Brief introduction of Fuzhou dialect

Fuzhou dialect, also known as Pinghua (different from "Guangxi Pinghua", the two have nothing to do), is called Jinan dialect.

Total number of users: more than10 million.

Language family classification: Sino-Tibetan language family → Chinese → Min language → Min Dong language → Fuzhou dialect.

Fuzhou dialect belongs to the Min branch of Chinese, which is the south of Mindong dialect. It is the representative of the sub-dialects in eastern Fujian, and it is also the representative dialect of the whole eastern Fujian. Min dialect is one of the eight major dialects in Chinese, which was stereotyped in the late Tang and Five Dynasties. Fuzhou dialect plays an important role in Fujian dialect. Fuzhou locals call Fuzhou dialect Pinghua, which means "the language used in daily life". The origin of Jin 'an dialect is the language brought by Zhongyuan people who took refuge in the middle and lower reaches of Minjiang River in the Western Jin Dynasty. It can also be called "Jinan dialect" because Fuzhou was called "Jinan County" at that time.

Although Fuzhou dialect is defined as a dialect, from the perspective of linguistic definition, Fuzhou dialect is far from the Chinese standard, and even people who speak other branches of Fujian dialect can't understand it. Fuzhou dialect is mainly used in the middle and lower reaches of Minjiang River Basin in Fujian Province, China (including its tributaries Dazhangxi River Basin and Gutian River Basin), covering 1 1 counties and cities, namely Fuzhou, Minhou, Changle, Lianjiang, Yongtai, Minqing, Luoyuan, Fuqing, Pingtan, Pingnan and Gutian. The overseas Chinese organization in Fuzhou is called Fuzhou World Conference. Coverage accounts for one-fifth of the area of Fujian Province.

"Lianjiang County" (Mazu) in Taiwan Province Province, China also uses Fuzhou dialect. Some counties and cities under the jurisdiction of Ningde area (Shouning, Zherong, Xiapu and Fuding) are understandable. As for northern Fujian, such as Youxi, Jian 'ou, Shaxian, Shunchang and Jiangle. Fuzhou dialect is the second dialect, and overseas Chinese who went out from the eastern Fujian dialect area spread Fuzhou dialect all over the world.

As Fuzhou emigrated overseas, Fuzhou dialect also spread to Chinese communities in Southeast Asia and the United States, becoming one of the most influential Chinese languages overseas. Fuzhou dialect has many sources. Ancient Chinese and Middle Chinese obviously remain in Fuzhou dialect, which is mainly due to the large-scale immigration during the Han, Jin and Tang Dynasties, as well as the remnants of Guqi and Gujin languages (for example, Fuzhou dialect has the truncation words of modern Jin language), and these sources gradually merged to form the current Fuzhou dialect. In the past 300 years, great changes have taken place in vowels, phonetic changes and vocabulary of Fuzhou dialect, but this change is extremely slow.

trait

In terms of phonology, there are often many pronunciations of words with the same phonology in Fuzhou dialect in ancient times, and these different pronunciations often reflect the phonetic characteristics of different times. In terms of pronunciation, it is very common to have several pronunciations of a word in Fuzhou dialect, some of which belong to literal pronunciation, some of which are pronounced at different levels because of word formation in different times, and some of which are changed to distinguish the meaning. From the perspective of language structure, due to the constraints of the phonetic system itself and vocabulary grammar, the pronunciation of Fuzhou dialect contains a series of phonetic changes, including tone sandhi, rhyme, tone sandhi and light tone. Japanese language and culture were influenced by China's Tang and Song Dynasties, and the channel of communication between Tang and Song Dynasties and the East was Fujian (the Maritime Silk Road opened by Fujian people). Many words in Japanese are similar to those in Fuzhou dialect. If we slow down the word-for-word communication, there are still similarities between Japanese and Fuzhou dialect, and the difference is the same as that of Minnan dialect. However, both Fuzhou dialect and Minnan dialect are Fujian dialects with the same origin and grammar, while Japanese has its own differences. history

In ancient Fuzhou, ancient Min people lived and worked along the Minjiang River, creating primitive culture. In the late Warring States period, the State of Yue was destroyed by the State of Chu. The descendants of Gou Jian, the king of Yue, led some subjects of Yue to migrate to Fujian, and soon merged with the ancient Min people to form a new tribe-Min Yue, and later formed the most powerful Min Yue country in the south. In BC 1 10, Fujian and Vietnam went to war with the Han Dynasty. After Liang Wudi put down the rebellion, most of the people in Fujian and Vietnam moved to Jianghuai area on the grounds of tough folk customs and dangerous mountains. Later, some adherents of Fujian and Vietnam who fled the migration rebuilt their homes in their hometown, where Ye County (a captain in the south of Huiji) was established in the Han Dynasty. During the Western Han Dynasty, the Han people in the Central Plains moved south to Fujian for the first time, and gradually merged with the people in Fujian and Vietnam. The Central Plains dialect first entered Fuzhou.

During the Jin Dynasty, there were frequent wars. Han people from the Central Plains entered Fujian on a large scale for the second time, and Zhongzhou ancient Chinese also spread to Fuzhou (modern Fuzhou dialect still retains many traces of Zhongzhou ancient Chinese). The Han people further merged with the people of Fujian and Vietnam, and the names of the people of Fujian and Vietnam gradually faded out of the history books. The Han people became the main residents of Fuzhou, and the Central Plains dialect infiltrated into the local dialect again.

In the early Tang Dynasty, Chen Yuanguang and his son entered Fujian from Zhongzhou. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, wars were frequent, and the Han people in the Central Plains entered Fujian for the third time. Wang Zu was born in Gushi, Gwangju, Henan Province, and established Changle, Fuzhou, which further promoted the integration of Zhongyuan dialect and local dialect. Fuzhou dialect was roughly formed in the Tang Dynasty. After more than 500 years, Fuzhou dialect centered on the middle and lower reaches of Minjiang River gradually settled down.

After several trips to Fujian by Central Plains Han people, they brought Central Plains Chinese at different historical levels. Therefore, there are many traces of pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary of ancient Chinese and middle Chinese in Fuzhou dialect (for example, Fuzhou dialect preserves a lot of traces of ancient Qi language), and Fuzhou dialect is actually the inheritance of ancient Chinese in the Central Plains. 1842 Fuzhou opened for trade, and many English words were introduced into Fuzhou dialect (for example, the word "coin" in Fuzhou dialect is called "boron hole" peing iang, which is a transliteration of English "penny").

condition

Before the end of Qing Dynasty, Fuzhou was basically a monolingual society. After the Revolution of 1911, Fuzhou vigorously promoted Putonghua, and the government did not encourage citizens to use Fuzhou dialect in public places, media, especially on campus.

For decades, the Putonghua movement has led to the acceleration of Fuzhou dialect into the ranks of endangered languages, especially in Fuzhou urban area, where schools have long used Putonghua. Even corporal punishment is used to prohibit students from speaking Fuzhou dialect in school; Moreover, many parents think that speaking Fuzhou dialect has a negative impact on their children's growth, and with the influx of migrants, more and more young people in Fuzhou cannot communicate in their mother tongue. In 2004, the reporter of Southeast Express randomly surveyed 20 students in Fuzhou, and found that 9 of them could not speak Fuzhou dialect, accounting for nearly half. None of the students interviewed can hum Fuzhou dialect children's songs. In recent years, the government and the people have gradually begun to protect Fuzhou dialect. On March 16, 2008, Life Channel of Fuzhou TV Station opened the program "Panjiang" in Fuzhou dialect. In the following years, this program was loved by many Fuzhou citizens.

In Mazu, Fuzhou dialect also faces the same dilemma. In 2000, the authorities of Taiwan Province Province promulgated the Law on the Equal Protection of Broadcasting Language of Public Transport to protect the use of Fuzhou dialect in public places, and implemented local local language education in Mazu Campus. In Fuzhou, Fuzhou TV Station started the Fuzhou dialect program Panjiang, and Fuzhou People's Broadcasting Station's Voice of Zuohai was broadcast on 20 10 and 10 on FM90. 1, which is the first broadcast frequency mainly in Fuzhou dialect in China and broadcast to Mazu for 24 hours. Among them, the announcer of "Fuzhou Dialect Come to Talk Together" has played a positive role in protecting Fuzhou Dialect. However, in areas around eastern Fujian that are not Fuzhou dialect, the dialect is close to Fuzhou dialect, and there are many similarities.