New village immigrants

There are two mural tombs excavated in the early Western Han Dynasty, namely, the tomb of Nanyue King in Xianggang Mountain, Guangzhou and the tomb of Wang Liang in Mangdang Mountain, Shiyuan, Shangqiu, Henan. The owner of the tomb is the vassal of the enfeoffment party. The tomb of Nanyue King dates from the last years of Yuanshuo to the early years of Yuanshou (around 122 BC). Although the specifications of the tomb are very high, the murals are very simple. Only moire patterns painted by Zhu and Mo were found on the stone gate, the front room wall and the top stone, and no murals with themes were found. It belongs to a typical mural tomb in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, which is the tomb of Mangdang Mountain Liang. Xiwang Mausoleum is located in Mangdang Mountain, about 90 kilometers east of Shangqiu City, Henan Province. The mausoleum is a large-scale multi-chamber cliff tomb, which "cuts the mountain to make the country, wears the stone to hide". At the top of the front area of the main room, there is a 5-meter-long dragon with a head, horns and wings, a monster with a dragon tongue, and rosefinch and white tiger around it, or the early form of the four spirits. Liang Wang's tomb murals are rich in color and exaggerated in image, which has a strong decorative significance. Mural images clearly bear traces of Chu painting style. Attendant map

The representative mural tombs in the late Western Han Dynasty were concentrated in Luoyang and Xi 'an. Luoyang is the hinterland of the Central Plains and the capital of the Nine Dynasties in history, with rich historical and cultural background. The mural tombs of the late Western Han Dynasty excavated in Luoyang include Shaogou 6 1, Buqianqiu and Asajingtou. Murals are distributed on the top of the main room, front and rear gables and partition beams, with brick-by-brick modeling, multi-brick banner composition and combination of plastic painting. Mural themes are mostly seen in exorcising evil spirits and diseases, auspicious gods, historical figures, etc., and the images truly reflect the funeral concepts and social customs in the Western Han Dynasty. Nuo was used for funerals in the Han Dynasty, and it followed the exorcism custom in the pre-Qin period to protect the dead from Shan Gui. Han people pay attention to Nuo ceremonies, and even draw scenes to exorcise evil spirits in their tombs. This phenomenon is of great significance to explore the changes of the concept of life and death in the Han Dynasty. Xi, west of Luoyang, was the capital of the Western Han Dynasty and Xin Mang, and was the political and cultural center at that time. There are high-standard tombs of this period in the Gyeonggi cemetery on both sides of the Weihe River. At present, mural tombs of the Western Han Dynasty have been found, including the tomb of the late Western Han Dynasty attached to Xi Jiaotong University, the mural tomb of Xi University of Technology and the tomb of Qujiangchi 1 in the southern suburbs of Xi. The 28-night astronomical map is constructed according to the inner and outer circles. The inner circle is painted with the flowing clouds, the day of the golden sun and the rabbit toad in the middle of the month, and the outer circle is painted with the dragon, the white tiger, the suzaku, the yellow snake and the supporting 28 nights, and the names of the nights are marked with figures and animals. Painted clouds outside the circle, Shoukaku. On the back wall, the feather painter holds Ganoderma lucidum to guide the tomb owner's soul to heaven, and there is a deer crane below. The murals are full of composition and bright colors. The combination of double-line coloring and hook pattern can also show a coherent style vein. Taiyi yin-yang diagram

Wang Mang usurped the throne and changed the yuan to implement the New Deal, and the funeral system and customs changed slightly. The mural tombs belonging to this period are represented by the Han Tomb in Qianyang, Shaanxi, the TombNo. Gongjiawan 1 in Xianyang, the mural tomb of Xin Mang in Jinguyuan, Luoyang and the mural tomb of Yanshi New Village. On the basis of the image of the Four Spirits in the Western Han Dynasty, the theme of murals has added some new contents, such as feasting and eating, hunting for horses and chariots, singing and dancing, immortals' idols and so on, showing a popular trend. The funeral customs and tomb murals in the Western Han Dynasty experienced the transformation of Wang Mang Dynasty. With the increasing prevalence of heavy burial and waste in the Eastern Han Dynasty, mural images with funeral functions have been further expanded, and images promoting the honor of the deceased and the immortal state banquet have become popular themes for decorating tombs. Judging from the more than 30 mural tombs of the Eastern Han Dynasty that have been discovered so far, the mural tombs of the Eastern Han Dynasty in the northern part of the Central Plains have gained popularity with Luoyang as the center and as far away as Liaodong and Hexi. The mural tombs of the Eastern Han Dynasty in the northern part of the Central Plains are concentrated in Henan, Hebei and surrounding areas. There are mural tombs in the northern suburbs of Luoyang, Luoyang Locomotive Works, Luoyang Xigong, No.3850 Luoyang, Xingyuan Village of Yanshi, Xin 'an Tashan, Han Wei Village of Luoyang, No.2 Dahuting in Mixian County, Houtuguo 1 2,3 and Ying Xing in Mixian County. Hebei Hope Capital 1, No.2 mural tomb, Anping Lujiazhuang mural tomb; The mural tombs of the Eastern Han Dynasty found in other areas are: the mural tomb of Wangcun in Xia County, Shanxi Province, the mural tomb of Qinglong Mountain in Jinan, Shandong Province, and the mural tomb of Huanglong Mountain in Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province; Dongyuan village 1 No.2 Shibi Tomb in Bo County, Anhui Province. After the opening of the Silk Road, the prosperous culture of the Central Plains spread to Hexi, Liaoyang and other border areas in the wave of immigration in the late Han Dynasty and autumn. Therefore, the mural tombs in the border areas in this period also showed strong cultural characteristics of the Central Plains. The mural tombs of Han and Wei Dynasties in Hexi are mainly distributed in Wuwei. Inner Mongolia, which belongs to the border area, discovered the mural tombs of the Eastern Han Dynasty in Tuoketuo and Helinger successively.

The discovery of mural tombs in Tang Dynasty was based on the investigation of imperial tombs. Since the 20th century, in the process of investigating the imperial tombs of Tang Dynasty in Xi 'an, the biggest gain is the discovery of tombs around the imperial tombs, from which a large number of exquisite murals have been cleaned up, and detailed information on the imperial tombs and their tomb system in Tang Dynasty has been obtained. The cleaning and excavation of the buried tombs of the Mausoleum are mainly concentrated in the areas of Xianling, Zhaoling and Ganling. According to archaeological investigation, there are 30 tombs buried together by Tang Gaozu and Li Yuan, and the owners are mostly royal relatives. The mural tombs excavated include the tomb of Li Feng, the fifteenth son of Gaozu, and the tomb of Princess of the Sixth Woman's Tomb of Gaozu. The top of Li Feng's tomb is painted with stars, and the patio, tunnel, tunnel and tomb are all shaded by wooden structures. On both sides of the tunnel, every room in the corridor building is painted with waitresses, and the west wall of the tunnel is painted with pictures of pulling camels, which is an early example of burying tombs. In Xi 'an area, in addition to the above-mentioned imperial tombs and tombs, a large number of mural tombs of the Tang Dynasty have been found in the suburbs of Xi 'an and adjacent areas of Gyeonggi. Among them, the more important ones are the tomb of the monarch and her husband in Yinjin Township in the first year of Tianci (AD 690), the tomb of Su in the fourth year of Tianbao (AD 745), the tomb of Princess Tang 'an in the first year of Xingyuan (AD 784), the tomb of Fengjie in the third year of Xianqing (AD 658), the tomb of Jinglong in the second year of Jinglong (AD 708) and the tomb of Jinglong. Tomb of Wang Lishou in Huai 'an in the fourth year of Zhenguan (AD 630). In the first year of Jing Yun (AD 7 10), the tomb of Prince Li Zhongjun was celebrated. Maid map

The theme and style reflected by the murals of Tang tombs centered on Xi 'an spread to the frontier areas of the Tang Dynasty. The most important mural tomb in Beijing is the tomb of Wang Gongshu and his wife Wu discovered in Balizhuang, Haidian District in 199 1. Wang Gongshu is from Taiyuan, Shanxi. He is our envoy from Youzhou, an imperial envoy from the temple, and Dr. Guanglu from Yin Qing. This tomb is a square arc single-chamber brick tomb. The north wall of the tomb is pasted with Danlu rock wall paintings, and the other three walls are left with decorative patterns and fragments of home life. Peony deer and goose pictures are very precious. The picture is centered on peony flowers, with two deer and geese painted under the peony and a flying butterfly painted on the flower head. There are symmetrically painted okra and lily under the mural. Mosaic is bicolor, and the composition is symmetrical. Flower-and-bird painting with peony as the theme was very popular in the Tang Dynasty, and a famous painter named Bian Luan, who specializes in painting peony flowers and birds, appeared. There are many screen paintings in the tomb murals of the Tang Dynasty in Guyuan and Xinjiang. The tomb of Liang was discovered in Yangfang Village, the southern suburb of Guyuan, in the second year of the Gregorian calendar 1986. Six figures are drawn on the east and west walls of the patio, and one on each side of the tunnel. The east and south walls of the tomb are mainly painted with male and female attendants, while the west and north walls are painted with ten screens of people under trees, and the astrolabe drawn at the top is relatively complete. The murals of Tang tombs in Xinjiang are concentrated in Astana and Halahezhuo cemeteries in Turpan. Since 1963, 42 ancient tombs have been excavated, mainly in the Tang and Western Zhou Dynasties. Screen painting is the most distinctive mural in Tang tombs. Although the mural tombs of the Tang Dynasty centered on the imperial tombs of Xi 'an and their funerary tombs may not be made by famous artists, from the perspective of mural techniques, many tomb murals of royalty and dignitaries are unusual, and the complete and systematic mural paintings of the Tang tombs show the general level of painters in this period. They are obsessed with fashion, so they can prove the styles and techniques of some famous painters such as Yan, Wu Daozi, Zhang Xuan, Bian Luan, etc., and fill some gaps in the sequence of works handed down from generation to generation, which is of great significance to completely reconstruct the painting history of the Tang Dynasty.