Hakka Wei Wu

"Hakka" was originally the name of local aborigines for foreigners living there. The identities of "guest" and "master" are relative. People outside have lived for a long time, gradually becoming old guests and finally changing customers. In the process of family migration, Hakkas not only maintained their excellent life traditions, but also integrated into the new local life atmosphere, which gave them the capital to attack and fight back with defense.

Hakka Fortress in the Enclosure

Gannan refers to 18 counties and cities in southern Jiangxi today, with an area of about 39,600 square kilometers and a population of 7.9 million. Hakka dwellings in southern Jiangxi have a long history, which can be traced back to the end of Ming Dynasty. The existing folk houses can be roughly divided into two types, namely "hall-style combination" folk houses and "enclosure-style" folk houses.

Wai house is a typical Hakka residence in southern Jiangxi, which is a house surrounded by a name. Its external wall is not only the load-bearing external wall of each house in the closed house, but also the defensive wall of the whole closed house. There are many titles of "so-and-so enclosure" on the front door of the enclosure, such as Pan 'an enclosure, Yi Yan enclosure and Long Guang enclosure.

The enclosed houses in longnan county are the most representative and concentrated. Often a natural village has seven or eight closed houses. In form, besides a large number of square enclosures, there are semi-circular enclosures, nearly circular enclosures, eight diagrams, irregular village circles and so on. Structurally, there are both concrete and river pebbles, as well as blue bricks and stones; In terms of volume, there are not only the largest square enclosure in southern Jiangxi-Kansai enclosure, but also the smallest enclosure-Liren Baiwei (commonly known as "cat cabinet enclosure" to describe it as small as a cat cage).

The plane of a typical closed house is square, with towers (bunkers) protruding outward about one meter at four corners, and the thickness of the external wall is between 0.8- 1.5 meters. The front of the fence is two to four stories high, and the turret is one story high. Generally, there are no windows on the outer wall, only rows of gun holes are arranged on the top wall, and some still have gun holes. The roof form is mainly hard mountain. There must be one or two wells in the shell.

The building materials of the paddock are mainly bricks and stones, and the walls are mostly built by the method commonly known as "gold-coated silver", that is, one-third of the outer walls are built with bricks or stones, and two-thirds of the inner walls are built with adobe or rammed earth. The biggest difference between it and the fenced area in Fujian and Guangdong is that the defensive function of the fenced area in southern Jiangxi is more perfect, and the turret built at the four corners of the fenced area is obviously used to guard against and attack the enemy who has entered the city wall or tile surface.

The design of paddock doors also embodies the characteristics of foolproof, so there is usually a gate behind the board door, and some paddock houses also have a side door behind the gate and a "door bolt" (fence door) in front of the board door. For fire attack, there is also a water leakage hole at the top of the door. The outer wall of the enclosure is high and thick, with no windows and only gun holes for external shooting. There is a turret similar to a bunker around the fence. Hakka people in Gannan generally call the hall "hall" or "hall house", and the hall refers to the ancestral hall. Call the house "house" and the house "house". The hall is the center of the house, and many "main houses" and "horizontal houses" are connected together to form a big house, which is essentially derived from the ancient quadrangles in the Central Plains.

Forced out "Yan Lu Bi Yi"

Among many enclosed houses, Longnan "Yi Yan Enclosed House" is the tallest one among Hakka enclosed houses in southern Jiangxi. At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, there was a war in Yangcun village on the border of Guangdong and Jiangxi. Lai Fuzhi, a well-off family, and his younger brother were ordered by their ancestors to send gifts and colored balls and go out to take refuge. Their first choice is the relatives of Don Juan Gauguin. I didn't expect the other party to be unconscious and kill everyone who went to inquire. In order to avoid chaos, the brothers had to turn to scalpers. When I returned to my hometown and saw my devastated hometown, I came up with the idea of building a closed house in Gao Shou. In A.D. 1650 (the seventh year of Qing Shunzhi), this huge project officially began. In the following 27 years, the circular house in Yi Yan continued to develop and was finally built. The completed paddock is square, with a height of 15m, a length of 42m and a width of 32m. Total construction area 1344 m2, * * * rooms 136 rooms. The functional areas of the shell are clearly allocated. The first floor is the dining room, the second and third floors are the living room, and the fourth floor is the battle building for strategic defense, with 58 loopholes. There are three floors around the gate. There is a living well at the gate, and there are two underground wells (usually buried in soil), one is a water well and the other is a grain depot well. Because it is tall and easy to keep, it can be closed for one year, so it is called "Gao Shou Wai". In A.D. 1849, Zhou Yuheng, an adult of the government and Taiwan at that time, was invited to visit the enclosed house. Seeing that the owners of the enclosed house respected each other, he wrote the inscription "Yi Yan Enclosed House", which means "Take Qi Mei as an example and husband and wife live in harmony". Since then, the enclosure has been called today.

Compared with Kansai Wai.

Kansai Wai is the best-preserved and largest paddock in southern Jiangxi. Its ancestor was Xu Mingjun, commonly known as Xu Laosi. Because my sister married into a round house in Yi Yan, I have the opportunity to visit there often. Seeing the magnificent round house in Yi Yan, he secretly decided to build a fence outside the house one day.

He is very talented. With the support of his brother-in-law, the timber business is thriving. Then he accidentally got a tax-free card, which made him even more powerful. Many businessmen joined his "Xichang" gate, and he also made a lot of money, which laid a solid foundation for the construction of Xiguanwei. The closed house is square, 88 meters long and 88 meters wide. The city wall is 9 meters high and 2 meters thick, with an area of about 1 10,000 square meters. Turrets with a height of15m are built in every corner of the fence. The whole structure is like a huge "back" with 124 main rooms.

Behind the zhaobi is the theater built by master Xu Laosi. Legend has it that every time after the play, his first wife gives five receptions, and then Xu Laosi sneaks out of the west gate to drink and enjoy the moon with his other two Zhang.

Hakka culture: the elite settlement of immigrants

According to some data, the enclosed houses built by Hakkas originated from Wubao in the Eastern Han Dynasty. This architectural form prevailed in the Central Plains during the Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. The habit of Hakkas living in groups and combining agriculture with war originated from that era. The enclosed house is almost a symbol of Hakka. Hakkas don't necessarily live in enclosed houses, but those who live in enclosed houses must be Hakkas.

Gannan is known as "Fu Baiyue in the south and Zhongzhou in the north". According to the important meeting of Wuling, it is the focus of "Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong and Hunan". In the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, a large number of refugees from the Central Plains flooded into Gannan, and the number of immigrants far exceeded that of the indigenous people, which greatly changed the composition and cultural structure of the residents at that time. As a result, in this specific historical and geographical environment, a new special ethnic group-Hakka has been slowly bred.

Hakkas live in closed houses and live in groups. This is a traditional life different from that of Han people in other parts of China. In a large enclosure, there are often hundreds or even thousands of people with the same surname, the same clan, and some are direct descendants of the same ancestor. When the closed house can't hold it, one of the eldest sons is left in the old house, and the other sons build new houses separately.

On the one hand, Hakka culture retains the mainstream characteristics of Central Plains culture, on the other hand, it contains the cultural essence of local ethnic groups. Hakkas often follow the example of talented people, inspire and educate their children and grandchildren, and learn from their predecessors who have made great achievements.

Because Hakkas migrate to find a place to live, their qualities are diligence, courage, wisdom and resistance to the environment. After countless years of accumulation, they have finally created a great situation: Hakka people have traveled all over the world and emigrated to the world, and there are many successful people in both domestic and overseas business circles. Therefore, Hakkas are called "Oriental Jews", and they are exerting amazing creativity in their respective camps.

History clearly shows that the migration of Hakkas is mostly from the densely populated Central Plains area with relatively developed culture and economy to the remote and wild areas with sparse population and backward economy. On the one hand, they maintained the mainstream characteristics of the Central Plains culture: they always advocated China orthodox culture and poetry etiquette, attached great importance to the complete preservation of tradition, culture, language and customs, and closely United with the same lifestyle, customs, beliefs and concepts; On the other hand, they are good at absorbing nutrition from local ethnic minorities and accommodating the cultural essence of local ethnic groups.

Tips:

Six Immigrant Periods of Hakka Ancestors

According to textual research, the ancestors of Hakkas have moved south on a large scale six times:

1. During Qin Shihuang's reign, in 22 BC1year, Qin Shihuang unified China and sent 600,000 troops to "March south". In 2 14 BC, Qin Shihuang sent another 500,000 troops to "defend the South Five Ridges". Soldiers have long been "guarding the five ridges and crossing the miscellaneous places." After Qin's death, two groups of Qin soldiers who went south stayed in the local area and became the earliest Hakkas.

2. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, during the "Five Wild Flowers" in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, some Central Plains residents moved to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi. Later, due to the confrontation between the north and the south, about 960,000 people from the Central Plains moved south to the banks of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, and some of them flowed into southern Jiangxi.

3. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Anshi Rebellion in Huang Chao forced a large number of Central Plains Han people to flee to the south. During the Huang Chao Uprising, a large number of Central Plains Han people fled to Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi.

4. During the Southern Song Dynasty, during the Southern Song Dynasty and at the end of the Song Dynasty, Jin people invaded, and some officials and literati moved to Taihu Lake Basin, while others crossed Dagengling to Nanxiong, Shixing and Shaozhou. Or along Hong, Ji and Qianzhou, and then from Qianzhou to Tingzhou; Or stay in counties in southern Jiangxi.

5. In the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, the Hakkas who lived in southern Jiangxi, eastern Guangdong and northern Guangdong migrated to Sichuan, Hunan, Guangxi, Taiwan Province and the central and western regions of Guangdong because of the population growth and few mountains. This large-scale migration is called "Westward Movement" in the history of Hakka immigrants.

6. During the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, in order to escape the war, some Hakkas migrated to South Asia, and some were lured to work as contract workers and brought to Malaysia, the United States, Panama, Brazil and other places.