Which country did Siberia belong to in ancient times? Why did it end up in Russia?

Today, school easy search brings you why it finally belongs to Russia. I hope I can help you.

This article is "What is the driving force of colonial expansion in Western European countries? The continuation of Siberia is to explain the fundamental reason why Siberia finally belongs to Russia, that is, Siberia is not suitable for human settlement. Why did Russia incorporate it into the territory by annexation? On this basis, why can't ancient China do this?

Historically, Siberia was the fetter of China in ancient times, and it was not incorporated into the territory of Russian Empire until modern times.

It is the floorboard of the vast area east of the Ural Mountains in Siberia, which is divided into the western Siberian plain, the central Siberian plateau and the eastern Siberian mountains, with a total area of about130,000 square kilometers, accounting for 75% of Russia's current land area. It can be said that Siberia has made Russia and its successors a powerful country.

Historically, Siberia has always been the fetter of ancient China. Kyrgyzstan was a national policy adopted by China's ancient dynasty towards backward frontier areas, which mainly conferred official positions on local leaders, practiced custom autonomy and paid tribute regularly. As a fetter, Siberia began in the Han Dynasty and ended in the Qing Dynasty.

During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Huo Qubing defeated the Xiongnu, took wolves as his occupation, meditated in Gu Yan and defected to his home. This house is now Lake Baikal. This is a way for ancient dynasties to declare their sovereignty to wolves. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Dou Xian, a consort, led the Han army to break through the northern Xiongnu, proclaimed himself emperor again, sealed Yanran, and set up a monument to make contributions.

During the Tang Dynasty, Mobei Grassland successively established Yanran Governor's Mansion and Hanhai Governor's Mansion, which ruled the northern part of Outer Mongolia Grassland and the whole Siberia. Tribute tribes such as Du Bo, Barmaid and Wandering Soul have all been granted official positions and are in a state of sacrifice. Among them, Ghost belongs to the jurisdiction of kamchatka peninsula in East Siberia. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the ghost tribe established a ghost country, which lasted until the Jin Dynasty.

In the Yuan Dynasty, Siberia was formally brought under the central administrative jurisdiction and was no longer a place of detention. Yuan history records: Han and Tang dynasties were extremely prosperous, covering the northern part of Lingling and the Liaodong border. Countries that were once bound in the Tang Dynasty often existed and are now in service, which is better than the mainland. Siberian people, like mainlanders, have to pay taxes and serve hard labor, which is no longer the fetters of the past.

In order to strengthen the management of Siberia, Yuan Ting established Siberia Province and Liaoyang Province. The areas under the jurisdiction of Polaris Province include outer Mongolia, western Siberia and central Siberia. The area under the jurisdiction of Liaoyang Province includes northeast China and eastern Siberia. In the Ming Dynasty, Lingbei Province was restored as a scattered country with many tribes.

The Ming dynasty ruled Lingbeixing and Liaoyang, and resumed the form of fetter rule. The influence of the Ming Dynasty on western Siberia and central Siberia was very weak, because the Vara and Tatars in outer Mongolia often rebelled. For Liaoyang province, the establishment of a new imperial system in the Ming Dynasty was a fetter.

In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the Russian Empire invaded eastward and occupied Siberia. On the other hand, China was in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the Central Plains had been in constant dispute, so it paid little attention to Siberia. By the early Qing dynasty, its main strategic goal was to bring the outer Mongolian grassland and the western regions under the jurisdiction of the Ming dynasty into administrative jurisdiction.

After Russia occupied Siberia, its influence extended to outer Manchuria and Hanhai area. However, the Qing court faced the chaos of San Francisco and Zhungeer. Because the Siberian people were brutally ruled by the Russian Empire, after the San Francisco Uprising, the war of Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency broke out between the Qing Dynasty and Russia.

Although the Qing court won the battle of Xiajia, there was a rebellion in Zhungeer in the west and an invasion in the east and Mongolia. Considering the desolation and traffic difficulties in Siberia, the Qing court voluntarily gave up its detention in Siberia and concentrated on solving the rebellion in Zhungeer Banner. inside

The first two articles introduced the mode of territorial annexation. The territorial expansion of any civilized country is an outward extension of its own mode of production, thus exporting population and expanding the scope of activities of human civilized society. In the way of territorial expansion, big countries adopt the mode of territorial annexation, while small countries adopt the mode of colonial expansion.

Different civilized countries have different models of territorial annexation. A civilized country with an unusually strong home is the way of civil war. A country with poor land is the way of dynasty war. China used civil war in ancient times. First, it was awarded to vassal states to support their land development and construction and encourage their population growth.

When the local economy develops to a certain extent, it will recover the vassal States, set up provinces and counties, and bring them under the direct administrative jurisdiction of the Central Plains Dynasty. Guo Fan's rebellion is a situation that every dynasty will face. If San Francisco refuses to withdraw its troops from San Francisco, it will lead to war. Such a war would be regarded as a rebel war, obviously a civil war.

For example, the Korean peninsula was a vassal state of the Central Plains Dynasty from the Zhou Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties. From time to time, the Central Plains dynasty would take back governors and set up provinces, counties and counties. The Han Dynasty withdrew from Korea and established four counties in Liaodong. Tang Dynasty withdrew from Korea and Baekje and set up the Governor's Office of Anton. After the retreat of the Tang Dynasty, the war broke out. Especially in the Tang Dynasty and Sui Dynasty, after conquering Liaodong three times, they sent troops to conquer Liaodong twice and finally withdrew from San Francisco.

The Ming Dynasty was the most effective period for the development and construction of the Korean Peninsula. After being invaded by Japan, the Ming Dynasty launched the Wanli Korean War to expel Japan and help Korea recover the country. After the recovery of South Korea, it was repeatedly asked to withdraw troops from San Francisco and build a province. Due to the backward economy and unimportant geographical location of North Korea, it was not adopted in the Ming Dynasty.

For the development and construction of Siberia, the Tang Dynasty was the most effective. The Siberian capital paid tribute frequently, and the Tang Dynasty rewarded them far more than the Siberian capital did. In this way, the prisons in the capital Siberia have been greatly developed.

In addition to the military protection of the frontier vassal States, the Central Plains Dynasty also gave a lot of rewards to their economic construction. For example, North Korea paid tribute once in the Ming Dynasty, but it gave silk, cloth and silk dozens of times in the Ming Dynasty, which caused North Korea to complain that the reward was too thick. Excessive rewards led to the closure of a large number of textile mills in North Korea.

Except North Korea, due to the backward economic development of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, tribute has become the support of its economic development. The annual tribute pays more attention to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau than the Chinese New Year. The same is true of other client countries. With the support of the Central Plains Dynasty, the economy developed rapidly.

Thanks to the efforts of the Tang Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty established various provinces, which provided an economic basis for implementing the same tax system as the mainland. Due to the efforts of the Ming dynasty, the land flow direction was changed on a large scale in the late Qing dynasty, and provinces, prefectures and counties were established. A unified China can not be separated from the continuous support of the past dynasties for border construction.

Siberia has a vast territory, extremely cold climate, long-term freezing of tens of degrees below zero and frozen land, which is not suitable for agricultural production and mainly depends on fishing and hunting. Therefore, even with the economic support of the Central Plains Dynasty, the population growth in Siberia is still very slow, and the Central Plains people are unwilling to immigrate to Siberia.

The local economy is backward, and if it is located in a state or county, the cost of its administrative jurisdiction will be too high. In this case, the Yuan Dynasty exercised administrative jurisdiction over Siberia, but the result was not satisfactory. The withdrawal of the capital and the juxtaposition of administrative counties have led to a difficult economic development in Siberia. Not only Siberia, but also the whole Lingbeixing and Liaoyang province.

Therefore, it is necessary to restore the vassal management mode of Liaoyang and Lingbei provinces in Ming Dynasty. Because los Angeles

Many people think that this is due to the weakening of Tibetan religion during the Yuan and Qing Dynasties, and a large number of people became monks and nuns, which led to a decrease in the number of people involved in labor production. This demonized the Yuan and Qing dynasties. The fundamental reason is that the administrative expenses are borne by Tibet, and the administrative burden exceeds the economic support of the Central Plains Dynasty.

Many people think that the Ming dynasty abandoned administration and adopted the vassal system because it could not win or its military strength was not strong. This is not right. If the economic development in the border areas is strong, the logistics supply of the Ming garrison can be guaranteed and the administrative expenses can be borne. The million-strong army of the Ming Dynasty was not used to watch the excitement. This is a continuation of military politics. Only when it is beneficial to politics will the military follow suit.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the population of the Central Plains dropped sharply, and Siberia, the economic pillar of the Ming Dynasty, was seized by Russia.

In modern times, the Central Plains Dynasty was criticized by eastern and western historians and regarded as fallacy. Actually, it's not. Increasing economic support for vassal areas can not only speed up local economic construction, but also attract people from the Central Plains to immigrate and prepare for administrative jurisdiction.

The Central Plains is an area with the earliest and deepest development, extremely developed agricultural economy and rapid population growth. Accelerating the economic construction in the border areas is conducive to attracting immigrants from the Central Plains and alleviating the contradiction between people and land in the Central Plains. In the early Qing Dynasty, due to the administrative jurisdiction of the border areas, the local economic development was relatively backward.

In the late Qing Dynasty, the border areas could not rely on their own strength to resist the aggression of western powers. Therefore, at the end of the Qing Dynasty, while maintaining its administrative jurisdiction over the border areas, the Qing court undertook all administrative expenses, not only leaning towards the border areas financially, but also adopting administrative compulsory policies to force the people of the Central Plains to emigrate to the border areas.

Every financial investment in garrison, immigration, economic construction and administrative costs can not be ignored. At the end of Qing dynasty, it was not easy to maintain an old empire. We can't look at the ancient history of China with the concepts of modern people or some nation-states introduced from the West.

The Ming Dynasty gave rich rewards to fiefs for a long time to support their economic construction, which laid an economic foundation for the large-scale restoration and strong administrative jurisdiction of fiefs after the establishment of the Qing Dynasty. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Russia invaded Siberia and Central Asia, and western colonists invaded Southeast Asia, all of which were fruit picking activities.

Western Europe is a small country, but Russia is not. The Russian Empire occupied 89% of the vast Eastern Europe Plain. Ma Pingchuan is a plain in eastern Europe, unlike western Europe, which is mountainous and has high integrity. It is very conducive to becoming a collection of politics, economy and culture and establishing a huge empire.

Of course, the eastern European plain has a high latitude, which is the last place for the development of human civilization in the agricultural era, and the agricultural development is not very developed. The combination of agriculture and animal husbandry accounts for a large proportion, which is the present situation of economic development after the rise of the Russian Empire. As far as economic development is concerned, Russia is not higher than Central Asia and Siberia.

The Russian empire won the integrity. Eastern Europe's plain is conducive to the establishment of a huge empire as a whole, while Central Asia and Siberia do not have this geographical advantage. Moreover, scattered areas cannot engage in military confrontation with highly concentrated areas. Highly concentrated areas can gather scattered economic forces into a huge economic base, thus supporting a powerful superstructure.

Territorial expansion is an external extension of its own mode of production. The mode of production in Central Asia and Siberia is similar to that in Eastern Europe, with a high proportion of agriculture and animal husbandry and a level of economic development not weaker than that in Eastern Europe. This became the driving force for the Russian Empire to expand into Siberia and Central Asia. Obtaining these two regions can export Russian population and expand its production.

At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the economy of Jiangnan developed rapidly and the shipbuilding technology was constantly improved. The Maritime Silk Road replaced the Land Silk Road. In ancient China, although maritime transportation was not as good as canal transportation, it was much better than land transportation. Therefore, from the Song Dynasty to modern times, the Maritime Silk Road became the main external traffic window.

Many people think that the Song and Ming Dynasties gave up the management of the western regions because of their weak military strength, and did not include the western regions in the administrative jurisdiction. In fact, there is not much need. The output of agriculture and animal husbandry in the western regions is low, which requires commercial support for administrative expenses to meet the demand of precious metals in the Central Plains Dynasty.

After the rise of the Maritime Silk Road, precious metals poured in from the sea, and the onshore Silk Road was no longer important. This important word, if you look at the Han and Tang Dynasties, you will know that an army will come and sweep all roads. During the Ming Dynasty, the maritime trade route was deeply troubled by pirates, so the Ming Dynasty set up a huge fleet, and Zheng He went to the Western Ocean seven times to remove all obstacles.

During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, Siberia only needed fur. However, this requirement is not high. The textile industry in the Central Plains is developed, and the demand for cotton and silk weaving is relatively strong. Therefore, only through tribute trade can Siberian tribes exchange enough fur resources, and there is no need to send a militarized expedition to hunt.

Siberia is different from Russia. Fur and trade routes are important sources of Russia's rich treasury. In modern western European countries, the demand for fur is very strong. On the one hand, it is caused by climate, on the other hand, it is caused by culture. Fur and silk have become symbols of European nobility and status.

As a result, the Russian Empire sent a large number of militarized expeditions to hunt wildly in Siberia. These hunting teams built camps and fortresses, which became the basis for Russia to control Siberia. A large number of furs were transported out of the camp and sold to the European continent. It not only brought income to the Russian people, but also enriched the Russian treasury.

In this way, the Russian empire incorporated Siberia into the territory by annexing territory, and all aspects had an economic foundation. Similarly, Siberian fur will also enter the Qing Dynasty and become a trade medium between China and Russia. It will be more profitable to exchange fur for tea and silk. It became a wealth trade route between the Russian Empire and the Qing Dynasty.

The Russian Empire established many trading ports on the border between Siberia and the Qing Dynasty, among which Heishantou and Chatuk are the most famous ports. Russian businessmen in the Qing Dynasty also went to Beijing for trade many times to expand the trade volume. Tea, silk, rhubarb and other commodities urgently needed in Europe in the Qing Dynasty were transported to various trading ports in Siberia.

Since then, these goods have passed through Siberia and were sold to Europe by Russia, obtaining a large number of precious metals and enriching the Russian treasury. As a trade route, Siberia makes Russia more profitable than Siberian fur. This is also the driving force for the development of the western regions in Han and Tang Dynasties. Businessmen can bear all administrative, garrison and immigration expenses in the wild areas. Then, even the wilderness, even if it is not suitable for human habitation, will be included in the territory.

Compared with Siberia, the territory of Russia extends to the United States, and now it is Alaska. Alaska is also rich in natural resources. However, without rich commercial support, the way Russia ruled this land was colonialism. Despite this, Russia did not have the financial resources to maintain it, and finally sold it to the United States at a low price.

To sum up, Siberia finally belongs to Russia, and the fundamental reason is that Siberian trade routes bear the administrative expenses of the Russian territorial merger model.

First of all, Siberia has a high latitude and is not suitable for human habitation and agriculture. Agriculture and animal husbandry economy is very weak, mainly relying on fishing and hunting economy. This made the local economy develop very slowly, even with the support of the Central Plains Dynasty. It is not conducive to the growth of the local population, nor can it attract people from the Central Plains to immigrate here. Russia, which is at the same high latitude, has a weak agriculture and animal husbandry economy, and Siberia attracts Russia to expand its production mode.

Secondly, ancient China, who lived in various dynasties, promoted the economic development of Siberia, especially the policies of the Ming Dynasty, which was the economic basis for Russia's annexation of Siberia. Russia annexed Siberia and successfully harvested the fruits of the Ming Dynasty.

Finally, Siberia can only provide fur for ancient China, while the ancient dynasty of China was unable to manage Siberia. Whether it is immigration, stationing troops or setting up administrative agencies, it is very expensive for an empire with a huge territory. But Siberia can provide trade routes for Russia, and Russia can not only bear these costs, but also enrich the national treasury.