Footprints on the Moon Teaching Plan

/kloc-Footprints on the Moon Ball in October and September

Text discussion

First, the overall grasp

Man has long wanted to land on the moon, which has produced many beautiful myths and legends. 1In July 1969, the American "Apollo 1 1" spacecraft finally turned this dream of mankind into reality. This paper truly records the whole process of American astronauts Armstrong, Collins and Aldrin landing on the moon. This is an interesting popular science essay. Reading it can stimulate students' interest in scientific exploration.

This paper describes the whole process of landing on the moon clearly and vividly. It can be said that attraction is the outstanding feature of this paper.

First of all, the moon landing itself is very attractive, especially for young students. What's on the moon? How can a man land on the moon? How are spaceships made? What if something happens and you can't fly back? How do astronauts feel when flying at speeds as high as 10.5 km per second? How do astronauts eat during flight? How to handle defecation? Wait, a series of questions can arouse students' strong curiosity. Teachers should pay attention to stimulating students' curiosity in teaching design. By studying this article, students can ask many questions to their teachers (even if the teachers can't answer these questions, it doesn't matter), which is exactly what we want to see. Therefore, "stimulating interest" is the focus of this paper. Teachers can ask students to design an updated moon landing plan, and everyone can express their ideas, even if they are illogical, which is very valuable.

Let the students read the text carefully, and we can see the degree of students' interest concentration from the reading situation. Teachers can read some sentences as a guide. For example, Armstrong's famous saying: "This small step is a small step for a person; It is a huge leap for all mankind. " Teachers should inspire students to choose appropriate reading methods according to their own understanding.

How to describe a thing completely and vividly? This article provides a good example. The first is rendering. Paragraphs 1 and 2 of the article are rendered to arouse readers' interest in reading. Secondly, there are clear time clues. Starting from the third paragraph "July this year 16", the author described the whole process of landing on the moon in detail in chronological order, even in a few minutes and seconds. This enables readers to know the specific time of landing on the moon in detail, and also enhances the vividness of the event. It can be said that chronological narration is another outstanding feature of this writing.

Vivid language is the third outstanding feature of this paper. The vivid expression of the language is as follows: 1. An appropriate description. When writing about the scene before the launch of the rocket, the author wrote: "The rocket stands tall like a giant, with its tip pointing straight at the blue sky, as high as 100 meters." This shows that the rocket is tall and magnificent. When the author wrote that the rocket was flying in space, he wrote: "The spaceship is moving slowly in space like a lonely boat. It flies ... it flies ... from the spaceship, you can see the beautiful moon in sight. It has a beautiful silver light and hangs quietly above the spacecraft. " This description can stimulate the reader's imagination. 2. Speak with numbers. The author lists a series of figures in detail, which can help readers to increase their knowledge, because these figures are very attractive. For example, the speed of the three-stage rocket is 6.8, 7.67, 10.5 respectively, which can make students daydream. 3. There are arguments in the narrative. Proper insertion of some argumentative sentences in narrative can deepen understanding and make the finishing point. For example, in paragraph 4, the author writes: "A great era is coming ... it will be the longest journey in human history." Another example is paragraph 1 1: "This is a great moment. This is a great progress for mankind. ..... this is a milestone in human exploration of space. " This argumentative narrative is the writing point that middle school students should master.

Second, the problem research

Traditional Chinese teaching likes to divide the text into several paragraphs. Although this approach is reasonable, it often falls into a fixed mode of thinking. There is no need to divide some text into paragraphs. Like this article, because the time clue is very clear, students can fully see the stage of the event development, and teachers don't have to spend energy to segment it. Even if it is separated, it has no practical significance. In the teaching of this article, teachers should work hard on how to stimulate students' interest. In addition, human beings have landed on the moon more than once, so teachers can introduce other relevant information to students appropriately, or let students find relevant information themselves. Also, someone wrote an article saying that the Apollo moon landing plan was a big scam. Some people say that some photos of the moon landing are fake. Teachers only need to know a little about these ideas, so they don't have to tell them in class. Once the students ask, the teacher can guide the students to find ways to prove themselves, because the process of proof is the process of exercise.

Practice note

Read the text quickly and silently, try to draw a schematic diagram of the whole process of landing on the moon and give a brief explanation.

This question stimulates students' imagination. As long as you can draw a schematic diagram in chronological order. Instructions should be concise and to the point.

2. Read the following paragraphs and discuss with your classmates: Why is the first moon landing "a great leap for all mankind" and a milestone in human exploration of space?

1. This small step is a small step for a person; This is a huge leap for the whole mankind. (Armstrong)

2. The first step to set foot on the moon is also to set foot on the planets in the solar system, and finally set foot on other planets in space. "One small step for one person" is a fact, and "One giant leap for all mankind" is a hope for the future. (Aldrin)

3.21~ In the 22nd century, human beings will emigrate to the moon and establish the Moon Village. Moon Village will use solar energy for heating, use the water found on the moon to produce vegetables and grains, and establish various living facilities. The important task of Moon Village is to mine helium 3 and transport it back to the earth, and use this heat energy to generate electricity and supply the electricity needed by the whole earth. Humans will also develop tourism and let the people of the earth visit the Moon Village. (He Xiuxiu)

The purpose of this question is to examine students' understanding of the great significance of landing on the moon. Before that, human beings had fantasized about the moon in the past and produced many myths and legends and science fiction works, but they had never really been to a planet other than the earth. The success of "Apollo" moon landing program made human dreams come true, and human beings began to go to planets other than the earth, indicating that modern technology has reached the development level of outer space, and human beings will not be confined to the earth, and the future is bright. Students can answer as they like. There is no "standard answer" to this question.

According to the following situations, expand your imagination and write a paragraph of one or two hundred words.

You are driving a spaceship, looking for alien life in the vast space. It's been several days since you left the earth. At this time, through the porthole, you see a beautiful blue planet. ...

This topic is mainly to stimulate students' imagination. Teachers should not impose any restrictions on students' imagination, and the words should be as vivid as possible.

Teaching suggestion

First, conditional schools can prepare some teaching courseware to make classroom teaching more vivid and intuitive and stimulate students' interest in learning.

Second, to cultivate students' interest in exploring the unknown world through this course, we can consider doing it together with the comprehensive study of "Exploring the Mystery of the Moon" in this unit.

Third, teach students how to read quickly, read the whole text within the specified time, summarize the content of the text and see who summarizes it comprehensively and correctly.

Fourth, carry out an oral activity. Ask one or several students to follow up the whole process of landing on the moon. The content of the report can be based on this article and other relevant materials.

related data

First, from the "Mercury" plan to the "Apollo" moon landing plan

In order to seek and maintain the "leading position in space", the United States defeated the Soviet Union in the "space race" and implemented a series of manned space programs since the establishment of 1958.

Mercury was the first manned space program in the United States, from 65438 to 0958. In view of the urgent situation of competition with the Soviet Union at that time, the basic guiding ideology of the plan was to make the best use of the technology and achievements already mastered and send people to the sky first in the fastest speed and in a simple and reliable way. But in fact, when the Soviet Union sent cosmonaut Gagarin into the sky in April of196/kloc-0 and successfully completed the on-orbit flight, the Mercury spacecraft was still in the unmanned test stage, and it was not until 1962 that the first manned on-orbit flight was carried out. The "Mercury" project ended with 1963, and * * * completed 25 flight tests, including 4 animal flights, 2 manned ballistic flights and 4 manned orbital flights, costing about 400 million US dollars.

Through the "Mercury" project, the United States has proved that people can survive in the space environment and fly the spacecraft effectively, and has also gained the preliminary experience in the design of manned spacecraft. However, in this round of manned space race, it lost to the Soviet Union, which is highlighted by the fact that the manned space time lags behind the Soviet Union and the space carrying capacity is also at a disadvantage. In order to change this situation, rocket experts such as NASA and Wernher wernher von braun demonstrated that the goal that the United States could achieve through hard work in the 1960s, which just exceeded the capabilities of the former Soviet Union, was manned landing on the moon. Thus, on May 25th, 196 1, American President Kennedy announced the Apollo manned moon landing plan.

As the transition from "Mercury" to "Apollo" project, the United States implemented the Gemini project from 196 1 1 to 1966 1. Its main task is to research and develop manned moon landing technology and train astronauts' ability of long-term flight and extravehicular activities. The plan lasted for five years and completed 10 manned flights around the earth, each with two people, at a cost of10.28 billion US dollars. In addition, the United States also developed the rover, surveyor, lunar orbiter, unmanned lunar probe, Saturn family heavy-duty launch vehicle, and Apollo spacecraft consisting of escape system, command module, service module and lunar module, which laid a solid technical foundation for 1969 to send people to the moon.

From the implementation of 196 1 to 1972, Apollo completed six missions to the moon at a cost of $24 billion, and sent 12 people to the moon and returned to the ground safely. It not only achieved the political goal of the United States to catch up with the Soviet Union, but also promoted the development of American science and technology, especially propulsion, guidance, structural materials, electronics and management science. However, the "Apollo" project cost too much, accounting for almost 3/5 of the total funds of NASA in the 1960s, which seriously affected the development of space science and space applications in the United States and forced the United States to reconsider its next space goal.

2. "Apollo" moon landing plan: an amazing work in the history of human space.

The former Soviet Union first launched the world's first artificial earth satellite in 1957, and then put the first human astronaut into earth orbit in 196 1 year. On the surface, the former Soviet Union has repeatedly won gold medals in the space field and is far ahead. This greatly stimulated Americans with strong technical strength, and even US President Kennedy exclaimed: "We are behind!"

In order to break the space superiority of the former Soviet Union, 196 1 On May 25th, 2008, American President Kennedy approved NASA's plan to land on the moon, and boldly put forward in Congress the task that the former Soviet Union put a man on the moon in 1970. Kennedy frankly warned the American people that no American president would accept the task unless they had the perseverance to finish the race. This mission was later named after the sun god in Greek mythology, that is, the famous Apollo manned lunar exploration program.

In order to develop a large launch vehicle, the famous rocket expert Braun and his four-person team were assigned to NASA. At the same time, the government allocated $654.38+0.4 billion for the research and development of Saturn V rocket. In the later days, despite failures, accidents and severe criticism from some quarters, the American people and their government never wavered in their support for Apollo's plan. They made up their minds to "throw the Soviets on the moon" and were ashamed of their repeated defeats.

Kennedy's successor, Johnson, also showed unwavering concern and support for the Apollo program, even though the political interests of the program were questioned. Since World War II, no national policy in the United States has received such sustained and firm support.

The Apollo program was conceived as early as 1957. Around 1960, people think that there are only two ways to land on the moon: one is to "land directly on the moon" and the other is to launch from an earth orbit launch station. Later, an engineer named Hobolt in Langley Laboratory proposed a completely different lunar orbit rendezvous scheme, that is, a relatively small spacecraft descended from the lunar orbit to the moon, returned to Earth after completing the exploration mission, and then rendezvous and docked with the mother ship in the lunar orbit. After fierce internal debate, Hopper's idea was adopted. According to conservative estimates, this technical method made Apollo land on the moon at least two years earlier.

In the original design of the lunar module, two windows were arranged on the bulkhead in front of each astronaut seat. A larger side window is flush with the astronauts' eyes. Because the astronaut is sitting, the distance between the window and the astronaut's eyes is 60 cm. The smaller side window is close to the astronaut's knee. The total area of the four side windows in front of the two astronauts is 1 1 square meter. This design is far from ideal. First of all, because the total area of the porthole is too large, the reduction of the area will affect the astronauts' vision; Secondly, because the window is far away from the astronauts' eyes and the field of vision is very limited, it is very difficult for astronauts to observe the landing site during the landing on the moon. In addition, because the window is big and heavy, it encroaches on the weight of other equipment.

In order to find a reasonable design scheme to make the windows smaller, lighter and have a better view, designers have racked their brains and often argue about it. One day, George Franklin, an engineer from NASA complained that the total time from the separation of the lunar module from the service module and the command module to landing on the moon was only 1 hour, or even less. Why do astronauts sit and stand? ! "Standing?" Yes, stand! A complaint opened the way for designers. A new and reasonable new scheme was thus produced. Astronauts standing can make their eyes look out close to the window, and their horizons are greatly expanded. In this case, the window can be designed to be smaller, thus reducing the weight. It is really difficult to find a place to do it, and there is no strength at all!

The Apollo program is a grand task. No unit, department or company can do it alone. During the implementation of the plan, about 400,000 people and more than 20,000 companies participated, and the total cost was $23.98+500 million.

(Excerpted from Sina Technology February 2006 1 Day 5438+5)

Third, Armstrong.

If someone asks you, "Do you know what animal flies highest?" Many people will definitely answer: "The eagle flies the highest." If someone tells you that eagles can fly to the moon, you will definitely think that this person has a brain problem.

1969 On July 20th, an American named Armstrong reported a message to all mankind that the eagle had flown to the moon. Everyone who heard the news at that time knew that there was nothing wrong with his brain, and the reported news was indeed true.

Of course, Armstrong is not talking about an ordinary eagle, but the American "Apollo 1 1" moon landing spacecraft. More than a billion people on earth watched Armstrong slowly get off the spaceship and carefully put his feet on the surface of the moon through live television. "This small step is a small step for a person; But for all mankind, this is a huge step! " Armstrong's famous saying became a great declaration of human conquest of the moon.

As the first space eagle to fly to the moon, Armstrong deserves to be a hero of all mankind.

Neil armstrong, 1930 was born in a small town in Ohio. Little Neil has been fascinated by flying since he was a child. /kloc-I started flying lessons at the age of 0/5, and the tuition fees were earned by my own work. Because of her excellent academic performance,/kloc-got a driver's license as an intern pilot at the age of 0/6. At that time, he didn't even get his driver's license. In Chinese, little Neil learned to run before he learned to walk.

1947 After graduating from high school, Armstrong won a scholarship from the US Navy and entered the famous Purdue University. 1949 Little Neil was drafted into the army and officially became a pilot of the US Navy. In the next ten years, Armstrong flew more than 200 planes, including gliders, helicopters and jets. The most famous model is the X 15 ultra-high-speed rocket plane, with a speed of 6,500 kilometers per hour ... During this period, Armstrong successfully completed the postgraduate course of the University of Southern California after work and obtained a master's degree in aviation engineering.

1962, Armstrong was selected by NASA and became the second batch of American astronauts. 1March, 966 16, Armstrong, as the commander of the spacecraft, piloted Gemini 8 spacecraft with Scott to dock with a satellite in space. After the successful docking, the spacecraft suddenly began to rotate. Armstrong flew the spaceship off the satellite, but it still somersaulted in space. Armstrong started one of the 16 jet thrusters, and the spacecraft was still spinning. They started the second propeller again, and after 30 minutes, the spacecraft finally stabilized. According to the instructions of the ground center, they terminated their mission and successfully flew back to the ground and landed in the designated waters of the western Pacific.

1July, 969 16, Armstrong, Aldrin and Collins piloted Apollo 1 1 spacecraft, and started the first feat of human conquest of the moon. On July 2 1 day, they arrived at the scheduled landing site of the moon "Jinghai" and will land soon. Suddenly, they found a crater the size of a football field under the spaceship, which was full of stones of all sizes. If they land forcibly, their lunar module will probably be smashed by these stones. If they continue to fly forward, there will be little fuel left. Armstrong's ability to deal with emergencies has been brought into play again. He immediately took emergency measures to change the spacecraft to manual driving. After flying for about 20 seconds, he found a relatively flat place 6 kilometers away. His heart rate has risen from 77 beats per minute to 156 due to high tension.

The lunar module finally landed safely on the lunar surface. Armstrong immediately reported to the earth: "Houston, we reported on the' Jinghai' on the moon that the eagle had landed!"

After several hours of preparation, Armstrong was the first to walk out of the lunar module and left the first human footprint on the surface of the moon with his special rubber shoes.

Armstrong and Aldrin began to work intensively, putting some scientific instruments on the surface of the moon, including cosmic ray counters, seismographs and laser reflectors. They took many photos and collected some moon soil and rock samples. After staying on the surface of the moon for more than three hours, they returned to the lunar module.

On July 25th, the three of them successfully returned to Earth, completing their first feat of conquering other planets.

197 1 year, Armstrong retired from NASA and became a professor of aviation engineering at the University of Cincinnati. 198 1 retired from the university of Cincinnati and became the president of aviation computer technology company. 1993, Space Eagle was selected by relevant departments and entered the American Astronaut Hall of Fame.