The others are in Noah Webster.

Noah webster is the most famous lexicographer in America. He tirelessly supports American English. His influence in American English stories is just like George Washington's influence in the chronicle of the American revolution. From 1789' s On English to 1828' s great milestone American English Dictionary (Webster's Dictionary for short), his works, like samuel johnson's, are also a monument.

Webster was born in Hartford, Connecticut. Like many American revolutionaries, he turned from law to education as a means of making a living. It is this career change that has changed some people's lives. At that time, Britain was at war with the colonies, and school textbooks were traditionally imported from London, but there was a shortage in London. Besides, according to Webster, these textbooks are not satisfactory. Therefore, according to the spirit of the new world, he began to fill this gap. Between 1783 and 1785, Webster was only in his twenties. He published three enlightenment books in English-a spelling textbook, a grammar book and a reading book-and he gave them an exaggerated name, English Grammar Institute. This blue-covered American spelling textbook turned out to be a decisive best seller, selling 80 million copies in Webster's Life (second only to the Bible, which Webster's sellers often put together). As Webster said, his aim is to "introduce uniform and accurate pronunciation into ordinary schools". As early as 1782, a critic who talked about the unity of American speech attributed it to "a process whose frequency or universality must naturally be assisted by North American teaching". A newspaper in New England explained how American spelling textbooks were used in schools through memories: at that time, it was common practice to let all such students (those who were tall enough to pronounce words with more than one syllable clearly) stand together to form a class, and then read one or two words on the spelling table in chorus. When the teacher gives the start signal, everyone will read it together, letter by letter, and each syllable will be read separately, adding the previous syllables until the whole word is read, such as a dad, m imi, admi, r ara, admira, t i o nshun, admiration. This kind of reading form is extremely exciting, and in my humble opinion, it is also extremely useful, because it needs careful and clear pronunciation to teach students ... The manuscript fee of American Word Spelling Textbook is 1 cent, and its success has enabled Webster to get enough living expenses, so he devoted the rest of his life to the cause of enthusiastically supporting American language and its spelling, grammar and pronunciation. An old printer recalled a story he told as an apprentice. One day, "a short, pale man came into the office, handed me a printed list and said,' Young man, when you use these words, please spell them the way I said here: theater, center, etc.' ".This man is noah webster, who went door to door to all the printing houses to lobby people to abide by his" improvement "rules. 1789, Webster published his On English, almost like an evangelist, announcing that he would devote himself to separating American English from his mother tongue: there are several situations that make it necessary and inevitable to separate American English from English in the future ... countless local reasons, such as new countries, new people, new synthesis of artistic and scientific ideas, and complete ignorance of Europe. As time goes by, these reasons will produce a language in North America, which is different from the future language of England, just as modern Dutch, Danish and Swedish are different from German or from each other ... It is not enough to let history develop itself. Americans must act. Webster wrote: "Our sense of honor requires us to have our own system not only in language, but also in government. 1806, Webster published his dictionary, which was the next step of his plan to standardize American English, and continued to call on people to maintain a "detached attitude" towards typical English literature: "In my opinion, nothing can destroy the genius and character of China people more than expressing acquiescence and trust in British writers and trusting their opinions, decisions and smiles without hesitation. Webster's efforts culminated in the publication of his American English Dictionary (1828), which is about one third longer than Johnson's and contains many American usages. Perhaps a lifetime of hard work and a year spent in England have matured him. In the preface to this landmark work, he pointed out: "The languages in this dictionary are basically the same as those in England, so it is necessary to continue their identity." Although the dictionary has now gained a respected position in the history of American English, the first edition of the American English Dictionary only sold 2500 copies, and he had to mortgage his property to publish the second edition. He was in debt like a dog for the rest of his life, and then died in New Haven, Connecticut on 1843. Most of his efforts were not recognized or appreciated. Looking back, Webster had a great influence on American English spelling. Americans now want to thank him for spelling these words, such as "color" for "colour", "wagon" for "waggon", "fiber" for "defence" and "tire" for "tyre". The purpose of his dictionary is to eradicate English pronunciation, such as pronouncing "fore head" as "forehead" instead of "forrid". American language is still more suitable than English. The distinctive mode of American speech and its proper emphasis on each syllable in every word can be partly attributed to the influence of Webster spelling contest and his motto: "The so-called clear pronunciation means that the sounds of each letter in each syllable should be pronounced in an appropriate proportion according to the prescribed pronunciation rules, and the syllables that make up this word are so different that people can confirm this number without difficulty." (This maxim gave birth to the American pronunciation of the word "sec ret" as "secret", not the British "secret'ry". Similarly, people who have read Dickens' works may remember that the English pronunciation of words like "waist clothes" is "weskit". According to Webster's pronunciation guide, the pronunciation of this word is "waist coat", without any discount, which is especially convenient for immigrants who are learning English for the first time. Just like most language history, it is always controversial to what extent Webster influenced American speech rhythm. However, there has never been any doubt about the unity of most American languages, especially those on the East Coast. Even in the East, there are no such complicated local differences as Britain knows. Fanny Kemble, an actress who has received professional training on how to listen to spoken English, said when traveling in the eastern United States: "The southern, western and eastern States of the United States have their own strong pronunciation characteristics, which are easy to identify." On the whole, her statement is still valid, and it is these large speech areas that are often mistaken for unity. We have outlined the origin of the northeast pronunciation, which is usually characterized by its preference for abbreviations and its tendency not to pronounce "r". According to the records, New Englanders read "really" as "r'ally", "incomplete" as "under" and "pretty" as "pooty". According to the novelist Thomas Lu Nichols, in the south, "due to the mixing of black words, the local dialects have been shortened, softened and broadened". Southerners generally retain the phenomenon that the last "G" of the traditional English word "a do Cuing" is not pronounced. According to records, they read "once" as "wunst", "horse" as "hoss" and "ask" as "aks", probably from black people. Towards the Mississippi River and beyond, the American language has become richer and stronger. Nichols wrote: "It is certain that as people go west, their mouths will open wider and their words will become thicker and thicker." According to his description, westerners "walk on the water, shouting over the thunder, thirsty for the Mississippi River, and it is clear that he is' genuwinearti cle'. If he doesn't like anyone, he will be' ain't worth socks' ("socks" means oyster shells, that is, "not even an oyster shell is worth it. -translator). As Mark Twain reported according to his own life experience, people in frontier areas are notoriously irrelevant, even at funerals: "A friend's chips have been cashed (died), so we should see him off well. So, what I have to do now is to wake up a person, give us a piece of chin music (talk for a day) and waltz him away. " In these vast fields, almost all people can understand each other in a broad sense. Therefore, it is more beneficial to Americans than many incomprehensible regional differences in British English that Americans think. For many critics, this contrast shows that American dialects have amazing "unity". 1828 the famous novelist James Fenimore Cooper wrote: "in the United States, although each province and state has its own characteristics in tone, even pronunciation and the use of certain words, there is no phenomenon of' scraping the soil'. An American can tell the difference between a Georgian and a New Englander, but you (his British audience) can't hear it. " Then, Cooper pointed out the possible main reason for this flat accent, which is the influx of European immigrants into the United States: "Twenty years ago, the language difference between New England and new york or Pennsylvania or any other state was much greater than it is now. Only immigrants have accounted for a large proportion in this change. "