How did Russia divide the area east of the Ussuri River into its own versions?

How did Russia divide the area east of the Ussuri River into its own territory?

A sad infatuation treaty:

1858 (the eighth year of Xianfeng) On May 28th, the unequal treaty signed by Russia and General Yi Shan of Qing Heilongjiang in Aihui (now Heihe, Heilongjiang) made China lose 600,000 square kilometers of territory north of Heilongjiang and south of Xing 'an Mountains (namely, Outer Manchuria), which was the largest treaty to cede territory at one time in China's modern history. The "Love Faint Treaty" was not approved by the Qing government at that time, and was later confirmed in the "Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty".

So under what circumstances was this sad love-faint treaty signed?

It is the consistent plan of successive Russian governments after the signing of the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu to occupy the Heilongjiang region of China and seize the seaport leading to the Pacific Ocean. After the Opium War, Russia set up the "Special Committee of Heilongjiang" to step up its aggression against Heilongjiang. 1849 to 1853, Russian naval officer Newels coy led armed men to invade the lower reaches of Heilongjiang and set up an invasion stronghold. Subsequently, under the command of Muraviev, the governor of eastern Siberia, a large number of Russian troops invaded Heilongjiang, occupying the north bank of the middle and upper reaches and the banks of the lower reaches.

1857, 18 On February 29th, the British and French allied forces captured Guangzhou. Upon learning of this situation, the Russian government held a meeting of the "Special Committee" on10.5, 1858. The meeting adopted Muraviev's opinion on continuing to "emigrate" to Heilongjiang and conducting diplomatic negotiations with the Qing government by force. After the meeting, the Russian government informed the Qing government that Muraviev was ordered to negotiate the Sino-Russian border issue. If China wants to solve the "Heilongjiang problem", he can consult with him. At this time, the situation of the Second Opium War was extremely unfavorable to the Qing government. Muraviev took the opportunity to lead the Russian Cossack army as Aihui at the gates. On May 20th, the British and French allied forces captured Dagu, Tianjin was in an emergency, and Beijing shook. On 22nd, Muraviev was escorted to Aihui by two gunboats, and met with Yi Shan, the general of Heilongjiang in Qing Dynasty. Muraviev said that he came here to "help China defend Britain" and "defend its own territory", and "for the benefit of both sides, China and Russia must demarcate along the Heilongjiang and Ussuri rivers". Yi Shan pointed out that the border between the two countries has been "agreed and observed according to the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu" and has never changed for hundreds of years. Today, if you do what you agreed, it will be difficult to accommodate you. "This negotiation is very controversial. Before the meeting, Muraviev handed the "Draft Treaty" drafted by Russia to Yi Shan and gave him an answer the next day. The essence of this draft is to tear up the Sino-Russian Nebuchadnezzar Chu Treaty and seize the area north of Heilongjiang and east of Wusuli River. In the second negotiation, Chinese representative Ai Shentai flatly rejected Russia's unreasonable request and returned the "Draft Treaty" to Russian representative Petrovsky. Due to the unreasonable troubles of the Russian side, the negotiations ended without results. Muraviev, who was impatient, personally put forward the final text of the treaty in the form of an ultimatum, forced Yishan to sign it, and threatened: "We can't negotiate with the people of China by peaceful means! "That night, Russian warships fired. Under the threat of Russian military force, Yi Shan finally gave in and was forced to sign the Aihui City Peace Treaty with Muraviev on 28th.

Aihui treaty.

So, what achievements did the "Love Faint Treaty" achieve?

* * * Article 3. The main contents are as follows: 1. China's territory of more than 600,000 square kilometers north of Heilongjiang and south of the outer Xing 'an Mountains is included in Russia, and a small area in the southeast of the upper reaches of the Gyeonggi River (now the Jieya River in Russia) on the other side of Aihui (later called Jiangdong Sixty-four Tun) retains the right of permanent residence and jurisdiction in China; 2. The territory of China east of Ussuri River is under the control of China and Russia; 3. Heilongjiang and Ussuri rivers were originally inland rivers of China, and only Russian ships were allowed to sail.

The original text of the treaty

1May 28th, April16th, Xianfeng 8th, Aihui1May 8th, 85816th. On April 16th, eighth year of Xianfeng, General Yishan of Heilongjiang and General Yuefu of Eastern Siberia of Russia agreed on three peace treaties in Aihui: First, the left bank of Heilongjiang and Songhua River, from Ergon to the mouth of Songhua River, belong to Ohio; The right bank goes downstream to Wusuli River as the place where Qing belongs; From the Wusuli River to the sea, this place is like a place connecting the borders of the two countries, which is under the control of the two countries. Starting from Heilongjiang, Songhua River and Wusuli River, only China and Russia are allowed to sail, and individual foreign ships are not allowed to walk in this river. On the left bank of Heilongjiang, from the south of Gyeonggi Province to Khormulejintun, Manchu and other people who used to live here are still allowed to live in their respective villages forever, and they are still managed by Manchu ministers and officials. Russians and other people are reconciled and shall not be violated. Second, the two peoples live in peace. Wusuli, Heilongjiang and Songhua River are inhabited by people belonging to the two countries, who make them trade together. Officials and others on both sides of the strait take care of each other's trade. Third, the Russian Niela Gule Birnathormuraf Yuefu, China guarding the Yishan general in Heilongjiang and other places, combined with the agreed terms, always follow the principle of not replacing others; Russia's Nyala Gubirna Tolmurafu Yuefu wrote Russian and Manchu, and gave it to General Yishan, the imperial clan of China, and General Yishan of China wrote Manchu and Mongolian, and gave it to Russia's Nyala Gubirna Tolmurafu Yuefu, and wrote it according to this article and told people on the border between the two countries. Ben and his appointment and the Xianfeng Treaty, Volume 2, page 13- 14. For Russian text and French translation, see External Russia: A Collection of Russian-Chinese Treaties, pp. 83-84. Both the full text and the Mongolian text can be found in the same book, page113-121. This peace treaty, also known as the Love Faint City Peace Treaty, was signed in Manchu, Mongolian and Russian, but there was no Chinese. The Chinese version is a translation. Russia ratified the Treaty on July 20th, 858/KLOC-0. Exchange approval date not found.

Treaty influence

China's territory and sovereignty were greatly damaged by the Treaty of Love, from which Russia gained huge territorial interests, navigation rights of Heilongjiang and Ussuri rivers and access to the Pacific Ocean. As Engels said, Russia "seized from China a territory the size of France and Germany and a river as long as the Danube without firing a shot". ("Russia's Success in the Far East" is taken from the Complete Works of Marx and Engels, vol. 12, p. 662) Tsarist Russia summed up Muraviev's occupation of Heilongjiang in China as an aggression formula: "Russia's diplomatic appeal must be supported by the actual occupation of the place." Later, Russia invaded and occupied a large area of territory east of Wusuli River and northwest of China through unequal treaties such as Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty 1860 and Sino-Russian Border Agreement 1864. The signing of the "Love Faint Treaty" set a criminal precedent for Russia to further plunder China's territory.