. Later, after many studies, the trial production of a new steam engine was completed in 1782. The machine had a linkage device and changed the single-type to rotary motion. The perfect steam

2. Newton - Law of Universal Gravity

Between 1665 and 1667, Newton was already thinking about the problem of gravity. One evening, while he was sitting under an apple tree, an apple fell from the tree. Suddenly he thought: Why do apples only fall to the ground and not fly to the sky?

He analyzed Copernicus's sun-centered theory and Kepler's three laws, and then thought: Why do planets orbit the sun? Rather than leaving? Why do planets move faster when they are closer to the sun and slower when they are farther away from the sun?

Newton believed that the fundamental reason for them is that the sun has a huge attraction. Through a series of experiments, observations and calculations, Newton discovered that the sun's gravity is closely related to its huge mass.

Newton further revealed the universal law of the universe: all objects have attraction; The greater the mass, the greater the attraction; the greater the distance, the smaller the attraction. This is the famous law of gravity in classical mechanics.

3. Roentgen - X-rays

On November 8, 1895, Roentgen was concentrating on experiments in the laboratory as usual. He first wrapped a Crookes discharge tube tightly in black paper, darkened the room, and connected the induction coil. When the high-voltage discharge passed through the discharger, there was no light leakage from the black paper, and everything was normal. He cut off the current and prepared to do his daily experiments, but in a blink of an eye, there seemed to be a flash of green fluorescence in front of his eyes, and in the next blink of an eye, it was dark again. /p>

The discharge tube was wrapped in black paper just now, and the fluorescent screen was not erected. How could fluorescence appear? He thought he must have formed a habit of observing this mysterious fluorescent light in the darkroom all day long. I had an illusion, so I repeated the discharge experiment, but the mysterious fluorescence appeared again. As the induction coil discharged, it suddenly seemed like a small group of light green clouds floating in the depths of the night sky, moving evasively.

It turns out that there is a small platinum barium cyanide screen standing one meter away from the workbench. The fluorescence is emitted from here. However, the cathode rays can never pass through more than a few centimeters of air. How can this screen be used? What about the flash of the fluorescent screen nearly one meter away? Could it be a new undiscovered ray?

Roentgen pulled out a playing card and blocked the rays, but the light still appeared on the fluorescent screen. He changed another book. Although the fluorescent screen was not as bright as before, it still glowed. He replaced it with a thin aluminum sheet, which had the same effect as a thick book. He replaced it with a thin piece of lead, but there was no light. The lead could actually cut off the rays.

Roentgen was so excited that he kept changing the coverings. He tried almost everything he could touch. At this time, a coworker came in and urged him to eat. He agreed casually, but did not leave. , although the experiment in his hand stopped, he was still looking at the fluorescent screen in a daze. Now it is certain that this is a new type of ray, but what is it used for?

What should we call it for now? It’s really an unknown number. Well, let’s just call it “X-ray” for now.

From that day on, Roentgen lived in the laboratory and conducted research experiments day and night, and finally published the research report on December 28, 1895. On January 5, 1896, a major report about X-rays was published in the Vienna Daily News, which immediately attracted the attention of the world.

Four days after the incident was reported in the United States, someone used X-rays to discover the bullet in the patient's foot. X-rays soon entered the medical field. Thomas Henry, a famous British surgeon at the time, called it "one of the greatest milestones in the history of diagnosis."

In 1901, Roentgen won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his contribution to the discovery of X-rays.

4. Hans Liebersch - Optical Glasses

One day in the early 17th century, Liebersch, the owner of an optical shop in a small Dutch town, ground out glasses for inspection. According to the quality of the lens, a convex lens and a concave mirror were aligned in a line. When looking through the lens, I found that the church tower in the distance seemed to become larger and closer, so I accidentally discovered the secret of the telescope.

In 1608, he applied for a patent for the telescope he made and complied with the authorities' requirements to build a pair of binoculars. It is said that dozens of opticians in the town claimed to have invented the telescope.

It is said that a shepherd accidentally discovered that his sheep were jumping and dancing while shepherding sheep. Upon closer inspection, it turned out that the sheep ate a red fruit that caused them to behave funny and weird. He tried to pick some of these red fruits and boiled them. Unexpectedly, the room was filled with fragrant aroma. After drinking the juice, he was even more energetic and refreshed. From then on, this fruit was used as a refreshing fruit. drinks and are well received.

5. Fleming - Penicillin

In 1928, Fleming worked as a doctor at Mayley Hospital in London. This 47-year-old middle-aged man is actively researching ways to deal with Staphylococcus aureus. One of the reasons why people get injured and have suppurating wounds is that staphylococci are causing trouble. Fleming grew staphylococci in individual petri dishes and then experimented with various agents to eliminate them.

This work has taken him several years, and he has still found nothing - this staphylococcus is really a difficult guy to deal with!

One morning in September, Fleming discovered that A group of green mold grew in one of the petri dishes. Apparently, this was caused by some kind of natural mold falling in. This frustrated him because the culture in the petri dish was useless. Fleming was about to throw away the moldy culture when he suddenly had an idea: take it to a microscope and have a look.

“Ah!” Fleming immediately became excited when he looked at the microscope: Staphylococcus was dead near the mold spot! Is this the nemesis of Staphylococcus that he has been dreaming of and has been pursuing for several years? What? Fleming immediately started cultivating a large amount of this green-green mold, filtered the culture solution, and dropped it into the staphylococci.

As a result, all the staphylococci died within a few hours. Dilute the filtrate 800 times and drop it into staphylococci. It can still kill staphylococci!

Fleming called this culture solution penicillin. Next, he conducted pathological tests and injected penicillin into mice. The results had no effect, proving that penicillin is not toxic to animals. He also dropped the liquid into the eyes of rabbits and found no abnormalities.

Baidu Encyclopedia - Telescope

Baidu Encyclopedia - Alexander Fleming

Baidu Encyclopedia - William Conrad Roentgen

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