What is the historical background and food culture in Northeast China?

From a historical point of view, the Northeast has a broad sense and a narrow sense. The northeast in a broad sense refers to all the territory of the Qing Dynasty in the northeast direction before the Sino-Russian Nebuchadnezzar Chu Treaty 1689. Generally speaking, it reaches Lake Baikal, Yenisei River and Lena River in the west, Shanhaiguan in the south, the Pacific Ocean in the east and the Arctic Ocean in the north, covering the entire coastline of Northeast Asia, including Chukchi Peninsula, kamchatka peninsula, Sakhalin Island and Thousand Islands. Liaodong is a geographical concept in the southeast of Northeast China, which was once used to refer to the vast Northeast China. In history, Liaodong once included Hansi County (most of the area north of the Hanjiang River Basin on the Korean Peninsula). In a narrow sense, Northeast refers to three northeastern provinces such as Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang, or four northeastern provinces (including eastern Inner Mongolia).

Northeast China is one of the cradles of Chinese civilization. A large number of cultural relics show that in prehistoric times, our ancestors worked, lived and multiplied in Northeast China. Around 4000 BC, the Sioux protoss in China created an early civilization in Northeast China-Xinkai Culture. Around the 23rd century BC, during the Yao and Shun period, the whole country was divided into Kyushu. At that time, the Northeast was in Youzhou. During the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, there were Su Shenren, Donghu people and Huaxia people living and working in Northeast China. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (770 BC-22 BC1year), Liaoning was the Liaodong County and Liaoxi County of Yan State. The development of Northeast China in Zhou Dynasty was the traditional settlement of the Chinese nation. In the Zhou Dynasty in China (BC 1046-BC 2265438+BC 0), the Emperor of Zhou enfeoffed the vassals to Zhao Zhougongji? #93; The land in the northeast is the ancestor of Yan State. Zhao Zhou Gong Ji? #93; (1 1 century, it was also called Shaogong, Zhaokanggong and Taibao Zhao Gong. Last name? #93; Son of stone, brother of stone. Yan was an important feudal country from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Warring States Period. With regard to its original title, Yan Zhaogong Family, Volume 34 of Historical Records, clearly recorded that "Zhou Wuwang was destroyed and Zhao Gong was sealed in North Yan". Historical Records Volume IV Zhou Benji also said that King featuring cut after weeks, "blocked? #93; Yu Yan ". Zhao Gong's name? #93; Ji is a nobleman with the same surname, and is known as the food city. He, He and Tai Gong Wang were both important ministers of the founding of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and they were also the most trusted and relied on people. Yan Wang Zhao Xiang (? -279 years ago), when he was in office, he attacked East Lake to build the Great Wall, and attacked Qi in the south, and Yan reached its peak. In the thirty-third year of Yan State (222 BC), after Qin destroyed Korea, Wei and Chu, Wang Ben was sent to attack Liaodong, the Yan army was defeated, Yan State was captured and Yan State perished. Li Gongdai was captured on behalf of Wang Jia. Yan Liaodong's hometown and generation land were set as Liaodong county and generation county by Qin respectively. In the first 226 years, Wang Jian, the general of Qin Dynasty, conquered Yan Dou thistle, Prince Xi and Taizi Dan fled to Liaodong, and Li Xin, the general of Qin Dynasty, chased Taizi Dan to Yanshui, hence the name Taizi River. Koguryo and Bohai Kingdom In 37 BC, Koguryo established political power in Koguryo County, Xuantu County, Western Han Dynasty. The founder is Fuxi (a branch of ancient Han people in northeast China, which has nothing to do with modern Koreans, and the population is surnamed Gao) Zhu Meng; The capital is Ge Sheng Bone City (now Wunvshan City in Huanren, Liaoning Province), and later Liuliwang moved to Malubu (Ji 'an City, Jilin Province). Koguryo was the longest-standing local government in the history of China (705 years). In the heyday of its rule, it incorporated most of the Korean Peninsula into the territory, created a highly developed farming civilization, and made great contributions to the economic and cultural development of the southeastern part of China. In the Western Jin Dynasty, Murong Xianbei moved its capital to western Liaoning in 337 AD, and was called the Prince of Yan, and was built in Longcheng (now Chaoyang City). It was called Yan Qian in history. Yan Qian also attaches great importance to developing production, building water conservancy projects, stipulating taxes, and returning the non-industrial and commercial population to agriculture. Developing agricultural production in western Liaoning. In 668 AD (the first year of Tang Gaozong's General Chapter), Goguryeo perished under the attack of Tang Jun and Silla (the ancestors of present-day North Korea and South Korea), and the 27th Wang Baowang Gao Zang was captured by Tang Jun. Most of Goguryeo's population was moved to the Central Plains by the Tang Dynasty government, reintegrated into Middle Earth, and the rest were integrated into Bohai people. In 698, in the first year of Emperor Wu of the Tang Dynasty's accession to the throne, the leader of Su Shen's descendants (the ancestor of Manchuria) took the headquarters as the main body and joined forces with other ministries to establish the local political power Bohai State (also known as the earthquake state) between "Baishan Heishui" (Changbai Mountain and Heilongjiang Province). Later, in its heyday, Fiona Fang had a territory of 5,000 miles, a population of nearly 5 million and hundreds of thousands of soldiers, which was called "Haidong Guo Sheng" in history. During the Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, the Khitans living in the upper reaches of the Liaohe River established the Liao Dynasty (907 ~ 1 125). Jurchens living in Heilongjiang and Songhua River basins entered the Central Plains to establish the Jin Dynasty (115 ~1234). This has had a far-reaching impact on the integration and development of all ethnic groups in Northeast China and the social, economic and cultural development. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Khitan unified the two tribes in Abaoji, the leader of Lu Ye, and established themselves as kings. In 9 16 AD, Yeluboji proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Khitan. After Baoji died, his son Yeludeguang succeeded to the throne. In 947, the title was changed to Liao and the emperor was changed to Beijing. The territory in the heyday of Liao Dynasty was east of Salinger River and Shileka River. Northeast to the outer Xing 'an Mountains and the Sea of Okhotsk; As far south as today's Tianjin, Baxian County of Hebei Province and Yanmenguan of Shanxi Province, they confronted the Northern Song Dynasty. 1 1 13 A.D., Akuta, the leader of the Jurchen Wanyan Department of Su Shenzong, captured the Songhua River basin and occupied Liaodong Peninsula in the south. 1 1 15 proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of gold and its capital of Huining (now Acheng South of Heilongjiang). After the founding of the People's Republic of China, they continued to fight, destroying Liao in 1 125 and Northern Song Dynasty in1/27. In its heyday, Daikin surpassed Liao country, which included Liao, Hebei and Heilongjiang provinces and Mongolian grasslands. Daikin cavalry galloped along the northeast coast of Asia, owning all the old places of the Su protoss, bordering Hetao, Hengshan, Shaanxi, Longdong and Xixia in the west, and confronting the Southern Song Dynasty all the way to the Huaihe River in the Qinling Mountains in the south. 1287, the yuan dynasty established Liaoyang province, which governs the whole northeast. Northeast territory in early Ming dynasty

The jurisdiction of the Ming Dynasty over the Northeast was 1368. Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor in Yingtian (now Nanjing), established the Ming Dynasty, and destroyed the Yuan Dynasty in the same year. In Dusi, Liaodong, agriculture and handicrafts have been greatly developed. At that time, the present Liaoyang area was a rich place where "years envy others, thousands of miles of towers are connected, and the tunbao faces each other". At that time, the handicraft industries such as iron smelting and salt making in Dusi of Liaodong were also very developed. Thirty thousand Forbidden Guards in Liaodong, Longzhou in Sichuan and Zunhua in Shuntian were the three famous iron smelting centers in China at that time. In the first year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1368), the Ming army captured Dadu (that is, Beijing) and the Yuan Dynasty perished. Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor, sent Huang Zhuo and others to Liaodong in order to eliminate the remnants of the Yuan Dynasty, which occupied the northeast. On the other hand, he sent troops across the sea from Shandong and marched into Liaodong, forcing Liu Yi, the former secretariat of Liaoyang, to surrender. So in the fourth year of Hongwu (137 1 year), Dewey was established in Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty, and in the eighth year of Hongwu (1375), it was changed to be the commander-in-chief and special envoy of Liaodong, governing 25 guards, 138 institutes, two states and one alliance in Liaodong [70]. In order to advance northward, Zhu Yuanzhang, under the guidance of the thought of "defending the frontier and protecting the royal family", enfeoffed his sons in the north and northeast, such as sealing the Yanwang in Peiping, sealing the Hanwang intact, sealing the Ningwang in Daning (now Ningcheng in Chifeng) and sealing the Liaowang in Guangning, with the aim of "controlling according to the name to divide the world". At that time, the late Yuan Taiwei Naha occupied Jinshan (that is, Nong 'an County, Jilin Province) and "depended on and supported each other" with Gao Jianu, Halazhang, Ye Zhizhi and other remnants of the Yuan Dynasty in an attempt to continue fighting. If the Ming Dynasty wanted to unify the Northeast, it was necessary to eliminate the "Yuan Dynasty soldiers" in the Northeast. In the twentieth year of Hongwu (1387), Zhu Yuanzhang sent Shengfeng and Fu Youde to lead the Ming army to attack Jinshan, and Naha was defeated and surrendered. Other "old soldiers" also defected in succession, and the remnants of the Mongolian and Yuan dynasties in Northeast China were eliminated. From the end of 14 to the beginning of 15, most Jurchen people gathered in the east and west areas of Tumen River (also known as Worm, Wuyinhui, now Huining, North Korea) with A Mu as the center. He often attacked and plundered North Korea. After Ming Chengzu ascended the throne, he plundered North Korea in order to curb its development to the north. In November of the first year of Yongle, the command post of Jianzhou Weijunmin was established, with Ahachu as the commander. And sent thousands of Wang Keren and others to North Korea to win over Jurchen. In the second year of Yongle, slaves were appointed as guards, and in April of seven years, slaves were appointed as governors and envoys, and successively set up guards' offices 184. Those who came to surrender were given official positions, seals and farmland. 1406 (the fourth year of Yongle), the Mongolian Auricularia "swept into the Qingyuan boundary of North Korea", nomadic in the traditional settlement area of Jurchen in the northern part of the peninsula, and forced by North Korea to occupy the old place of Jurchen. In the eighth year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (14 10), Nurhachi VI was the head of the Jurchen Boluo Department, leading the Mongolian Auricularia. MongTimur's Woduoli Department was married to Huli Reform Department, and the two departments were closely related. Therefore, when 14 1 1 year (the ninth year of Yongle), I was afraid that North Korea would attack again. From February of the 15th year of Hongwu (1382), the Ming government placed most of these ethnic groups in Beijing or Nanjing, and only a part of them stayed in Liaodong, which was merged into the health center in Liaodong. In the seventh year of Yongle (1409), the local officials of Nur suddenly stabbed Dong Nu and others to come to the DPRK, saying that Nur Gan "should set up a marshal's office in it." The Ming court accepted this suggestion, set up the "Nur Gandu High Command", and appointed the mainland official Kang Wang as Du Zhi and Wang Zhaozhou as Du Zhi [80]. In the ninth year of Yongle (14 1 1), eunuchs were officially put in charge of Kang Wang and others, "leading more than a thousand troops and 25 huge ships", and went to the local "slave headquarters" [8 1] to take charge of the health center affairs. The area under the jurisdiction of Nuergandusi is "adjacent to the sea in the east, Wuliangha in the west, North Korea in the south and North Nuergan Beihai in the north" [82]. According to the statistics recorded in Shi Minglu, from the early years of Yongle to Jiajing, 370 health guards and 20 health guards were established in the above areas [83]. Today, the health centers established in the Ming Dynasty have long since been abandoned. However, in the 11th year of Yongle (14 13), the stone tablet of Yongning Temple was built by Ming officials in Nuergan Sizhi, and when Yongning Temple was rebuilt in the 8th year of Xuande (1433), it was engraved with the reconstruction of Yongning Temple. There is also the epitaph of General Cui Yuan, which records that "in the first year of Xuande, eunuchs also believed in the letters of Nurgan and other places, ... Wen Yeren (stabbed) in peace in the first year of orthodoxy" [84], and the epitaph of General Song recorded the story that Song Buhua, the great-grandfather of the early Ming Dynasty, was ordered to summon Nurgan [the facts reflected in these two epitaphs are completely consistent with the records of two stone tablets in Yongning Temple, which strongly shows that the official system in Nurgan in the Ming Dynasty is our territory. Wei suo is a local military administrative organization set up according to the political system of Ming dynasty. Different from the mainland, in addition to military functions, it also manages local administrative affairs, so-called "following the Ministry" [86] and "guarding the local area" [87]. The officials of "Wei Suo" were directly appointed by the central government of the Ming Dynasty, and adopted the policy of "adapting to different ethnic groups". Their official positions were hereditary, and their father's death, son's succession and father's replacement must be approved, and they wanted to be promoted, changed their letters of appointment and increased their rewards. You must report to the Ming government and you must not act without authorization, otherwise you will be punished. In the Ming Dynasty, the official seals granted to Nuer Tuo's subordinates were constantly found, such as the official seals of Maoluwei [89], Mudali Shanwei [90], Hetun Jiwei [9 1], South Havel [92] and Ministry of Health. Because of the political and economic relationship between Jurchen and Ming Dynasty, it is closer and more frequent than ever before. Therefore, the land and water transportation in the northeast has also developed. On the basis of setting up a post station in Mengyuan, the Ming Dynasty expanded and built the post station vigorously, and extended or built the post station route. According to the Records of Liaodong, there were six traffic trunk lines from Liaodong to Northeast China at that time, and kaiyuan city was the starting point of these six trunk lines [1 15]. East to North Korea, west to Mongolia, northeast to Telin area of Man Jing; Northwest China leads to northern Manzhouli, forming a postal transportation network extending in all directions. Especially in the areas of Heilongjiang and Songhua River, in order to ensure the traffic in Tongnurgan area of Liaodong, in the tenth year of Yongle (1412) [116], the Ming Dynasty set up 45 post stations from Songhua River to Man Jing in the lower reaches of Heilongjiang. In the eighteenth year of Yongle (1420), a shipyard was established along the Songhua River in Jilin [1 17], which was responsible for "building ships and transporting grain" [1 18] and transporting soldiers [1/kloc-]. It is precisely because of the active development of northeast traffic, the addition of post stations and the establishment of shipyards in the Ming Dynasty that the ties between Nuzhen, Liaodong and the Central Plains were strengthened. However, after the mid-Ming dynasty, the national strength declined and it was unable to maintain the rule of the northern frontier. 1435 (the tenth year of Xuande in the Ming Dynasty), the Nuer Tuotu Division was abolished, but the subordinate health centers continued to exist. With the rise of Tatar and Nuzhen, the Ming Dynasty retreated to Liaodong in the effective control area of Northeast China. /kloc-at the end of 0/6, the Qing dynasty ruled the northeast, and nuzhen flourished again. 16 16 the leader of nuzhen founding the country, Aixinjueluo Nurhachi, called the Great Khan in Hetuala and rebuilt the Great Jin State, which was called "the Later Jin" in history. In the tenth year of Tiancong (1636), in April, Huang Taiji changed the name of the country to "Qing" and the name of the Jurchen nationality to "Manchuria". 1644 after the demise of the Ming dynasty, the Qing army entered the customs on a large scale and unified the whole country. "White Mountain and Black Water" is the birthplace of Manchu. After the Manchus gained political power, they took the Northeast as the "land of prosperity" and Shengjing as the "capital" and implemented a "special system" governance mode for the Northeast. In the heyday of the Qing Dynasty, it was known as the "Qing Empire" and "Kingdom of China", and its territory was more prosperous than any dynasty in the history of China. 1689 Before the Sino-Russian Nebuchadnezzar Chu Treaty was signed, the territory of the Qing Dynasty in the northeast included Mongolia in the west and Siberia in the east, the Pacific Ocean in the east, including Sakhalin Island and Thousand Islands, the Arctic Ocean in the north and the kamchatka peninsula and Bering Strait in the northeast. At this time, Northeast China was called the headquarters of Manchuria, and the early Qing Dynasty was the largest period in the history of Northeast China. 1689 After the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu, the territory of northeast China gradually retreated to the south of the Outer Xing 'an Mountains, the Wudi River and the south bank of Lake Baikal. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, China weakened, Sakhalin Island and Kuril Islands fell, Outer Mongolia became independent, and the territory of Northeast China eventually shrank to this day. With the increase of population, land reclamation and popularization of advanced production technology in the Central Plains, the basic outline of agricultural production in Northeast China has been roughly formed. With the development of agriculture, commerce and handicrafts have sprung up, and economic centers such as Shenyang, Liaoyang, Jinzhou, Changchun, Jilin, Ning 'an, Liaoyuan and Harbin have emerged. After the Qing army entered the customs, General Shengjing, General Ningguta (Jilin) and General Heilongjiang were set up in the northeast in the early years of the Qing Dynasty. The jurisdiction of the three generals is different from that of the Central Plains in management mode, administrative system and land possession form. 1644, Dourgen ordered that Han people were forbidden to enter Manchuria's "Longxing Land" for farming. This is the "prohibition of alcohol". Although the Qing Dynasty began to send the Eight Banners and Han immigrants to the Northeast in 1692, the population of the Northeast became even rarer after the Manchu people flooded into Shanhaiguan in the early Qing Dynasty. The rulers of Qing Dynasty regarded Northeast China as "the land where ancestors prospered the king" and implemented a long-term closed policy on the pretext of protecting "the benefits of participating in mountains and rivers". There are two words related to the "Forbidden Customs Order": "Hexagonal" and "Crossing the Kanto". In order to strictly enforce the "Forbidden Customs Order", from the Shunzhi period, the Qing government built a 1000 km fence called "Liubianbian" in the northeast at all costs, also known as Liubianbian, Liuqiang, Liucheng and Tiaozbian, which was completed in the middle of Kangxi. The wicker edge from Shanhaiguan via Kaiyuan and Xinbin to Fengcheng South is the "old edge"; From the northeast of Kaiyuan to the north of Jilin, it is a "new frontier". Manchuria, east of the side wall, is forbidden to cross-border farming, and the west of the side wall is used as a pasture for Mongolian nobles, an ally of the Qing Dynasty. The closure of the Qing dynasty to the northeast resulted in a thin population in the northeast, which eventually created favorable conditions for Russia to occupy the northeast. In the late Qing Dynasty, the border crisis became more and more serious, and the Qing Dynasty was forced to open the border ban and adopt the policy of "emigrating to the real border". From 186 1 to 1880, official flag sites such as Jilin paddock, Alechuka paddock and Dalinghe ranch were opened one after another. 1882 (eighth year of Guangxu) first reclaimed land in Jilin, established Hunchun Reclamation Bureau, and then reclaimed land in Heilongjiang. In 1907, the Qing court abolished Shengjing, Ningguta and Heilongjiang generals, and set governors in Fengtian, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces and three northeastern provinces.

Surrounded by mountains and fertile fields, it is the basic feature of the ground structure in Northeast China, and the soil quality is mainly black soil, which is the natural basis for forming a large economic zone. South is the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea, east and north are surrounded by Yalu River, Tumen River, Wusuli River and Heilongjiang, and only the west is the land boundary. The inner side is the mountains, Zhongshan and low hills of Daxing 'anling, Xiaoxing 'anling and Changbai Mountain, and the middle part is the vast Songliao Plain and Bohai Depression. The area ratio of the Northeast Plain is higher than that of the whole country, and the total area of the Northeast Plain (including Songnen Plain, Liaohe Plain and Sanjiang Plain), Hulunbeier high plains and mountainous flat land is almost equal to the mountainous area. The land suitable for reclamation in Northeast China is about 6,543.8 billion mu, which has great potential and is rare in China. The vast mountainous areas are rich in forest resources, accounting for about 1/3 of the national total stock. At present, it is still the most important logging base in China, and the timber output of 1995 accounts for 38.4% of the whole country. Influenced by latitude, land and sea location, topography and other factors, Northeast China has a continental monsoon climate. From south to north across the warm temperate zone, the middle temperate zone and the cold temperate zone, the heat difference is significant. The accumulated temperature is greater than or equal to 10℃, which can reach 3600℃ in the south and only 1000℃ in the north. Winter wheat, cotton and warm temperate fruits can grow normally in southern Liaoning. Spring sowing crops such as spring wheat, soybean, corn, sorghum, millet, rice, beet, sunflower and flax can grow in the central part; In the north, spring wheat, potatoes and soybeans are the main crops. From east to west, the precipitation dropped from 1000 mm to below 300 mm, the climate changed from humid area and semi-humid area to semi-arid area, and agriculture changed from agricultural and forestry area, semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral area to pure pastoral area. The intersection of water and heat conditions forms the basic pattern of agricultural system and regional differentiation in Northeast China, which is the natural basis of comprehensive agricultural base. Northeast China is rich in mineral resources, and the main minerals are relatively complete. The main metallic minerals are iron, manganese, copper, molybdenum, lead, zinc, gold and rare elements, while the nonmetallic minerals are coal, oil, oil shale, graphite, magnesite, dolomite, talc and asbestos. These resources occupy an important position in the country. The iron ore deposits in Anshan and Benxi account for about 1/4 of the national total, and are still one of the largest proven mining areas in China. There are abundant petroleum resources buried underground in Songliao Plain, and the proven reserves account for about 50% of the whole country. Daqing Oilfield is currently the largest oilfield in China, Liaohe Oilfield is the fourth largest oilfield in China, and Jilin Oilfield is an important foundation of energy industry, chemical industry and textile industry in Northeast China. The reserves of coal resources in Northeast China are about 72.3 billion tons. Although the coal types are relatively complete, the total amount is insufficient and the distribution is uneven. 60% in eastern Inner Mongolia, 27% in Heilongjiang and 13% in Liaoning and Jilin provinces. The combination of production and marketing is not ideal. The oil shale reserves in Northeast China rank first in China, which are distributed in all three provinces and have development potential. Sea salt in the southern coastal areas and limestone in the eastern mountainous areas are also extremely rich, which is conducive to the development of chemical and cement industries. The resources in Northeast China fully guarantee the establishment of basic industries such as metallurgy, fuel power, chemistry and building materials. Northeast China is rich in water resources, and the total surface runoff is about 654.38+05 billion cubic meters, but the distribution is not ideal. There are more in the east than in the west, and more in the north than in the south. Regional water transfer is needed to ensure the development needs of the region. The hydropower resources that can be developed and utilized in this area are about120,000 kilowatts, which can not only save coal and oil resources, but also play an important role in peak shaving and frequency modulation of Northeast Power Grid. South-east China borders the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea, and the coastal fishing ground covers an area of 56,000 square nautical miles. In addition, there are reservoirs and lakes with fresh water area of 6.5438+0.358 million mu, which provides favorable conditions for the development of shipping and aquaculture. In a word, in addition to minerals and industry, the conditions of land, heat, water, ocean and plant resources in Northeast China make it possible to establish a nationwide large-scale agriculture (grain beans, sugar beets, etc.). ) base, forestry base, animal husbandry base, fishery base and specialty base.

Northeast heavy industry began to build a complete industrial system in 1930s, and became the most advanced industrial base in Northeast Asia with Shenyang as the core area. After the founding of New China, due to the original industrial base and proximity to the Soviet Union, many heavy industry construction projects were also arranged in the Northeast. Northeast China once occupied 90% of China's heavy industry base.

The cash crops in Northeast China are spring wheat, soybean, potato, corn, beet and sorghum, and their distribution has some slight regional differences. Soybean, beet and rice are abundant in the north, sorghum, millet, cotton and peanuts are abundant in the middle, and temperate fruits, corn and cotton are abundant in the south. "There is a distinction between cold and warm agriculture. Dry and wet forests are all over the north, wheat is all over the north, and there are flowers and fruits." Dalian is rich in apples, pears, peaches and other fruits, and the coastal areas are rich in sea cucumbers, abalone, oysters, prawns and various fish. Jilin golden corn belt, there are three golden corn belts in the northeast of the world, and the corn yield is huge. Soybean, rice, sorghum and corn are either the first in the country or the first in the country!