What is Cornelism? When did it appear? What do you advocate? The more detailed, the better.

It is a kind of racism that excludes Chinese in the name of legislation.

Specific source:

1877 America is full of pain. This situation is often the most serious in California, and San Francisco is the top priority. The gold rush in less than 30 years has turned San Francisco into a shameless world. They came with the dream of getting rich, but they faced the cruel reality. Facing the reality, they have to struggle to survive in that prosperous place that has become history. The output of gold and silver has already dropped, replaced by the unemployment rate as high as 20%. In this once rich land, fertile land has already shrunk and turned into a large building.

Still in San Francisco, grocery store owners who once made a fortune by selling scarce goods are now facing competition from all over the country, which is caused by the opening of a new railway across the American continent. This railway makes many people want to wear it. The artery that was supposed to save California from the quagmire has become a monster that devours everything. It not only annexed the shipping industry of the whole country, but also obtained monopoly privileges through dirty means such as bribery and out-of-hospital activities.

The four giants who participated in the construction and owned the South Pacific Railway-Mark Hopkins Company, Charles Kolloch Company, Cullis Huntington Company and Lelong Stanford Company-have become the catalysts for the expanding social contradictions. Some grocery store owners who made a fortune by investing in railways, as well as other new millionaires, basically built luxury houses in aristocratic villas in San Francisco, and even the butlers put on uniforms. Therefore, the social strata that make up San Francisco can be roughly divided into four categories: first, the adventurers who are still trampled under their feet are still restless and unwilling to be lonely; Then there are the new aristocrats, who are lucky to be developed. They play with privilege and are above others. There are also super hooligans who specialize in railway business. They monopolized the railway and did whatever they wanted. The last category is the weak China people. Although they enjoyed themselves, they became scapegoats for social contradictions.

At that time, there were about 12000 to 22000 Chinese living in San Francisco, all of whom were new immigrants. They have long braids on their heads (formerly called "Manchurian braids") and wear extremely strange clothes, which are very different from other immigrants and can be recognized at a glance. These China people used to be miners, and they moved to San Francisco in order to escape the discrimination against them by state laws and all kinds of hooliganism and violence against them. It's not so much moving as taking refuge. So I can only become a servant of Anglo-Saxon whites, cooking and sweeping the floor for them. The arrival of China people is tantamount to the four major railway giants sending sheep into the tiger's mouth. In the four eyes, these China people are honest and hardworking. The most important thing is that they are weak and can be bullied, no matter how low their wages are. So the Big Four got the cheapest labor force in the world effortlessly and built railways for them. At that time, Kolloch alone employed thousands of Chinese workers, and other giants also signed large contracts with traffickers specializing in selling Chinese workers. As a result, white people in San Francisco, whether unemployed or underemployed, will only take it out on honest China people. They just hate China workers.

1On July 23rd, 877, a piece of news from the East, like kindling, instantly ignited San Francisco, an already hateful powder keg, so the violence against Chinese finally began. It turned out that during July 14-26 this year, there was a general strike of railway workers, and the strikers clashed with the militia, which quickly spread to Pittsburgh, Baltimore, Chicago, martinsburg and Virginia (some place names have been changed now), and at least 70 people were killed in the riots. At that time, there was an underground organization active for ten years, called the International Federation of Marxist Working Classes, which was a sympathizer and supporter of the striking workers. One day, they held a rally in an empty sand stadium in San Francisco to support and launch a revolutionary movement against the bourgeoisie. Suddenly, someone took the opportunity to shout, "Call Chinatown!" Under such circumstances, in order to vent their hatred towards China people, it is inevitable to incite the masses to retaliate against China people. Some gangsters, like-minded people, are almost enemies to China people, and they have to dig deep to find their "revolutionary object". That night, 20 Chinese-run laundries were set on fire. The next day, a wool knitting factory employing a large number of China workers was also besieged. At this time, those "parents" felt that people's lives and property were seriously threatened, so they set up a safety Committee and moved into the militia, which solved the encirclement of the knitting factory. At noon on the third day, mobs began to attack the wharf of Pacific Steam Turbine Company and set fire to the company's timber storage and transportation yard. The police arrived in time and washed away their team, killing four thugs and injuring fourteen others, and suppressing the collective riot.

However, the riots against China people are not over. Two months later, "revolutionary masses" found a new leader. This man is Dennis Kearney, a small businessman in his thirties who was born in Ireland. Although there is not much ink in her stomach, Kerniqi's people are full of something through self-study. He founded the California Labor People's Party (WPC) and called himself a spiritual leader, which had ulterior motives. He doesn't want to be lonely. He attended mass rallies in the sand every night, delivered speeches full of political gunpowder and incited unknown people. He often advocates "safeguarding the dignity of the working people" and says that he will resolutely eliminate the waste of daring to oppose this criterion. In the same year 1 1 month, he was arrested for publicly threatening municipal officials, but he was acquitted because his threats didn't actually happen, just vague. In fact, his main purpose is to call on the masses to elect their own representatives to participate in the upcoming legislative assembly of the state government, so as to realize his control over the parliament and enable the parliament to empower the "people" and restrict the activities of related companies and their representatives and activists outside the hospital. However, what attracted the audience most was that he asked the government to immediately stop approving China people to immigrate to the United States and immediately stop hiring China workers. He incited the masses to say, "We should vote for China people to get out and use intimidation to get them out, or we will kill them if they don't get out, so that they will be frightened out of their wits ... These evil pagans and slaves will have to leave here completely and never enter this coastline again!" He also burned a few words on the sledgehammer: "China people must go" ("China people must go away") and shouted in his hand.

Kearney's remarks undoubtedly caused some workers' anxiety. His tactics were very clever. He used hints to make workers worry that the rich class would introduce feudalism into the United States, so they stopped hiring the American working class, but hired those coolies. They didn't know how to safeguard their democratic rights, and even dared not ask for the minimum wage to maintain their living.

Kearney was once very successful in politics. In the election of 1878, the Workers' Party of California, which he founded, won several seats in several local and state councils, among which 52 party member were approved to enter the legislative committee. Many legislative proposals in 1879 were indeed put forward by them. However, the core contents of those parts of these proposals that oppose the economic form were finally eliminated by the court, and some of them were abandoned because they were difficult to implement. Since then, the California Workers' Party has gradually withdrawn from the historical stage, and Kearney himself only lived to 1907. However, although Kearney's influence on legislation was only a flash in the pan, the anti-China ghost in his bones continued to interfere with later legislation after his death.

All this is caused by Kearney's slogan "China people must go away", and its influence is far from instantaneous. This slogan echoes the later social Darwinian racial view. At that time, Chinese who made a living in the United States were almost invariably despised by "higher" American whites. James Gordon Bennett, a newspaper magnate, even made a public statement that frustrated China people, saying that "only by pinning our hopes on the white elite can we build the United States into an empire unheard of in the world". Other arguments not only attack China people, but also confuse other classes, labeling them as "monsters who don't know what civilized life is" or describing them as "lifeless, enterprising and stagnant". In the public's impression, they are either criminals, gamblers, prostitutes or opium addicts. In the western region, shops run by China people are often smashed and robbed by miners and drunken cowboys, and shopkeepers are often tortured and destroyed by young thugs. 1885, 28 China people were murdered in Shichun, Wyoming.

So it is easy to exclude China in the name of legislation. 1880, California actually completely banned the introduction and use of Chinese workers. 1882, the US Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, announcing that all Chinese were not allowed to enter the country within ten years. After repeated revisions, the Chinese Exclusion Act continued until the outbreak of World War II, and the restrictions on China immigrants were gradually adjusted and relaxed. The Chinese Exclusion Act actually took 86 years until it was finally abandoned. It was 1968.