What are the Manchu expressions of Han people in Qing Dynasty? Why is this happening?

After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang dressed like the Tang Dynasty, as recorded in Shi Minglu:

Its braided hair, vertebral bun, Hu Fu Hu Yu Hu surname are forbidden. Considering the gains and losses, they are all broken from the sacred heart, so for more than a hundred years, Hu's custom has been known as the old in China.

Zhu Yuanzhang did this because at that time? Hu Feng prevails? There are a large number of Han people? Mongolian? , for example? Military and civilian salutes still follow Hu's custom, and feasts are mainly based on bowing down. Use Mongolian surnames, speak Mongolian, wear Mongolian clothes, etc. Forgetting the China tradition, Zhu Yuanzhang set things right and tried to restore the Han tradition.

Compared with Mongolia for more than 100 years, the Qing Dynasty not only lasted for 268 years, but also had clear measures such as shaving hair and changing clothes (Manchu assimilated Han people). Then, what about the reverse ethnic integration of Han people in Qing Dynasty? What will happen again?

This problem needs to be divided into two parts, namely, the Han people in the Manchu system and the Han people outside the Manchu system.

The Han people in the Manchu system, including the Eight Banners of the Han Army, the Coated Banner and the Han people with lower status, are extremely huge.

Before 1644, the latter Jin entered Liaodong five times to plunder with the Qing army, and the captive population was no less than several million. After 1644, a large number of Han people were taken as slaves by the Qing army's enclosure order and distribution method, and were captured in the war.

A Record of the Sage of Qing Dynasty: When did the generals and ministers attack the city and attack the enemy? More children of good citizens, or thieves, or burning down good citizens' houses, catching children and robbing property.

This part of the captured Han people basically became the coating of Manchu nobles or officials of the Eight Banners, and some of them were called? Coated flag bearer? Some become able-bodied men. His family? 、? A servant? Wait a minute. In a word, the number of Han Chinese in Manchu system is extremely amazing.

Being in the Manchu system, it is easy for these Han people? Manchuria? In addition to shaving and changing clothes, it is mainly manifested in three aspects: one is to abandon the Han surname and change it to the Manchu surname, and the other is to study? Mandarin (Manchu) riding and shooting? Third, the customs and habits of Manchuria.

Are people in China particular about it? Do you want to change your name or not? Surnames are left by ancestors, and changing surnames is a great event, but it is a common phenomenon for Han people under the Manchu system.

Zhou Yiqiang, a servant with a yellow flag, lives in Jitun, and there will be no examination in the coming year. His son Gabla was the original guard; Ge, former manager. Sun is currently a second-class bodyguard. Great-grandson Ping An is now a doctor. Great-great-grandson loves stars and is currently in a nursing military school.

Zhou Yiqiang is a small person recorded in the Manchu genealogy of the Eight Banners, but it is such a small person whose surname is Manchu, and you can imagine other Han people with higher status. More importantly, with the passing of two or three generations, this family has been completely Manchu and forgot its previous identity.

Besides changing their surnames, do Han people still exist? Mandarin riding and shooting? Manchuria. In this respect, it was mainly the intention of the Qing court to promote it.

Before 1644, the Han Chinese captured when the Qing army entered the customs were very Manchu. According to Yang Guang Miscellaneous Notes:? Manchuria plundered the children of Han Chinese. Young people learned Manchu fluently, just like real women? .

After the Qing army entered the customs, it was intended to be promoted. Mandarin riding and shooting? From Shunzhi, Kangxi to Qianlong, this point was vigorously promoted.

"Imperial Examination": It is very important for the children of the Han army to learn Qing Shu, so they set up Qing Wenyi School near this flag, and choose one or two people from each left collar to enroll in the school, specializing in Qing Shu. Biography of the Qing Dynasty: Its Manchu-Han military flag is divided into young children, teaching clear books and clear language. Everyone teaches the arrow "horse stance just look".

The Qing dynasty always had rigid requirements for Manchu language of the Han army. Those who master Manchu are promoted, and those who do not master Manchu are punished. Not to mention that during the Qianlong period of Kangxi, even during the Guangxu period, there was such a requirement. For example, 1887, Guangxu asked? Has been introduced to the Han army personnel, should I recite the Qing (Manchu) resume? .

The premise of fullness is cultural identity, and language is the key carrier of culture. Some people on the Internet said that Manchu was not advocated in the Qing Dynasty. Actually, this is all bullshit. The Qing dynasty has been vigorously promoting Manchu.

If you change your surname and speak Manchu, it may still be utilitarian. After all, you can get wealth and wealth in this way, so you can change customs. This is a typical Manchu in your bones.

In changing customs, besides shaving and changing clothes, there are two extremely important things: one is the custom of offering sacrifices, and the other is the way of life.

In terms of sacrificial customs, many Han families in the Qing Dynasty were seriously Manchu in sacrificial ceremonies, such as setting incense tables, burning flags, dancing to the great gods, and the costumes and processes when dancing to the great gods, which were all Manchu customs and habits. Now there are Manchu sacrificial customs in many rural areas in the north.

In terms of lifestyle, the lifestyle of Han people outside the customs is the same as that of Manchuria, such as herding cattle and horses, gathering ginseng and hunting, and serving lay people (like Russian serfs); Like the Eight Banners in Manchuria, the Han officers in Shanhaiguan also set up manors to serve the Han people, which was similar to Manchu. Especially the Qing dynasty? All over town? Is it easier to live with the Eight Banners of the Han Dynasty? Manchuria? .

So by the time of Kangxi, the Han army and Han people had basically painted it? Manchuria? Not much different from Manchu.

It is understandable that the Han people in the Manchu system were Manchus, but why did a large number of Manchus appear in the Han people outside the Manchu system?

Actually, it's not hard to understand. To sum up, there are three main points: one is the promotion of the Qing court, the other is the privilege of flag people, and the third is the shortcut to the south.

After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, Han people who knew Manchu were often given priority promotion because of their ability, such as Wang Xi, a minister in the early Qing Dynasty. Play in Manchu, right? And was deeply appreciated by Shunzhi, and later the official road prospered and became an important position such as Shangshu of the Ministry of Rites. There are many similar records. In this atmosphere, it will naturally attract many Han people? Manchuria? .

In addition to the promotion of the Qing court, the flag people also had many political privileges, such as the imperial examination, the way of being an official, the land of the Eight Banners, the salary of the Eight Banners and so on. Legally, the flag bearer (flag bearer and Han Chinese) is different. It's easy for a flag bearer to be an official, and it's easy to be promoted, at least it's a priority. Legally, the flag bearer was managed by Manchu, just like the later concession? Consular jurisdiction? Wait, it attracted Manchu and Han Chinese.

Because of the first two points, it has become the goal of many Han Chinese to join the flag (the premise is that it must be Manchu). So in the TV series, the Qing emperor awarded a flag to a Han nationality, and the Han nationality was moved to tears. This is the reason, because the flag bearer status represents many political privileges.

After 268 years of strengthening, many Han people have lost their original national consciousness and completely become Manchu. After the demise of the Qing Dynasty, these people still claimed to be Manchu, but after the founding of the People's Republic, they claimed to be Manchu and became Manchu. What about these? New Manchu? , has fully identified with their national identity.

People always thought that the Qing Dynasty was Manchu? Han nationality? , or Han Chinese assimilated Manchu, in fact, in the political atmosphere of the Qing Dynasty, Han Chinese? Manchuria? The situation is even more amazing, but there is little research and knowledge about this reverse ethnic integration.