What are the problems in social development? Better be detailed.

Continued from the above 1 The struggle against corruption is arduous.

In recent years, corruption has been listed as the first serious social problem in the social investigation of the people and leading cadres themselves. During the transition period of economic system, due to the imperfection of the new system, there are many loopholes in the supervision of power, and some party and government cadres can't stand the temptation of money, and their professional ethics and self-discipline consciousness are weakened. Coupled with the increasing amount of wealth that power may control, the social atmosphere seems to have caused a demonstration effect of "the law does not blame the public." Therefore, although the crackdown on corruption has been intensified, the spread of corruption has not been completely curbed. In the past two years, the national discipline inspection and supervision institutions have investigated and handled more than100000 cases every year, and punished more than 4000 cadres, including more than a dozen senior cadres at or above the provincial and ministerial levels. Judging from the corruption cases exposed and investigated in recent years, the amount of corruption crimes (corruption, bribery, tax fraud, smuggling, etc.). ) it's staggering, and some cases are worth hundreds of millions of yuan. Every case has a case, and the new case leads to old cases, even involving some senior cadres who once had the image of "incorruptibility". To make matters worse, in some places, cadres ganged up to commit crimes, sheltered each other and behaved badly, which caused great public anger. The sentencing of Cheng, former vice chairman of the National People's Congress, former vice governor of Jiangxi Province and Xiamen University Group shocked the whole country.

In 2000, the exhibition on combating and preventing economic crimes held in Beijing, the anti-corruption film "Life and Death Choice" filmed in Shanghai, and the anti-corruption public service advertisement collected in Shenzhen caused great repercussions among the masses and formed an atmosphere of fighting corruption in the whole society.

Corruption is a corrosive agent of social operation, which illegally concentrates social wealth in the hands of a few people, seriously undermines the principle of social justice, damages the image of the government, affects the relationship between cadres and the masses, and causes strong dissatisfaction among the people, which is the biggest hidden danger of social instability. The key to the success of the anti-corruption struggle is to improve the power supervision system, including legal supervision, party discipline supervision, public opinion supervision and professional ethics supervision. Improve and perfect the reporting system of cadres' assets and income, the system of leaving office, the system of avoiding relatives, the system of confiscating unidentified property involved in the case, and the system that those with criminal records can no longer serve as civil servants. In short, under the new situation, anti-corruption can not mainly rely on moral self-discipline, but must establish the rule of law to ensure that the cost of corruption crimes is far higher than its possible benefits in general probability.

2. With the rising social contradictions in rural areas, it is imperative to reduce the overall burden on farmers.

In recent years, the relationship between cadres and masses in rural areas is tense, social contradictions are rising, and the incidents of peasants' collective petitions and leapfrog petitions have increased greatly. One of the important reasons is that the economic burden of farmers engaged in business is too heavy and has been reduced repeatedly.

Although the gap between China and developed countries is various, the main gap is not the high-rise buildings in cities, but the living standards of farmers. Of course, increasing farmers' income mainly depends on developing diversified economy and promoting the transfer of agricultural labor force to non-agricultural industries, but reducing farmers' burden is a problem that must be solved. Due to the shortage of cultivated land resources per capita in China, the cultivated land area of each farmer is only a few tenths or even a few percent of that of other grain-producing countries. However, affected by the international market, the price increase is not flexible. At present, with the average farming area of farmers, it is not easy to live a life with more than enough food and clothing in good years and nothing in bad years if you specialize in agricultural breeding. If all kinds of "fees" are levied after tax, the poverty of life can be imagined. However, with the increase of economic activities and social affairs in rural areas, the task of social management is very heavy, and all departments of higher-level administrative agencies should assign work downwards as an index to assess their achievements, which leads to the continuous expansion of grass-roots administrative agencies, and grass-roots finance has become food finance, and some even cannot pay wages. In the past, the practice of paying wages by loans was no longer feasible because of the commercial reform of banks, so farmers were charged "fees" in various names to make up for the financial deficit. Although in recent years, it has repeatedly emphasized reducing the burden on farmers, canceled a series of "fees" and strictly controlled the proportion of "fees", but it has been repeatedly banned. Not only the farmers are very dissatisfied, but also some rural grassroots cadres are very dissatisfied and deeply worried about this situation.

The key to reducing farmers' burden is to start from two aspects: first, to reduce the agricultural tax burden as a whole, not only to reduce fees, but also to reduce taxes. At present, agricultural workers who account for 50% of employees can only participate in surplus distribution, which only accounts for 17% of GDP. Moreover, they basically have no social security such as pension and medical care, and they have to rely on personal savings and family support to overcome life risks. At present, China's non-agricultural output value has accounted for 83% of GDP, so it should be said that it has been able to feed back agriculture. Reducing the agricultural tax burden as a whole, so that farmers have more surplus labor for consumption, will also drive the rural consumer market to turn prosperous. At present, the so-called consumer market saturation is influenced by the transformation of urban consumption structure, but it is mainly suppressed by low income in rural areas. Second, in line with the reform of administrative institutions, we should really streamline the expanding administrative institutions and affiliated institutions at the grassroots level and clean up all kinds of "posts" that eat empty salaries and take care of the employment of relatives. By strengthening and enriching the grass-roots finance, the expenditure of grass-roots administrative institutions will be completely dependent on finance, and all kinds of non-financial expenditure institutions will gradually become fully market-oriented, eliminating the so-called "income generation", "fees" and coercion carried out by all authorities and financial expenditure institutions in various names.

3. The number of low-income groups has increased, and the employment situation is grim.

Unemployment, laid-off workers and underemployed people account for a considerable proportion of the newly-added groups with difficulties in living and low income. In 2000, the surplus labor force in China was more serious than in previous years. At present, the growth rate of GDP in 2000 is about 8%. According to the empirical employment elasticity coefficient of 0.05-0.1,about 4-6 million new jobs were created in cities and towns in 2000. It is estimated that about 3 million jobs will be vacated by natural attrition factors such as employee retirement, which will provide about 7-9 million jobs. However, in 2000, the working-age population in cities and towns increased by about100000, and it is estimated that there will be about 5-6 million laid-off workers. Together with the labor supply carried over from 654.38+099, the total labor supply is about 27.9-28.9 million. Considering that there are still many new working-age people in cities and towns who want to enter higher education or secondary technical training, about 60% actually enter the labor market, about 75% of laid-off workers actually enter the labor market, and the actual labor supply is about 20 million. Even so, the actual surplus labor force is still as high as1100 ~130 thousand. If we take into account the factors of migrant workers seeking grades in cities, the relationship between supply and demand of urban employment will be more severe. From June to June, 2000, the number of registered unemployed and all laid-off workers in cities and towns reached15.28 million. Excluding the fact that 35% of laid-off workers had relatively stable jobs (the proportion of laid-off workers in the first half of 2000), the number of unemployed laid-off workers and registered unemployed workers was11200,000. The number of laid-off workers in China is still rising. By the end of September 2000, the number of laid-off workers in China had reached 2 1, 73 1, 000, a year-on-year increase of 6.6%.

According to the development experience of other countries, increasing employment is a more effective measure to support the disadvantaged groups in Beverly. Creating more employment opportunities is the fundamental policy to improve the living standards of the poor and low-income groups. However, at present, China's working-age population is still in the growth stage, and for a long time to come, China's labor force will face a situation of oversupply. "Living and working in peace and contentment" is a picture of a well-off life in people's minds. After China solved the problem of eating, employment became the biggest problem to be solved. Therefore, while perfecting the unemployment insurance system, we should broaden employment channels, and pay special attention to developing labor-intensive industries that are suitable for China's national conditions and have market prospects, so as to absorb more labor.

4. The poverty alleviation methods and the support network for vulnerable groups are not perfect.

Since the reform and opening up, China's poverty alleviation work has made remarkable achievements. From 1978 to 1999, the number of poor people in rural areas decreased from 250 million to 34 million, and the proportion of poor people in the total rural population decreased from 3 1.6% to 3.9%. However, poverty is a stubborn disease that is difficult to control, and the causes of poverty are also very complicated. According to the experience of international poverty reduction, when the proportion of poor people to the total population falls below 10%, the speed of poverty reduction will slow down, and the reduction of poor people will easily enter the bottleneck stage. Moreover, even if people live in the stage of overall prosperity in the future, relative poverty will still exist.

At present, the rural poor are mainly concentrated in the deep mountains, rocky mountains, deserts, cold, loess plateau, epidemic areas and reservoir areas in the central and western regions. Production and living conditions are very difficult and it is very difficult to help the poor. And even after poverty alleviation, the rate of returning to poverty is relatively high. Therefore, poverty reduction and poverty alleviation work should also constantly improve methods to prevent poverty alleviation from becoming a simple subsidy for living difficulties, especially to prevent the problem of "leaking barrels" in the process of poverty alleviation transfer payment, that is, the amount loss of poverty alleviation funds during the transfer process (excessive management expenses, misappropriation or just instant consumption, etc.). ), so that the country's contribution to poverty alleviation is much higher than the direct benefits brought by transfer payments to the poor. While increasing investment in poverty-stricken areas and improving the basic production and living conditions in poverty-stricken areas, we will develop various poverty alleviation methods that have been proved to be effective in practice, such as work-for-work relief, micro-loans, technical training, resettlement, education and poverty alleviation, and adhere to development-oriented poverty alleviation, especially focusing on poverty alleviation in western and ethnic minority areas, old revolutionary areas, border areas and extremely poor areas.

With the increase of laid-off workers in recent years, the problem of urban poor groups has become more prominent. Their income is low, their jobs and incomes are unstable, and some people are unemployed and need relief. In recent years, children's education, medical care and other expenses have increased rapidly, and the pressure on living expenses in all aspects is greater. Thanks to the efforts of the government, although the arrears of living expenses and pensions of laid-off workers have been alleviated, the arrears of medical expenses are still serious. According to the survey of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, about 50% of employees in enterprises cannot fully or partially reimburse medical expenses.

Under the original planned economy system, China's personal life security system and social support system for vulnerable groups were established at all levels and units. With the reform of the security system, unit security has gradually changed into social security. In order to adapt to this change, the help and support for vulnerable groups should also be changed from a unit-based support system to a community-based support network. China's existing network of community organizations composed of neighborhood committees and residents' committees can play a good substitute role in this respect. They are all over the grassroots, familiar with the situation of thousands of households, convenient for supervision and management, and low in cost. Through institutionalized measures, social security institutions are closely linked with community organizations and various social intermediary institutions, and a wide social support network for people in need is established, so that community organizations become the basis of a new social support network in China.

5. The income gap is widening.

The current income distribution in China is characterized by the coexistence of egalitarianism in the fiscal wage system and the excessive gap in the market distribution system. However, with the deepening of the reform, the latter has become a major contradiction and a prominent problem strongly reflected by the masses. The analysis based on statistics and survey materials shows that the income gap between urban and rural areas, between regions, between industries and between individuals has a tendency to continue to expand, whether according to Gini coefficient calculation method or five-fold calculation method.

Due to the large amount of gray income, the actual income gap may be much higher than the statistical results, and the wealth income gap is much higher than the income gap. According to the nationwide sampling survey, by the end of June, 1999, 20% of the highest-income families in cities and towns had 48.5% of the total income, while 20% of the lowest-income families only had 7. 1%, with a difference of 6.8: 1. The 20% urban households with the most financial assets own 55.4% of all urban residents' financial assets, while the 20% urban households with the least financial assets only have 1.5% of all financial assets, with a difference of 36.9: 1. In rural areas, by the end of 1998, 20% of high-income farmers had bank deposits, accounting for 55% of the total deposits of all sample households, while the total deposits of farmers whose annual per capita net income was less than 1000 yuan were less than 3%.

In the past, people thought that in the process of economic development, there would be an "inverted U-shaped" curve in income distribution, that is, in the early stage of development, the income gap was small; In the period of take-off and accelerated development, the income gap will expand rapidly; But at a higher level, the income gap will automatically improve. Now, more and more new empirical research results prove that controlling the gap between the rich and the poor cannot rely entirely on the spontaneous adjustment mechanism of the market.

To maintain social equity, we must adhere to the rule of law and straighten out the order of income distribution by perfecting relevant laws and regulations. It is necessary to intensify anti-corruption, crack down on tax evasion, strengthen the supervision and management of income distribution in monopoly industries, improve the personal income tax law, levy inheritance tax and gift tax, and prevent the income distribution gap from widening excessively.

In order to narrow the income gap between urban and rural areas and the living standard gap between regions, during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, we should implement the urbanization development strategy, further promote the transfer of rural surplus labor to non-agricultural industries, and at the same time promote the transfer of agricultural population to cities and towns, and strive to improve the income level of farmers; It is necessary to implement the strategy of developing the western region, increase investment in infrastructure construction in the western region, improve production and living conditions in the western region, and promote coordinated regional development.

6. Reduced social security

Social security is an important index to measure people's quality of life. From the demand level, after people's physiological needs are met, the demand for security becomes particularly important. With the increase of social wealth, the increase of population mobility and the expansion of people's activities, the opportunities for crime have also increased, and some new problems have emerged in social security control. The bad demonstration effect of some illegally rich people makes some people do whatever it takes to get rich, even take risks, and engage in criminal activities such as smuggling and drug trafficking, theft and fraud, robbery and kidnapping, human trafficking, reselling guns and killing people for money. What's more, in some places, underworld organizations are rampant, doing evil and bullying, and the people are extremely angry.

The frequent occurrence of criminal cases and criminal activities has worsened the social security situation in some places and reduced people's sense of security in life. In some emerging small cities, some beautiful residential buildings that have just been built are filled with security window, which is like a prison cell.

To improve people's quality of life, we must first provide a safe living environment. Therefore, we must strengthen the efforts to govern the country according to law and crack down on crimes, and establish a good social order.