What are the stages in Egyptian history?

The primitive society of the Egyptians began with the Egyptian Homo erectus 2 million years ago, which was the earliest human being in Egypt. Their ancestors belonged to ancient Egyptian apes, mainly from primitive apes and Egyptian apes in Fayoum depression, Egypt. The homo erectus life in Fayong, Egypt, reflects the earliest human activities in Egypt. These are the stages of Egyptian history that I shared. Let's have a look.

Dynasty society in Egyptian history

In the 3rd century BC, Manieto divided the history of Egypt from menes to Alexandria into thirty (or thirty-one) dynasties, and some scholars also divided the history of ancient Egypt into the following periods:

1. Nigada culture I (Amrat period, about 4500 BC? 3,500 years ago)

2. Nigada culture II (Grce period, about 3500 BC? Before 3 100)

3. Early dynasty (1? 2 dynasty, about 3 100 BC? Before 2686)

4. The ancient kingdom period (3? Six dynasties, about 2686 BC? Before 2 18 1 year, also known as the pyramid period)

5. The first interim period (7? 10 dynasty, about 265438 BC +08 1? Before 2040)

6. The Middle Kingdom period (1 1? 14 dynasty, about 2040 BC? 1786 before)

7. The second phase (15? 17 dynasty, about 1786 BC? 1567 before)

8. New Kingdom Period (18? The 20th dynasty, about 1567 BC? 1085, the Egyptian empire began to form)

9. Post-Egyptian period (2 1? 3 1 dynasty, about BC 1085? 332 years ago)

10. Greek and Roman rule in Macedonia (332 BC? AD 642)

1 4, the slave state was formed and the unified dynasty appeared; 5-7, rebuilding a unified kingdom and establishing an empire; During the period of 8- 10, the slave countries in Egypt declined and fell into foreign rule.

Egyptian history in the pre-dynasty period

1. I period of Negada culture: also known as Amrat period, about 4000 BC? Private ownership and class relations sprouted in Egypt 3500 years ago. Some symbols were engraved on the pottery found in some tombs belonging to this period; Each tomb has its own unified symbol, which is probably the symbol of its private rights. At the end of this period, an image of the red crown (with cobra as its symbol), one of the symbols of kingship, was found on a black-topped pottery jar in the tomb of Nigada 16 10. On a piece of pottery found in a grave (Tom Bunol. At the turn of the first phase of Negada culture and the second phase of Negada culture, there is the image of Horus eagle, which symbolizes the kingship (this is also one of the symbols of kingship), indicating that kingship has also sprouted. In Dior Spogli? Palver also found a model of a city wall, which shows the growth of social unrest and even the existence of war.

2. The second phase of Nigada culture: also known as Grce period, about 3500 BC? 3 100 years ago. In Egypt, private ownership was gradually established and classes were gradually formed. As can be seen from the tombs at this time, in some places, class differentiation is very fierce. Painted graves were found in Nigada and Sheila Campoli, which were very different from the simple graves of ordinary people. For example, Sheila Campoli's painted tomb is made of bricks with paintings on the wall. Its content is about the war scene (land and water war), which may reflect some activities of the tomb owner (scholars think it may be the king) before his death. The painting on a piece of textile fragments found in Gerberlin also reflects the class differentiation. There are some boats painted on this textile. Some people are paddling and another is sitting on it. This man is obviously a nobleman. The Scorpion King wears a white crown symbolizing kingship (symbolized by an eagle) on his head and a oxtail on his waist, which is much higher than ordinary people. At this time, the ivory board left behind has the image of prisoners of war with their hands tied, and these prisoners of war will become slaves. On the head of scorpion kingship, there are also scenes of slave labor. This kind of blessing with a national flag hanging on the head of power is regarded by scholars as an ideographic symbol representing civilians. Characters appeared in the second phase of Nigada culture, but they were still primitive.

In the second late period of Nigada culture, with the establishment of private ownership and the formation of class, a country appeared in Egypt. At this time, the country is very small and the population is not large. The Egyptians called this small country Spatz, and its hieroglyphic symbol is, indicating a land intertwined with irrigation canals. In Egypt at that time, there were several such small countries. Among these small countries, there is a city centered on government agencies, palaces and temples. Its hieroglyphic symbol is. It means that the city is built on the main road, surrounded by walls and becomes a fortress. There are many sculptures and paintings that reflect the existence of war in this period. In addition to the marine maps in the above tombs, there are also marine maps on ivory handles unearthed in Arak, battlefield palettes and so on. At this time, the kingship has been formed, like the scorpion king on the head of the scorpion king, who may be both a chief executive and a military leader, and also serve as a priest, presiding over sacrifices, leading agriculture and building water conservancy projects. However, at this time, the Egyptian state has just formed, and the power of the nobility is definitely still very strong. The power of the king is probably bound by the nobility, and the king is not an absolute monarch.

In Sheila Campoli, cultural relics of two kings at the end of the former dynasty, Scorpion King and Kaka King, were discovered. Regarding the Scorpion King, a cultural relic named after him was also found in Tula, near Cairo in northern Egypt. Combined with the inscription on the head of Scorpion King Quan, scholars speculate that he may have conquered the north and even controlled this area, which is the earliest evidence of Egyptian reunification.

The history of Egypt's early dynasties

The ancient Egyptians took the king named "Mini" (Greek means menes) as the official beginning of their history. They think the king unified upper Egypt and lower Egypt. The transition to a unified dynasty was actually more gradual than the ancient Egyptian writers had us imagine, and there was no contemporary record with menes. Nevertheless, scholars believe that the legendary Narmai palette menes may be Narmer. On the Nalmer palette, he was depicted wearing royal clothes at the ceremony, which became a symbol of Egyptian unity. In the 3rd century BC, the Egyptian priest Manetto drew the genealogy table of Egyptian pharaohs after menes and divided it into 30 dynasties. This system is still in use today.

In the early days of the kingdom, about 3 150 BC, the first Pharaoh consolidated his rule in Lower Egypt and made Memphis its capital (formerly known as Baicheng, Memphis was the Greek name for the city). There, they can control the agriculture and labor force in the fertile delta and the lucrative commercial road to the Levant. Pharaoh's expanding power and wealth are reflected in their elaborate stone tombs and exquisite burial ceremonies, which are used to praise the Pharaoh who was deified after his death. The pharaohs established powerful kingship and legalized their control over the country's land, labor and resources, which were crucial to the survival and development of ancient Egyptian civilization.

1. The first dynasty of Egypt: 3200 BC? In 2850. From menes to Qatar, there are eight pharaohs.

2. The second dynasty of Egypt: 2850 BC? In 2686. From Hotepseknemoui to kask, there are six pharaohs.

Egyptian history in the ancient kingdom period

The development of agricultural productive forces was the basis of amazing progress in architecture, art and technology during the ancient kingdom period, and the perfect central government made it possible. Under the guidance of Vizier, state officials collected taxes, coordinated water conservancy projects to increase crop production, requisitioned farmers for construction projects, and established a judicial system to maintain peace and order. A rich and stable economy ensures a fiscal surplus, which enables the country to host the construction of large-scale mega-projects and entrust royal workshops to produce outstanding works of art. The pyramids built by Jossel, Khufu and his descendants are unforgettable symbols of ancient Egyptian civilization (and Pharaoh's power).

With the increasing importance of the central government, officials and scribes appeared, who were regarded as landowners by the Pharaoh and provided them with land. Pharaoh will also use this land to build a mausoleum or give it to a local temple to ensure worship after his death. This five-century feudal rule gradually weakened Pharaoh's economic strength, and by the end of the ancient kingdom, Pharaoh was unable to maintain a huge central organization. When Pharaoh's power declined, local rulers immediately began to challenge Pharaoh's authority. Coupled with the drought from 2200 BC to 2 150 BC, the country finally fell into hunger and turmoil called "the first middle period" for more than 40 years.

1. The Third Dynasty of Egypt: 2686 BC? Before 26 13. Natri Coulter's? Giselle (Neteriknet? Djeser) to Houni, * * * has five kings. Jossel's rule was the beginning of power and victory. At this time, a magnificent stone building represented by the stepped pyramid building in Shakala appeared. Imhotep, the architect, writer and scholar of the complex, became one of the first great men in history books. This era is a period of the development of a powerful centralized monarchy. The monarch sat in Memphis and appointed the governor to rule the country.

2. The fourth dynasty of Egypt: 26 13 BC? Before 2494. From Snefrou to Skepseskaf, there were six or seven pharaohs. Judging from the grandeur of the pyramids, the rule of Snefru, Khufu and harff was the peak of this era. The pyramids built in Dashar, Merton and Kisa show the good governance and economic prosperity of the dynasty.

3. The fifth dynasty of Egypt: 2494 BC? In 2345. From Uzer to Unas, there were nine pharaohs. The most famous are Sahur and Gide Kare? Djedkare? Isesi). The consciousness of "sun worship" is developing rapidly, and the famous pyramid inscription is engraved on the wall of Nice Pyramid in Sha Kalau.

4. The Sixth Dynasty of Egypt: 2345 BC? 2 18 1 year ago. From Titi I to Queen Nitocris, the seven kings include Pepi I and Pepy II who lived for hundreds of years. Although the Sixth Dynasty was famous for its military and commercial exploration as far away as the southern tip of Africa, the expanding power of some governors threatened the centralized Memphis and triggered civil strife.

The first middle period of Egyptian history

The first alternate phase (218 BC1? Before 2040), after the collapse of the central government in the late ancient kingdom, the government was unable to maintain economic stability. The local rulers could not rely on the help of the king to solve the crisis in time, and then food shortages and political disputes escalated into famine and small-scale civil war. Despite the difficulties, the local rulers no longer paid tribute to the Pharaoh, but used their newly-gained independence to maintain the prosperity of the provinces. Once they master their own resources, the provinces become richer economically-the bigger and better graves of all social strata prove this fact. When this kind of creativity broke out, artists from all provinces inherited and adjusted the cultural theme of the ancient kingdom serving the kingship, and calligraphers developed and enriched the literary style, showing creativity and optimism in this period.

Freed from their loyalty to Pharaoh, local rulers began to compete for territory and power. By 2 160 BC, the ruler of Hierakonpolis unified lower Egypt, and the Intif family of Thebes unified upper Egypt. As the Tiff family continued to expand its power in the north, the conflict between the Northern and Southern Dynasties was inevitable. In about 2055 BC, Thebes army led by Mentuhotep II defeated the ruler of Yerakompolis. The reunification of Egypt ushered in a new era of economic and cultural revival.

1. The seventh dynasty of Egypt: only ruled for 70 days.

2. The Eighth Dynasty of Egypt: 2 18 1? Before 2 130. * * * There were eight to twenty-seven pharaohs, but their names were not recorded.

3. The ninth dynasty of Egypt: inheriting the tenth dynasty and ruling Egypt, in the north.

4. The 10th dynasty of Egypt: 90 years from the 9th dynasty, 2 130 BC? Before 2040. There are six pharaohs, three of whom are called Katie.

5. Egypt's 1 1 dynasty: ruled upper Egypt, south, 2 130 BC? Before 2040. * * * There are three pharaohs.

Kingdom period in Egyptian history

During the period of the Middle Kingdom (2040 BC? 1786), the pharaohs of the Middle Kingdom restored the prosperity and stability of the country and stimulated the revival of art, literature and memorial architectural projects. Mentuhotep II of the 1 1 dynasty and his successors ruled the whole country from Thebes. About 1985 BC, Amenekhti, the founder of the first 12 dynasty, who was born in Vizil, moved his capital to Itjtawy in Fayoum Oasis. There, the pharaohs of the 12 dynasty carried out far-sighted reclamation and irrigation plans to increase the agricultural output in this area. In addition, the territory gained by reconquering Nubia is rich in stones and gold, which drives people to build defensive buildings in the eastern delta, known as the "Dagong Wall" (Walls? Yes? That? Ruler), used to resist foreign invasion.

With a reliable army, political stability and rich agricultural and mining wealth, the country's population, art and religion are prosperous. In sharp contrast to the ancient kingdom that worshipped gods very much, the Middle Kingdom experienced a growth of "personal piety" called "democratization". According to this belief, it is said that everyone can control a soul and accompany the gods after death.

China's literature is characterized by its sophistry theme and confident and eloquent character style. Relief and portrait sculpture are exquisite in art and perfect in detail, reaching a new technical height.

Amenemkht III, the last promising Lord of China, allowed Asian immigrants to enter the delta region, providing sufficient labor for his mining industry and water conservancy projects. However, these ambitious water conservancy projects and mining activities were all related to the insufficient flooding of the Nile in the late period of his rule, which overdrawn the economy and accelerated the decline of the country, and finally entered the "second middle period" in the14th century BC and13rd century BC. In this decline, foreign Asian immigrants began to control the delta and even established the Hyksos dynasty.

1. Egypt 1 1 The end of the dynasty: 2060 BC? Before 2000. Three Montuhot elders unified Egypt for the first time around 2050 BC.

2. Egypt's 12 dynasty: 2000 BC? Before 1786. Seven pharaohs were named Amon Hamat or Sesot Rees, and the last ruler was Queen Nefirul of Zeebek.

Like other countries in the world, stability and turmoil always appear alternately. The provincial decentralization forces and other forces unknown in history destroyed the Thebes regime inherited from the twelfth dynasty, and Egypt was divided into many vassal States.

3. The 13th dynasty of Egypt: BC 1786? Before 1674. There are about forty pharaohs, some of whom are named Sebehotep. Some pharaohs ruled the northern, central and southern old French areas at the same time. Since BC 1730, these kings have only been vassals of Pharaoh Hikso.

4. 14th Dynasty of Egypt

The second middle period of Egyptian history

The second interval (65438 BC+0786 BC? Before 1567), about 1650 BC, the kingdom of China declined, and Asian immigrants living in the eastern delta city of Varis seized this area, forcing the central government to move to Thebes. There, the pharaohs became vassals and paid tribute to them. Hixos (the "foreign ruler") imitated the ruling mode of Egypt, described himself as a Pharaoh, and integrated Egyptian elements into his own bronze age civilization. When the Hyksos invaded Egypt, they brought military technology from West Asia, which had an important impact on Egypt.

After moving south, the kings of Thebes found themselves sandwiched between the Hyksos dynasty in the north and the Nubian ally Gush in the south, and spent 100 years in boredom and inaction. By BC 1555, Thebes' army was finally strong enough to challenge the Hyksos dynasty. This conflict lasted for more than 30 years, and Pharaoh Tao II and Camus finally defeated the Nubians. After Camus succeeded to the throne, Ahmers I succeeded in getting the Hyksos dynasty out of the Egyptian historical stage forever in a series of battles. After the new kingdom period, the army became the core issue of priority, and Pharaoh used it to expand the border of Egypt and maintain his advantage in the Near East.

1. 15th dynasty of Egypt: the dynasty originally established by Hyksos.

2. The 16th Dynasty of Egypt: BC 1674? Before 1567. The 16th dynasty was called the "Little Hikso" dynasty, which only existed in the eastern part of the Delta. There were five pharaohs in the "Great Hikso" dynasty, including one Khyan and two Apopi.

3. 17th dynasty of Egypt: BC 1674? Before 1567. Ten pharaohs ruled Thebes and its surrounding areas. They are vassals of Hikso. The last three pharaohs, Ta 'a I, Ta 'a II and Ka 'Mosis, began to struggle with Hyksos in the north.

Egyptian history in the new kingdom period

New Kingdom Period (65438 BC+0567 BC? 1085), the pharaohs of the new kingdom established an unprecedented era of prosperity by maintaining border security and strengthening diplomacy with neighboring countries. The military conquest of Thutmose I and his grandson Thutmose III extended Egyptian influence to Syria and Nubia, consolidated the loyalty of the people and opened up much-needed channels for importing copper and timber. The pharaohs of the new kingdom praised the sun god Amen and began to build large-scale buildings. The worship of it is based on the temple of Karnak. The pharaohs also built some monuments to add color to their achievements (real or unreal). The female Pharaoh Hatshepsut was in power between the two pharaohs. She legitimized her claim to power through propaganda. Her reign was characterized by stopping foreign wars, sending commercial expeditions to contact Bonte and developing trade with neighboring countries. And the elegant Karnak Temple Lingling Temple, a pair of huge obelisks and a small church were built. Despite her great achievements, after her death, her adopted son Thutmose III destroyed a large number of statues engraved with her name and image, hoping to erase the traces of the usurper's mother's rule.

About 1379 BC, Amundhotep IV ascended the throne unexpectedly, which started a series of radical and disorderly reforms in Egypt during the imperial period, threatening the stability of the new kingdom. He changed his name to Okhennathan (meaning "Adon's servant" or "Adon's glorious soul"), touting Atan, the humble sun god in the past, as the highest god, and forbidding the worship of other gods, which dealt a blow to the strength of the monk group. He also moved the capital to Amarna in central Egypt and named it Akhatten (meaning the illusion of Atan). He turned a deaf ear to foreign affairs and focused on his new religious and artistic style. After his death, the worship of Atun was soon banned and the capital moved back to Thebes. Later Pharaoh Tutankhamun, Etuno? Ay, Harun Haibu soon erased all the records of Amundhotep IV. This short period is called the Amana era. With the last three pharaohs-Tutankhamun and Eternut? Ai, Harun Haibu, they have no offspring after death. Ramses II, or Ramses the Great, was 18 years old and succeeded to the throne in 1279 BC. He is the Pharaoh who built temples, erected obelisks and gave birth to the most children in Egyptian history.

The brave military leader Ramses II led the army to resist the Hittite invasion. The two sides suffered heavy casualties in the battle of Kadish, and finally the first recorded peace treaty was concluded around 1258 BC. Egypt's wealth makes it a coveted target of invaders, especially Libyans and "sea people". At first, the army was able to resist these invasions, but Egypt eventually lost Syria and Palestine. With the help of internal troubles such as corruption, grave robbery and unrest, foreign invasion has deteriorated sharply. The high priests in the Amon area of Thebes amassed a great deal of land and wealth, and the expansion of their power split the country in the third period.

1. 18th dynasty of Egypt: BC 1567? Before 1320. From Ahmosis to Horan Heb, * * * has fourteen monarchs, including four Bittemos and four Amenorfis. Queen Hatshepset, Queen Akhenaten and Queen Tutankhamun all belong to this dynasty.

2. Egypt's 19 dynasty: BC 1320? 1200. Nine pharaohs of Ramses, including Ramesses I II and seti i II.

3. The 20th dynasty of Egypt: 65438 BC+0200 BC? Before 1085. Ten monarchs, except the first named Sethnakht, are all named Ramesess.

Egypt in late history

In BC 1078, Ramesses XI died, and Smond I gained the right to rule northern Egypt. The south was actually ruled by the high priest of the temple of Amon in Thebes, who only acknowledged the authority of Mendes in name. During this period, Libyans had settled in the western delta, and the leaders of immigrants began to gradually gain autonomy. In 945 BC, Prince Xieshuk I of Libya took control of the Delta and established the so-called "Libya Dynasty" or "Bubastis Dynasty" (Bubastis was the capital), namely the 2nd1Dynasty, which lasted for more than 200 years. Sheshunk also controlled southern Egypt by placing members of his family in important monk positions. When Libya's rule declined, its rival in the Delta began to rise in Leontopolis, and Kush threatened the south. Around 727 BC, King Pierre of Kush invaded the north, occupied Thebes and finally occupied the Delta.

Egypt's original far-reaching influence was greatly reduced.

Its foreign allies fell into Assyria's sphere of influence, and by 700 BC, the war between the two countries was finally inevitable. From 67 1 BC to 667 BC, Assyrians began to attack Egypt and met Tahaka and his successor Tanvo Tamagni's loyal opposition. Egypt won several victories. But in the end, the Assyrians drove the Kuxi back to Nubia, occupied Memphis and looted the temple of Thebes.

Assyrians had no intention of occupying Egypt for a long time, and their sovereignty fell into the hands of a series of princes known as "King Seth" in the 26th dynasty. By 653 BC, King Psamtik I of Saite expelled the Assyrians with the help of mercenary Greek mercenaries, and established Egypt's first navy with the help of the Greeks. Greece's influence in Egypt expanded rapidly, and the delta city of Naukratis became the home of the Greeks. The Saite Dynasty, with Saeijs as its capital, witnessed this short and dynamic economic and cultural revival. However, the good times did not last long. In 525 BC, the powerful Persian Empire, led by Cambyses Ⅱ, began to conquer Egypt, and finally captured Pharaoh Psamtik III in the battle of Pelusim. Cambyses Ⅱ adopted the title of Pharaoh, but ruled in his home in Susa and divided Egypt into administrative regions. In the 5th century BC, there were several successful uprisings against Persia, but Egypt never expelled the Persians permanently.

Under the rule of Persia, Egypt, Cyprus and Phoenicia were incorporated into the sixth governor's district under the Persian Achemane dynasty. The first reign of Persia, also known as the 27th dynasty, ended in 402 BC. From 380 BC to 343 BC, the last local dynasty, the 30th dynasty, ruled Egypt and ended in Nektanebo II. In 343 BC, the Persians briefly resumed their rule over Egypt, also known as the 3rd1dynasty. But not long after, in 332 BC, the Persian ruler Mazaks gave Egypt to Alexander the Great.

1. Egypt's 2nd1dynasty: BC 1085? Before 945. In tanis, there are Daisy, Pusunas I and II. Rehor and Pinajem ruled Thebes.

2. The 22nd Dynasty of Egypt: The economy flourished during this period.

3. The 23rd dynasty of Egypt: ruled for about 300 years.

4. The 24th Dynasty of Egypt: During this period, culture flourished and Egyptian mythology appeared.

5. The 25th dynasty of Egypt: ruled for about 200 years.

6. The 26th dynasty of Egypt: ruled for 140 years.

7. Egypt's 27th dynasty: ruled for 230 years.

8. The 28th dynasty of Egypt: ruled for 1 10 years.

9. The 29th Dynasty of Egypt: There was a ruling period 126 years.

10. 30th dynasty of Egypt: 188, during which Egypt reached its peak.

1 1. Egypt's 3rd1dynasty: During the reign of *** 165, the economy flourished, but Egyptian culture was almost replaced by Greek culture, and it began to decline.

The subsequent historical development of Egypt

1. Ptolemaic dynasty

In 332 BC, Alexander the Great, as a liberator, was occupied by the Egyptians with little resistance from the Persians. Ptolemy, the successor of Alexander, modeled after the Egyptian model and established a government agency with Alexandria as its capital. The city tries to show the authority of the Greek rulers, with the famous Alexandria Library as the core and becoming a cultural and academic center. Alexander lighthouse illuminates the voyage of many ships and ensures the smooth trade between cities. Ptolemaic rulers regarded commerce and income-generating industries as the first choice for development, such as papyrus manufacturing.

Greek civilization did not replace the traditional civilization of Egypt, and the rulers of Ptolemy dynasty supported Egypt's long tradition to ensure the loyalty of the people. They built Egyptian-style temples, maintained traditional religious ceremonies and portrayed themselves as pharaohs. Many traditions of the two civilizations have merged, and the gods of Greece and Egypt have merged into many gods, such as Selabis. Sculpture in classical Greek style also influenced the artistic theme of traditional Egypt. Although the Greek rulers tried to ease the mood of the Egyptians, the Ptolemaic dynasty still faced rebellion, family power struggle and Alexandria riots that accompanied Ptolemy IV's death. In addition, because Rome is very dependent on Egypt's food imports, the Romans are also very interested in the political situation in Egypt. Successive rebellions, ambitious politicians and powerful Syrian opponents shook the dynastic rule, making Egypt a protectorate of Rome and eventually a province.

2. Roman rule

Octavian defeated Mark in the Battle of Jacques Tim? After Antony and Cleopatra VII of Ptolemy, Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire in 30 BC. The Romans relied heavily on Egypt's grain exported by sea. The Roman army suppressed the rebellion under the control of the chief appointed by the emperor, levied heavy taxes and cracked down on robbers, and the latter has become a serious problem at this time. Alexandria has gradually developed into an important commercial center in the East, and exotic Egyptian luxury goods are selling well in Rome.

Although the Romans were more hostile to the Egyptians than the Greeks, many traditions, such as mummies and worship of traditional gods, remained. Fayoum mummy portrait art flourished, and some Roman emperors called themselves pharaohs, though not as good as Ptolemaic rulers. Roman rulers were far away from Egypt and could not perform their duties as kings. The style of local government agencies is romanized, which is closer to the local Egyptian dynasty.

1 mid-century, _ _ took root and spread in Alexandria. Different from other religions, Christ _ _ converted to pagan, which threatened the popular traditional religion at that time and led to the persecution of _ _, which reached its peak in Diocletian's purge in 303 AD, but Christ _ _ won. Therefore, the traditional religion in Egypt gradually declined. Although Egyptians still speak their language, with the decrease of priests in temples, fewer and fewer people can read hieroglyphs. Temples are sometimes converted into churches or abandoned in the desert.

In 395 AD, the Roman Empire was divided into two parts: East and West. Egypt belongs to the Eastern Roman Empire and continues to be under the jurisdiction of the "New Rome" emperor. In 640, Egypt was occupied by Arabs and Arabization began. By the12nd century, Arabic was widely used and converted to Islam, and the ancient Egyptian civilization that lasted for thousands of years was replaced by Arab civilization. 15 17, Egypt was ruled by the Ottoman Empire; 1798-180 1 was ruled by France; After 1869, the British invaded. Egypt finally achieved independence in 1922, and established a republic in 1953, but it is already an Arab country.

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