What are the delicious food and places of interest in Shanxi, and the structure, layout and function of Shanxi quadrangles?

The name of Shanxi is named after living in the west of Taihang Mountain. During the Spring and Autumn Period, most areas were owned by the State of Jin, so it was called "Jin" for short. In the early Warring States period, Han, Zhao and Wei were divided into Jin, so they were also called "Three Jin". The total area of the province is156,000 square kilometers, with a total population of nearly 34 million. Taiyuan, the provincial capital, has jurisdiction over 1 1 prefecture-level cities and 1 19 counties, cities and districts.

World cultural heritage

Pingyao Ancient City and Yungang Grottoes

China's famous historical and cultural city

Datong (the first batch), Pingyao (the second batch), Qixian and Daixian in Xinjiang (the third batch)

China is a famous historical and cultural town.

Jingsheng Town, Lingshi County, Shanxi Province (the first batch), Qikou Town, Linxian County, Shanxi Province (the second batch), Fencheng Town, Xiangfen County, Shanxi Province (the third batch) and Niangziguan Town, Pingding County, Shanxi Province (the third batch)

china's historic and cultural villages

Xiwan Village, Qiaokou Town, Linxian County, Shanxi Province (first batch), Huangcheng Village, Beiliu Town, Yangcheng County, Shanxi Province (second batch), Zhangbi Village, Longfeng Town, Jiexiu City, Shanxi Province (second batch), Xiwenxing Village, Tuwo Township, Qinshui County, Shanxi Province (second batch), Liangcun Village, Yuebi Township, Pingyao County, Shanxi Province (third batch), Lianghu Village, Yuancun Township, Gaoping City, Shanxi Province (third batch)

National key scenic spots

Wutai Mountain, Hengshan Mountain, Hukou Waterfall of the Yellow River, North Wudang Mountain and Wulao Peak.

National nature reserve

Lishan, Jiaocheng Pangquangou, Ningwu Luya Mountain, Yangcheng Manghe River and Wulushan

National geological park

Hukou Waterfall of the Yellow River, Wannian Ice Cave in Ningwu, Wutai Mountain and Huguan Taihang Mountain Grand Canyon

List of the first batch of national key protection units of ancient books

Shanxi Provincial Library and Shanxi Museum

special local product

There are many kinds of local products in Shanxi. Jishan Dabanzao and Xinghua Village Fenjiu are ancient historical wines in China, which are beautiful as crystal, fragrant and delicious, and sell well at home and abroad. Shanxi mature vinegar is sweet and sour, which is not only good for seasoning, but also good for digestion, beauty and sterilization. Qinzhou yellow millet is shaped like a pearl and is a royal tribute; Pingyao beef is full of color and flavor; Qingxu Grape, Fenyang Walnut, Liulin Muzao. Famous local products such as Taiyuan Brain also have different flavors and endless aftertaste. In addition, there are Liuweizhai sauce meat, double cakes, push-light lacquerware, Jinci rice, Xixian Jinli and so on.

special

Clove Steamed Meat Wuzhai Pig Black Meat Stewed Powder Mutton Chowder Pig Blood Enema Zuoyun Mutton jiaozi (Yang Qian Fort) Youyu Mutton Mutton Mutton

special products

Baode Youzao Glass Gebang Cheng Niyan Datong Huanghua Datong Art Porcelain Daixian Paper-cut Daixian Push Light Lacquer Festival Mu Yan Fan Shi Huang Qi Antique Iron Fenjiu

Guangling Xiaomi Hequ Hongguo Hengshan Huang Qi Yellow River Carp Longmuteng Jinci Rice Jinzhong Paper-cut Glass Noodle Plastic Wooden Bowl Pingyao Push Light Paint

Qingxu Grape, Shanxi Old Vinegar, Codonopsis pilosula, Taiwan Province Mushroom, Taiwan Province Yantai Tongchuan Pear Copper Hot Pot, Painted Wool Carpet, Original Pingli Yungang Siman Zhushan Shanxi Apple Vinegar, Rice Vinegar and Hawthorn Shanxi Province is located in the east wing of the Loess Plateau in western North China, and its geographical coordinates are 34 34' ~ 40 43' north latitude and114' ~/kloc-east longitude. It is about 290 kilometers wide from east to west and 550 kilometers long from north to south. The total area of the province is156,300 square kilometers, accounting for 1.6% of the total area of the country. The outline of the boundary is a parallelogram inclined from northeast to southwest. In the east, there is the majestic Taihang Mountain as a natural barrier, adjacent to Hebei Province. The west and south are cut by the surging Yellow River, facing Shaanxi Province and Henan Province; It borders the Inner Great Wall in the north and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

Shuangta Temple, China Fushan Garden and Jinci Garden have complex landforms in Shanxi, including mountains, hills, plateaus, basins and terraces. Mountains and hills account for more than two-thirds of the total area, and most of them are between 1000 meters and 2000 meters above sea level. The highest point is Wutai Mountain Beitai Wild Bean Peak, with an altitude of 3058 meters, and the lowest point is at the place where the Xiyang River enters the Yellow River in Yuanqu County, with an altitude of only 180 meters.

Shanxi is surrounded by mountains and rivers, with rolling hills and ravines, most of which are mountainous hills. Taihang Mountain in the east, Luliang Mountain in the west, Hengshan Mountain and Wutai Mountain in the north, Zhongtiao Mountain in the south and Taiyue Mountain in the middle. Dou Feng, the main peak of Wutai Mountain, is 3058 meters above sea level, which is the highest peak in North China. There are Datong, Xinzhou, Taiyuan, Linfen, Changzhi and Yuncheng basins in the middle from north to south. The main rivers are Fenhe River and Haihe River. There are more than 0/000 rivers in China, including 240 rivers with drainage area of 100 square kilometers and river length of 150 square kilometers, and Fenhe River, Qinhe River, Sushui River, Sanchuan River and Shui Xin River with river length of more than 4,000 square kilometers. Fenhe River is the longest, with a total length of 659 kilometers. The Yellow River, which is known as the cradle of Chinese culture, starts from Laoniuwan in Pianguan County in the north and flows for thousands of miles. After reaching fenglingdu in Ruicheng County, it turns to the east and goes out to Nianpangou in Yuanqu County in the south, passing through 560 villages in 19 County with a flow of 965 kilometers. The Yellow River flows through the Shanxi-Shaanxi Gorge, and the riverbed suddenly drops 15 to 20 meters in Hukou area of Jixian County, and the flowing water goes straight down, forming a spectacular Hukou Waterfall. Shanxi has a complex terrain, located in the mid-latitude area, and belongs to the warm temperate zone and temperate continental climate. Leng Xia is warm in winter, with four distinct seasons, with great difference between north and south and great vertical difference.

Shanxi's topography is diverse, and the height difference is wide, which has both zonal latitude climate and obvious vertical variation. Shanxi is located in the middle latitude, not far from the sea, but due to the barrier of mountains, the summer monsoon has little influence, belonging to the temperate continental monsoon climate. The annual average temperature is 3 ~ 14℃, and the temperature difference between day and night is large, so is the temperature difference between north and south. The average temperature in the Yellow River Basin in the west, Taiyuan Basin and most parts of southeastern Shanxi is between 8 ~ 10℃, and the average annual temperature in Linfen and Yuncheng Basin is between 12 ~ 14℃. The temperature in the whole province is below 0℃ in winter, generally higher in summer and 21~ in July. 1 10 ~ 140 days in the south and Datong basin, only 85 days in Wutai mountain, 135 ~ 155 days in the northern and eastern mountainous areas of Xinzhou basin, and 200 ~ 220 days in Linfen and Yuncheng basin. The annual precipitation in the province is 400 ~ 650 mm, but the seasonal distribution is uneven. The precipitation from June to August in summer is highly concentrated and rainy, accounting for more than 60% of the whole year. The precipitation in the whole province is greatly influenced by topography, with many mountains and few basins. There are three rainy areas in Shanxi, one is Taihang Mountain and Zhongtiao Mountain in the southeast of Shanxi, the other is Wutai Mountain, and the third is Luliang Mountain. Shanxi is one of the birthplaces of the Chinese nation, with a long history and rich cultural heritage. Up to now, it has a written history of 3,000 years, and is known as "China Museum of Ancient Culture" and "Cradle of Chinese Civilization". The legend of "Goddess of Mending Heaven" happened in Shanxi. The ancestors of the Chinese nation, Huangdi and Yandu, lived in Shaanxi. Three ancient emperors of China, Yao, Shun and Yu, all established their capitals in the south of Shanxi, namely Pingyang (now Linfen), Puban (now yongji city) and Anyi (this summer county). During the Spring and Autumn Period, Zhong Er, Jin Wengong was one of the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period. During the Northern Wei Dynasty, Datong (then called Pingcheng) was the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty. At the end of Sui Dynasty, Li Yuan and his son set out for Jinyang (now Taiyuan), then seized Chang 'an, established the Tang Dynasty, and later designated Taiyuan as the northern capital of the Tang Empire. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, there were wars and famines in the Central Plains for years, and Shanxi, especially the southern part of Shanxi, became the main area of immigrants in the early Ming Dynasty because of its economic prosperity and dense population. Over the past half century, Shanxi has immigrated more than a dozen times. The pagoda tree in Hongtong County was a major immigration station at that time. This is where the phrase "Ask where my ancestors are, Sophora japonica in Hongdong, Shanxi" circulated in many parts of the country comes from. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the rise of Shanxi merchants and Shanxi merchants banks was famous at home and abroad.

Xihedu culture and Ding Cun cultural sites show that as early as the Paleolithic, people lived here. The legendary ancestors of the Chinese nation, Huangdi and Yan Di, took Shaanxi as their main activity area. Yao, Shun and Yu, three great prehistoric men, all built their capitals in Shanxi. The Xia Dynasty, the first slave state regime in the history of China, was also established in the south of Shanxi. In Shang Dynasty, Shanxi was the main ruling area of Shang Dynasty. During the Zhou Dynasty, the State of Jin rose in Shaanxi, and Jin Wengong was once one of the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period. During the Qin, Han and Wei Dynasties, Shanxi played an important role in politics, military affairs, economy and culture. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Shanxi was the ruling center of the Northern Dynasties, Pingcheng (now Datong) was the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and Jinyang (now Taiyuan) was also the "other capital" and "capital" of the Northern Qi Dynasty, which played a positive role in promoting the development of Shanxi. Emperor Taizong and Li Shimin founded the Tang Dynasty. As a result, Shanxi was regarded as the land of Longxing by Emperor Taizong, Shanxi was always regarded as the belly of the Tang Dynasty, and Taiyuan was named as the "northern capital" and "Beijing" of the Tang Dynasty. During the Tang Dynasty, Shanxi was famous for its special geographical location and developed economy and culture. Until the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Shanxi still played an important role in the political and military situation in northern China. During the Song and Liao Dynasties, Shanxi was further prosperous, and it was the main developed area of economy and culture in northern China. In the Yuan Dynasty, China had *** 1 1 province, Shanxi, Shandong and Hebei were also called "hinterland" of the Yuan Dynasty, and Datong, Pingyang (now Linfen) and Taiyuan became famous cities in the Yellow River basin. At that time, Shanxi's commercial prosperity, economic prosperity and cultural prosperity were all influenced by the great Italian traveler Kyle who came to China at that time. 6? 1 Poirot's praise. In the Ming Dynasty, Shanxi's commerce developed rapidly, leading the country.

The Yellow River flows through Shanxi, giving birth to countless heroes and people with lofty ideals. In various historical periods of China, many politicians, strategists, scientists, writers and historians emerged in Shanxi. The most famous are Jin Wengong Zhong Er, one of the overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period, Wu Zetian, the only female emperor in China and an outstanding politician in the Tang Dynasty, Guan Yu, a famous figure in the Three Kingdoms period in China, De Renjie and Pei Du in the Tang Dynasty, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing, famous figures in the Han Dynasty who fought against the Huns, Pei Xiu and Luo Guanzhong, a cartographer who founded the "Six-body Cartography" in the Western Jin Dynasty, and one of the four famous books in ancient China. There are famous poets Bai Juyi, Wang Bo, Wang Zhihuan, Wang Wei and Wang Changling in the Tang Dynasty, Liu Zongyuan, a famous writer, philosopher and political reformer in the Tang Dynasty, Yuan Haowen, a writer and poet in the Jin Dynasty, three famous dramatists in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, Guan Hanqing, Bai Pu and Zheng Guangzu, thinkers, writers, doctors, painters and reformers in the late Qing Dynasty, Yang Zexiu and Wu Xu. It can be said that Shanxi is outstanding, generation after generation. Among them, Shanxi merchants have traveled all over China, enjoying a world-renowned reputation. Xiangfen has a long history and ancient culture. There are famous "Dingcunren" sites at home and abroad, as well as Taosi sites in Xia Dynasty and Jincheng sites in Spring and Autumn Period. In addition, there is the Baipo base of Guo Taibu, the Yellow Scarf Army in the late Han Dynasty. As well as the "Putin Temple" built in Shiwei Village in Jin Dynasty, Ding Cun Ming and Qing residential buildings and other precious cultural relics.

Shanxi is one of the main representatives of the thick Yellow River culture. Ancient human cultural sites, the ancient capital city, Baosha Buddhist Temple, grottoes and stone tablets, sculpture murals, ancient pagodas and ancient tombs, Buddhist and Taoist shrines, dangerous buildings and passes, revolutionary cultural relics and historical sites. From north to south, the whole province has been strung together, forming a rich and colorful cultural landscape in Shanxi. At present, more than 70% of the ancient buildings before the Song and Jin Dynasties are well preserved on the ground in the province, and there are more than 9 national key protected cultural relics with precious value11. Famous tourist attractions include Yungang Grottoes, Hanging Temple, Yingxian Wooden Pagoda and Hengshan Mountain, one of the five mountains in China. Wutai Mountain, Luya Mountain, Yang Jiajiang and Daixian in Xinzhou Tourist Area; Jinci in Taiyuan tourist area, Pingyao ancient city in Jinzhong, and the mansion compound of Shanxi merchants in the past; Yao Temple in Linfen Tourist Area, Dahuashu in Hongtong County, Guangsheng Temple and Hukou Waterfall of the Yellow River in Jixian County; The Jiezhou Guandi Temple, Ruicheng Yongle Palace mural, Xiaxian Sima Guang tomb, Yongji Yellow River Tieniu, Yongji Pujiu Temple, Yingying Tower, etc. Pingyao Ancient City and Yungang Grottoes have been included in the world cultural heritage.

Shanxi province is rich in tourism resources, and there are many places of interest. The famous ones are Yungang Grottoes, Wutai Mountain Temple Groups, Jinci Temple, Yingxian Wooden Pagoda, Yongle Palace, Hangkong Temple, Hukou Waterfall, Jiezhou Guandi Temple, Hongtong Sophora japonica and so on. Jinci rice: produced in Jinci Town, Taiyuan. This kind of rice is long, big, translucent and full in shape, slightly brown in beige, with distinct particles and rich fragrance. It tastes sweet, tough, sticky and chewy when eaten in the mouth. Jinci rice is so good in texture because of the water. The paddy field where this kind of rice is produced is watered by the old spring in Jinci. This kind of water has a low temperature and contains minerals such as alum. In addition, the villages near Jinci are fertile and the soil is dark, which is conducive to rice growth.

Qingxu grape: produced in Qingxu County, Taiyuan. This is one of the famous grape producing areas in China, and it is known as the "hometown of grapes". Qingxu grape has been cultivated for more than 1000 years, and the grape producing areas are mainly distributed in Dingshan in the northwest of the county. The grapes produced here are of good quality, delicious and sweet taste, bright color and high sugar content. Liu Yuxi, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote a grape song when he came to Bingzhou, praising Qingxu grapes. The soil, sunshine, climate and water sources in the grape producing areas are all suitable for grape growth. After years of accumulation, a complete set of cultivation management techniques and cultivation experience has been formed. There are more than 50 varieties of Qingxu grapes, among which the most famous high-quality varieties are Baipinger, Heijixin and Zi Long Eye. Among them, Baipinger grapes are the best, with large grains, about 78 cents per person and 34 cents in diameter.

Old vinegar: Shanxi vinegar is very famous. Mature vinegar is a treasure in Shanxi vinegar.

According to legend, Shanxi began to produce vinegar in the Zhou Dynasty, and during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, some workshops of Gu Jinyang began to brew mature vinegar. The first official launch of the "Shanxi Mature Vinegar" brand is Wang. During the Shunzhi period of the Qing Dynasty, Wang came to Qingyuan (now Qingxu County) and opened a vinegar workshop. The local raw materials were sufficient and the water quality was excellent. He changed the aged white vinegar into smoked vinegar. In fact, mature vinegar was brewed much earlier than Wang.

There are many kinds of vinegar in Shanxi, and mature vinegar is its representative and famous product. There are many other varieties such as mature vinegar, common vinegar, double vinegar, special vinegar, famous special vinegar, mellow and so on. If we distinguish from the raw materials for producing vinegar, there are sorghum vinegar, corn vinegar, millet vinegar, persimmon vinegar, fruit vinegar, distiller's grains vinegar, powder residue vinegar, sweet potato vinegar and so on. Mature vinegar has the characteristics of common vinegar, such as mellow sour taste, strong taste and long taste. At the same time, it also has the characteristics of fragrance, softness and no precipitation. In addition, the longer the aged vinegar is stored, the more fragrant, sour and delicious it is. Moreover, it does not mildew in summer, does not freeze in winter, and its color is dark orange, which is a unique boutique in Shanxi vinegar.

Taiyuan jade carving: Taiyuan jade carving has a long history, exquisite carving technology, exquisite raw materials and diverse products. It is not only a symbol of Taiyuan's ancient culture, but also the crystallization of Taiyuan people's wisdom. Taiyuan is rich in jade resources. Jade is produced in nearby loufan county, and green nephrite and corundum are produced in Yuxian County, Jinzhong; In the distance, jasper is produced in Xiaxian county, southwest of the mountain, and agate is produced in Linfen and Xiangning, which is an important reason for the sustainable development of jade carving in Taiyuan from ancient times to now. Taiyuan jade carving is based on natural jade resources, with materials as raw materials, and applied to arts and crafts. After careful carving by jade carving masters, it forms arts and crafts products with excellent color, shape and state. Jade carving in Taiyuan Shanxi Arts and Crafts Factory has made new progress in recent years. It not only inherits the traditional methods of Taiyuan jade carving in expressing places of interest, flowers and figures, but also boldly innovates and carefully carves many new jade carvings with high artistic level.

Taiyuan antique ironware: Taiyuan antique ironware is the inheritance and development of ancient metallurgical technology in Taiyuan. Taiyuan Jinci Song cast iron is famous at home and abroad, which is the best historical witness of Taiyuan's ancient metallurgical technology. In recent years, Taiyuan Beicheng Metal Craft Factory has successively produced stone-like ironware with high-quality pig iron as raw material. Their products are various and exquisite in workmanship, and their product images are similar to the original works, such as "Ma Long Chao Que", "Ming Jiu Ding Long", "Yungang Buddha Head" and "Jinci Iron Man". , vivid, free expression, can be confused with the original.

Glass products: Taiyuan is rich in glass products. As early as the Tang Dynasty, it was already "Biwa Zhu Da shines on the battlements". During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, glazed tiles were exported to other provinces. It is said that the glazed products made by Sujia in Mazhuang, Taiyuan began in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. These glaze products decorated many ancient cultural relics and buildings in Shanxi, and they are still shining today. Marriage in Shuozhou, like other places, is generally based on the words of the matchmaker and the orders of the parents. Although times have changed and customs have changed, on the whole, they still follow old habits, especially in rural areas, and important etiquette procedures have not changed so far. Generally, there are four steps: blind date, engagement, marriage and returning to China.

Blind date: the matchmaker proposes marriage for both men and women, and introduces the situation of both parties, such as age, zodiac, date of birth, personality, appearance, family economic situation, parents, etc. The two families weighed the conditions, called everyone to discuss, and if they planned to get married, the man took the matchmaker to visit the woman's house. The two sides agreed to make an appointment, and then invited the woman to the man's house to sit up and take notice. The one you like will stay at the man's house for dinner, and the marriage will be negotiated silently. Leave if you don't like it.

Engagement: The matchmaker negotiated many times between men and women to determine the bride price and dowry, the woman exchanged her children's birthdays, set an auspicious wedding date, and the man gave her a "box" and part of the bride price, and held a banquet to celebrate. The next day, the woman hosted a banquet for the man. After that, they got a marriage certificate one day, and some of them traveled abroad. After marriage, men and women give each other some clothes, which is called changing summer or winter. ,

Marriage: One month before the wedding, a betrothal gift, commonly known as "tea", should be given. The man asked the matchmaker to send the clothes (underwear) and "water ceremony" (rice, noodles and meat) worn by the "bride" when she went out for employment to her home, and informed her of the wedding date. After that, the close relatives of both men and women invite the future bride and groom home for dinner, which is called "having a happy meal". The day before the wedding, all relatives and friends came, commonly known as "treat", and some invited "drummers" to entertain, so it was also called "Angu". In the evening, men and women eat "flip cakes" in their own homes.

On the wedding day, men and women fry oil cakes early in the morning, which is called "eating wedding cakes". After breakfast, the man played drum music and carried the sedan chair (some carried the sedan chair with a carriage or mule, but now he basically used a car) to get married at the woman's house. Generally speaking, the man's uncle and nephew gets married. The groom will bring the bride a red ribbon called "tie the knot"; Take a bottle and put an onion in it, which is called "after taking root"; A piece of pork or mutton with five tendons is called "keeping the mother's meat" and "celebrating the five parties". When the wedding comes back, the man should bring back two of the ribs to show the harmony between husband and wife after marriage. This is called "inseparable bones and muscles". The woman provides tea, candy, cakes, etc. to entertain the guests attending the wedding. The bride puts on the clothes brought by the man (usually red cotton-padded clothes and trousers), and after saying goodbye to her parents, her sister gets into the sedan chair (car). Some of her peers gave new ones, opened the box, and people accompanied by "Tang He" (also known as the reunion dinner) entered the man's house at a pre-selected time. After arriving at the husband's house, the bride, led by her relatives, walked onto the "red carpet" and entered the new house to "cook tea" and eat "admission meal" for the "lotus pond". At noon, the bride and groom worship the heavens and the earth, and the banquet is called "sitting at the table". During the dinner, the bride and groom should toast the guests, salute them and know their size. In the evening, the bride and groom's brother-in-law presided over the wedding ceremony, commonly known as "pouring the pot", and let the bride and groom say tongue twisters, solve riddles on the lanterns and tell jokes and make fun of each other. After that, the couple ate the opposite meal until late at night. The next morning, the bride and groom bowed to their relatives and friends and said "bye" (in some places, it was held after worshipping heaven and earth), and the worshiped party presented gifts to congratulate them.

Returning home: Generally, on the second day after the wedding, the woman's family sends people and cars to invite the bride and groom to return home, and holds a banquet for the bride and groom and their relatives and friends. During the dinner, they toasted the guests, saluted them, recognized their size and came back that night or the next day. On the fourth day after marriage, a woman follows her husband to visit relatives, which is called "monthly living" or "April 6th living".

In recent years, with the progress of society and the development of the times, the marriage customs in Shuozhou have also undergone great changes, and the etiquette is simple.

The funeral etiquette procedure in ancient Shuozhou is extremely complicated, which can be generally divided into three categories: small collection, large collection, burning paper, sending lights, mourning, mourning and recovery.

After death, some people wear shroud, break window paper, support door panels, stop in Houhang, kill "upside-down chickens", burn paper, lamps and incense as sacrifices under their heads, and their children wail aloud. This is a small collection. Then post a "disaster" and hang a "notice paper" outside the street gate to inform the village. The younger generation and the dutiful son wear them to the host's home to pay their respects. The next night, the body was moved into the coffin, commonly known as "folding." The body was covered with red cloth, the coffin lid was unlocked, and the coffin was parked in the hall, with offerings and ever-burning lamps. Relatives, friends, clansmen and neighbors all went to Lingqian to burn paper to express their condolences.