Establishment of conscription mechanism in Ming Dynasty

"Fish Scale Book" and "Yellow Book of Tax Service" fully proved that there was a close relationship between land, population and corvee in the principle of service law in Ming Dynasty, and the court could complete the collection of corvee. Under the management of effective administrative mechanism, Li Jia, Zapan, third runner-up and military service became the main items of corvee in Ming Dynasty. According to the specific situation, the Ming Dynasty took corresponding measures by compiling Fish Scale Book and Tax Yellow Book, which not only ensured the tax revenue of the court, but also enabled the corvee to be collected normally. The corvee in the early Ming Dynasty was relatively light. Through the fish scale book and the yellow book of tax service, find out the fugitives who have escaped from the corvee, urge and order the fugitives to resume business and be exempted from corvee for one year; Check the old and weak teachers to return to their hometowns, register locally, and be allowed to go abroad, and tax them according to other places. The age of military service in Ming dynasty was 16 years old, and he began to serve as an adult at the age of 60, so he was exempted from military service. As far as the types of corvee are concerned, there are mainly corvee in Lijia, corvee in Zafan, corvee in Jun Jun and corvee in the army. Li Jia was a grass-roots social organization in Ming Dynasty. The middle of the city is also called Fang, and the one near the city is called Xiang. Every household 1 10 households. 1370 parts of the south of the Yangtze River implemented the internal armor system. From 65438 to 0387, it was initiated by Fan Min, Minister of Housing, in urban and rural areas of China. In a village, 10 households with more grain are village heads, and the remaining 100 households are divided into 10 households, and the first household is the first household. Manager Li is responsible to the court, in charge of the household department, counting the ups and downs of the household department's property, supervising the family's American production affairs, mediating Li's civil disputes, and arranging services according to the quantity of food and property. In addition to the mayor, each village also has a village elderly post, which is responsible for educating and persuading farmers and hearing minor civil cases. Under the system of courtesy and love, courtesy and love vary from place to place. In some places, a village consists of several villages, and in some places, a village is divided into several villages. Due to the difference of rural environment at that time, coupled with the different dialects in different places, the names of villages varied from place to place, and the names were different. For example, it is often called a community in the north, and it is also called a special case in Fujian. The corvee organized by Li Jia is called Li Jia or A Jia, and there are two kinds of corvee: regular corvee and miscellaneous corvee. Li Jia's official service is Li Jia's family. Li Zheng's main tasks and services in the United States include the following three items: first, tax collection and grain collection. Taxes include summer tax and autumn grain, which are collected by the Li family in summer and autumn respectively. If Li Jia has an escaped family, taxes and food will be collected and remitted by Li Jia. The second is to pay tribute to the material. Throughout the ages, all localities have paid tribute to their products. All the materials needed by the Ming emperors and military strategists came from the people of Li Jia and Pike. There are fewer tributes in the northern counties, and more in the south, especially in the south of the Yangtze River. If Paya's materials are not produced locally, Li Jia's family must pay the fee. The third one is for the court. In some local governments, there are officials in charge of prisons, warehouses in charge of official warehouses, warehouses, offices and bureaus in charge of official warehouses, etc. All from angel lee. Officials' daily necessities, students' expenses, village officials' annual gifts, husbands' services, local rural drinking ceremonies, transportation expenses for sending students to take exams, archways for Jinshi and county governments, meals for officials in previous dynasties, meals for deceased husbands, etc. This is all prepared by angel lee. After the mid-Ming Dynasty, with the implementation of flogging, the active service of the Li family was gradually introduced into the land, and the method of recruiting active service was gradually abandoned, and the Li family gradually lost its original role. Miscellaneous is a kind of corvee system which is different from the official clothes of Yuan and Ming Dynasties.

With the increasing frequency of handyman and general recruitment, the method of average distribution appeared in Zheng Tong period of Ming Dynasty. That is to say, in addition to the yellow book on tax service, we also regularly compile equal volumes, based on the number of taxpayers and grains, and share the chores equally. Jun Jun is called Jun Jun because it is arranged by household level, and all of them are corvees. In 436, Jiangxi Province created the Military Service Law, which separated the regular service from the miscellaneous service and became the corvee system, which was implemented throughout the country during Hongzhi period of the Ming Dynasty. All provinces, prefectures, counties, and odd jobs have equal preferential treatment. Everyone makes family rules according to the number of people and the amount of tax grain, that is, the amount of grain, and there are handyman. Those who eat too much are households, and those who are heavy are poor; Second, middle households are poor; Give less to the next home and make up the difference; One family is poor, or poor, and several families are poor. The order of wheel difference is often arranged with the third party at the same time, 10 or once every 3 ~ 5 years. The service period is the fifth year after the end of La Liga service. In terms of specific implementation, there are differences between North and South. The south takes Dingtian as the benchmark, and the north takes Ding Liang as the benchmark. The gap between strength and silver is equal. During Hongzhi and Zheng De years, those who served in person were called poor in strength; It is said that the difference between banks is provided by households or paid by money. In the future, hard labor is often replaced by silver, so the scope of silver difference is wider and wider. The poor ability must be served by the service users themselves, and then let the service users raise people to serve on their behalf. Common names are jujube chestnut, jailer, janitor, groom, post-courier, etc. Most of them are carried out near the ground, and gentlemen have the privilege of exemption. During the reign of Hongzhi and Zheng De, bankers paid silver for this service. When you get old, take out some cash registers and hire someone to wait on you. These names mainly include the annual discount of tribute, horses, forage, food, firewood and catering staff. More money goes to the next household and is sent to far away places. Wei Zhi is the most important military system in Ming Dynasty, which was founded by Ming Taizu. The Complete Works of Mirumo and Mirumo in the first season of Mandarin Edition. Its concept comes from the military system in Sui and Tang Dynasties. After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, there were other ways to make the people serve the army, but all of them belonged to a minority, and the defense system was still the most important military system. Wei suo was first put forward by officials in Yuan Dynasty. 1984, military guards were set up at all important military locations throughout the country. There are 5600 people in the first health care center, including 1000, 100, general flag, small flag and so on. In order. Each medical unit belongs to the Office of the Governor of the Fifth Army and the War Department. If something happens, it will be transferred to the health care unit, and if nothing happens, it will be returned to the health care unit. The army stationed in the field is an important part of the military system in Ming Dynasty. According to the regulations, the border guards guard the city for three points and work for seven points; On the mainland, the army is divided into two parts to defend the city and eight parts to plant it. Every soldier was given a field, and the government provided cattle, farm tools and seeds, and collected grain in proportion. During the reign of Hongzhi Yongle, there were about 890,000 hectares of military camps in China. In addition to a large number of military camps, commercial camps are also used as a means of subsidies, that is, businessmen raise people to open up wasteland in border areas in an open way and pay for food to supplement military food. The implementation of the barracks ensured the supply of troops and consolidated the border defense. Military households, that is, the household registration type belongs to military households, and its original sources are: First, the original military households in the Yuan Dynasty; Second, families who actively serve.

During the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, the border problem was serious and soldiers were badly needed, so the court changed to conscription. There is a choice in conscription, and young people can be chosen. Conscription is different from garrison, not hereditary, and it is relatively free to come and go. The salary of conscription is twice or even several times higher than that of garrison. Conscription comes from people. Although there are abundant soldiers, vacancies can be filled at any time to keep the army full; You can cut it at any time if you don't need it, saving military expenses. In short, the recruitment system is more conducive to building an elite army that can fight well. Border note que township, today's Henan Lingbao people. Political figures in Ming dynasty. 1980, Ming Taizu was appointed Minister of the Interior, and Fan Min was ordered to make up the Yellow Book because of uneven corvee. Fan Min was later responsible for formulating the corvee and magistrate system. It provided an administrative basis for taxation and conscription in the Ming Dynasty. Students are usually called scholars. He is a scholar who passed the college entrance examination and is also the most basic scholar-bureaucrat. Students in government, state and county are also called students. There are also names such as gongsheng and national diploma, which are collectively called students. He was an official in ancient China. In the early Jin dynasty, the judicial officer served as an official judge. In the Yuan Dynasty, everything was in Su Zhenglian's visiting department, Fu Xuan's department and the comfort station. Used in the Ming Dynasty, when there was a commander-in-chief, the capital commanded, inspected, consoled and appeased everything. In the early Qing dynasty, he used the position of servant. When Zhang Chang was in Yuan Shundi, he was the Minister of the Interior. At the end of Yuan Dynasty, he was detained by Zhu Yuanzhang as an emissary. After the demise, he became an official in the Ming Dynasty, and the official went to Zhongshu Province to participate in politics. However, Zhang Chang is in the south of the Yangtze River, and his heart is in the north. He wrote a letter and sent someone to visit his son in Beiyuan. He was condemned and punished by Yang Xian. Luo was a garrison soldier in the middle of Ming Dynasty, and it was a folk religion formed by the combination of Zen, Taoism and Taoism, plus tradition. It is also called "inaction" and "Luo Zu". Established in 1482. Luo religion is a highly systematic religion with simple thoughts and simple teachings. Luo Qing. Jimo, a soldier in the Ming Dynasty, was the founder of this religion, and his later disciples called him Luo Zu, also known as Wuweizu. Its religion is commonly known as Luo religion, Luo Taoism, Christianity and inaction. Luo Yi religion, almost all folk religions have been influenced and regarded as the founder. Zhu Yuanzhang of Ming Taizu was proud of stationing troops to open up wasteland. He once boasted that I had assembled 6,543,800 soldiers, but he didn't. It doesn't cost people a grain of rice. After the founding of the Ming Dynasty, Ming Taizu divided the army into two parts: one was to defend and drill, called the moral flag army, which was a fighting force; The part of farming under the chariot, called the flag army, is a kind of productivity. The court allocated enough idle state-owned land to the productive forces. In addition, the court also provided cattle, farm tools and seeds. The flag-inserting army not only produced a large number of strategic materials such as grain for the imperial court, but also completed the task of guarding the border.