Who is the representative figure of magic realism school in the history of literature?

The representative writers of magic realism are Marquez, Lue Sa and Miguel á ngel Asturias.

Gabriel Garcí a Má rquez (1927 March 6) is a Colombian writer, journalist, social activist, and a representative of magical realism literature in Latin America. Gabriel Garcia Marquez was also translated into Marquez.

Gabriel Má rquez1927 was born in Alacataka, Colombia on March 6th. 1940 moved to Bogota, the capital. 65438-0947 entered the University of Bogota to study law and started literary creation. 1948 dropped out of school because of the Colombian civil war. Soon, he entered the press and worked as a reporter for the Observer. 1955, because of a series of articles exposing the shipwreck beautified by the government, he was forced to leave Colombia and become a reporter for the Observer in Europe. From 65438 to 0960, he was a reporter for Cuban Latin News Agency. 196 1 to 1967, moved to Mexico and worked in literature, journalism and film. After that, he mainly lived in Mexico and Europe and continued his literary creation. 1975, he held a literary strike to protest the coup in Chile and stopped writing for five years. 1982 was awarded Nobel Prize in Literature as the chairman of the French-Spanish Cultural Exchange Committee. 1982, Columbia earthquake, he returned to his motherland. He got lymphoma on 1999, and since then, the literary output has dropped sharply. In June 2006, he announced the closure of his prison. He died in Mexico City at the early morning of 20 14 Beijing time at the age of 87.

Peruvian poet and writer mario vargas llosa (master of structural realism) is a master of magical realism. He won the 20 10 Nobel Prize in Literature for his "cartographic description of power structure and exquisite description of individual resistance".

Miguel á ngel Asturias (Miguel? Ngel Asturias, 1899- 1974) is a Guatemalan novelist and poet. Born in Guatemala. He wrote ten novels, four poems and several plays in his life, which occupies an important position in the history of modern literature in Guatemala and even Latin America. Asturias was born in Guatemala City on 1899. I spent my childhood and adolescence among Indian residents. Later, he returned to the capital to study law and became a lawyer after graduating from college. Corn Man 1967 won Nobel Prize in Literature. He is the author of Corn Man and Mr. President. The genius writer of magical realism died in 1974.

Magic realism literature is a literary genre prevailing in Latin America around the 1950s. It is not the product of literary groups, but a homogenization tendency in literary creation, which mainly appears in the field of novels and is popular in Latin America.

Yuan Qi

As a literary phenomenon, magical realism originated in Latin America and has profound social, historical and historical reasons.

First of all, Latin America has been under the colonial rule of Spain and Portugal for a long time, and suffered from crazy plunder and cruel exploitation by colonialists. At the beginning of the 20th century, when the capitalist countries in Europe and America had entered the stage of monopoly capitalism and their material civilization and spiritual life were highly developed, Latin America was still very poor and backward. Economically, after the First World War, some major capitalist countries firmly controlled the economic lifeline of Latin American countries in the form of monopoly companies, resulting in long-term stagnation of economic development, serious outflow of resources and miserable people's lives in these countries. Politically, since the 20th century, although most Latin American countries have gained nominal independence, due to the manipulation and intervention of imperialism, the political situation in various countries is still turbulent. Some reactionary politicians, secretly supported by foreign governments and monopoly consortia, rely on weapons provided by foreign forces to frequently launch military coups to seize power.

However, no force can stop the trend of history. The arrival of the climax of the national independence movement all over the world in the 20th century prompted the Latin American people to awaken. They are opposed to imperialist foreign aggression and plunder, and domestic autocratic rule is rampant, and the wave of democratic revolution is getting higher and higher. Many Latin American writers in exile in Europe and America also took action, worked hard to reflect the contemporary real life in Latin America and created a large number of excellent novels.

These works use typical magical realism to expose social abuses, attack the dark reality, and show the real life with distinctive and strong Latin American characteristics, thus making the Latin American literature, which was almost blank, develop unprecedentedly, and a prosperous scene called "literary explosion" and "literary earthquake" appeared. At the same time, magical realism literature, as a brand-new literary genre, appeared in the world literary world. It has created a miracle that the political economy lags behind the pace of civilization, but the literary achievements are in the forefront of the world.

background

The formation of magic realism in Latin America is closely related to its profound and complex national cultural traditions.

Latin American people once created splendid ancient Indian culture with their diligence, courage and wisdom. /kloc-In the 5th century, Maya, Aztec and Inca cultural centers have been formed on this vast continent, with a long cultural tradition. Latin America is mixed with indigenous Indians, European immigrants, Indo-European mixed-race people and trafficked African blacks, and their life forms are very complicated. On the one hand, there is the modern life of western science and civilization brought by the colonists, and at the same time, there are a lot of religious superstitions and even the feudal lifestyle of totem worship of primitive tribes. These long-span and different life forms are very harmoniously mixed into one, which constitutes the "magical" reality in Latin America. Today, the indigenous Indians in Latin America still worship gods, believe in myths and legends, and are used to using mythological knowledge to understand and explain the objective world. Therefore, ghosts, witchcraft, magical figures and supernatural phenomena appear in almost all magical realistic literary works, all of which are weird, mysterious and grotesque with Indian myths and legends and indigenous traditional concepts.

In addition, magic realism is influenced by many schools of European literature, especially western modernist literature. Don Quixote by Cervantes, a Spanish writer, has always been well known. With its peculiar expression, epic scale, serious realism and pungent satire, this novel has deeply influenced the development direction of Latin American Spanish literature from the beginning and nourished the critical tradition of magical realism literature. Many magical realist writers mostly went to study in exile in Europe in their early years. In the 1920s and 1930s, a large number of Latin American writers fled to Europe, and the trend of modernist literature swept Europe and America like a storm, which was naturally accepted by Latin American writers. Magic realism writers clearly realize that surrealism and other modernist art forms should be regarded as a method and means to express the real life in Latin America, so that form and content can be highly harmoniously unified. The conscious sublimation of this thought is the most important reason for the unique literary style of magical realism literature.

definition

Magic Realism

The word magic realism first appeared in Europe in the 1930s. 1925, Franz Roe, a German literary critic, published a monograph on later expressionist painting, entitled "Magic Realism, Later Expressionism, Some Problems in Current European Painting", holding that magic realism is a kind of expressionism. 1938, Italian literary critic Massimo Bontempelli also used this term in his art criticism works (he called it "dream realism"), which was regarded as a new school of contemporary art after surrealism.

Since then, Cuban writer alejo carpentier has further elaborated magical realism from the perspective of novel creation. In the preface of his novel Kingdom of the World (1949), he pointed out: "Magic is an inevitable product (miracle) of the sudden change of reality, a special manifestation of reality, an extraordinary and ingenious revelation of enriching reality, and an exaggeration of the state and scale of reality. The discovery of this reality (magical reality) is strongly felt when a mental state reaches its peak and excitement! " He believes that magic realism literature is a "special expression" of real life with rich imagination and artistic exaggeration, which turns reality into "magic reality".

The application to Latin American literary criticism began with the novel One Hundred Years of Solitude published by Colombian writer Gabriel Garcia Marquez in 1967. This novel reflects the changes of the fictional town living in Macondo and the Buendia family during the period of 100. It is full of bizarre plots and characters, with strong mythical color and symbolic significance. This unique style has aroused great interest from readers and critics, and it is regarded as the representative of a new genre in modern novel creation, so it is called magic realism by borrowing the terms of a new genre similar to this in art.

Magic realism literature is dominated by novels in genre. Most of these works reflect the real life of Latin American countries in a magical and magical way. "Magical and grotesque characters and plots, as well as various supernatural phenomena, are inserted into the narrative and description that reflects reality, making the real political society in Latin America a modern myth, with both fantastic artistic conception and realistic plots and scenes. People and ghosts are inseparable, and illusion and reality are mixed. " So as to create a unique style that combines magic with reality, which is both "magic" and true. Therefore, people call this technique "magic realism". Magic realism is not magic in essence, but reality. "Magic" is just a technique, and reflecting "truth" is the purpose. As the famous Argentine literary critic Andersen Ambert pointed out: "In magical realism, the author's fundamental purpose is to express reality with the help of magic, not to express magic as reality."

trait

Magic realism, as a unique literary style in Latin America, has distinct and unique characteristics. Combine journalistic realism with magical fantasy, and express Latin America, history, culture and real life with vague skills and mythical models. This is the outstanding artistic feature of magic realism.

First, reflect the real social life in Latin America by magical means. In the works of magic realists, the social reality in Latin America is essentially different from the "reality" in the definition of traditional realism. Magic realism shows a bizarre and illusory reality in Latin America, which is what Carpentier called "magic reality". In this reality, life and death are inseparable, people and ghosts are inseparable, illusion and reality are mixed, and myth and reality coexist. In all magic realism works, this incredible "magic reality" can be seen everywhere, which is an important symbol of magic realism.

Magic Realism

Second, the creative principle of magic realism is to "turn reality into fantasy without losing truth". Here, the most fundamental core is the word "truth", which is the basic foothold of all magical realism writers. No matter what kind of "magic" and "magic" means are used in the works, the ultimate goal is to reflect and expose the dark reality in Latin America. Pedro Paramo, for example, reflected the cruel exploitation and oppression of the people by feudal manor owners. Pedro is a ghost in the novel, but he is a real person in real life in Latin America. Countless greedy, cruel and vicious feudal manor owners like him are the main reasons for the poverty and backwardness of the vast rural areas in Mexico and the miserable life of farmers. Asturias's "Mr. President" shows the bad consequences of autocratic rule to Latin American society. Although the president in the novel is a mysterious fictional character, he highly summarizes the similarities and differences of all tyrants in Latin America. As for the plot that the imperialist forces "scraped the land" in Latin America described in The Decline of My Father, it is a real reality. It's just that the author deliberately exaggerated to a bizarre degree, which produced a magical effect.

Third, the successful application of "magic" expression. The most fundamental difference between magical realism and traditional realistic novels lies in the "magic" expressed, which is another remarkable feature of magical realism.

This "magic" has a strong Latin American local color. The so-called native land refers to the traditional culture and traditional concepts of Latin American aborigines. For example, in the novel Rain by Venezuelan writer Petrie, a little boy suddenly appeared in a cracked land after a long drought. When the downpour came, the little boy mysteriously disappeared. This expression obviously comes from the sacrifice and worship of ancient Indians to the rain god Chuck.

Furthermore, this "magic" is deeply influenced by many expressions of western modernism. Because of the particularity of their education and living environment, magic realist writers have adopted an eclectic and positive attitude towards western modernist techniques such as symbolism, expressionism, surrealism and stream-of-consciousness novels, and left deep traces in their works. This is mainly manifested in the following aspects. Symbolism and symbolism are one of the most important manifestations of symbolism and even the whole western modernist literature, and they are also the most used and handy manifestations of magical realism. Ridiculous. Absurdity is another important expression technique that runs through western modernist literature. In the creation of magical realism writers, in order to express the "magical reality" in Latin America, this irrational and extremely exaggerated absurd technique is mainly borrowed. Stream of consciousness technique. Magic realist writers' use of inner monologue, free association, stream of consciousness and inversion of time and space in narration is also obviously influenced by western modernism. Pedro Paramo, for example, often uses a writing style that randomly inserts pens and disrupts the order of time and space.