What are the methods of studying history in senior high school?

The study of history must be systematic and deep.

first, list the basic framework

each discipline has its own knowledge structure and clues, that is, the basic framework. Understanding the basic framework can make everyone have an overall and clear understanding of the knowledge they have learned.

For example, when studying the Qin Dynasty, it can be simply designed as:

Establish (including time, people and capital)

Consolidate (including political, economic and cultural measures)

Prosperity (referring to specific manifestations)

Decline (including reasons for decline)

After mastering this simple method, study in the future.

after these general contents are listed, we might as well think deeply about some issues. For example, why some cities are often used as capitals, what are the criteria for choosing capitals, and why are there these criteria? For another example, why can some dynasties persist for hundreds of years, while others are like a flash in the pan? What are the similarities or differences in each dynasty? … What we need to cultivate in studying history is our thinking consciousness. Nothing in this world happens for no reason. To explore the cause and effect of a thing will greatly exercise our thinking ability and foresight.

Several history teachers on Essence Online pay great attention to helping everyone to make a good knowledge frame in their teaching, which shows that this is extremely important in the study of history.

2. Supplementing historical facts and teaching materials

After the outline is listed, we can supplement basic historical facts within the outline. According to the content of each chapter, add various factors of key historical facts:

the cause of the event (including background, conditions, reasons, purposes, etc.)

the process of the event (including time, place, people, slogans, etc.)

the impact of the event (including nature, function, significance, lessons, etc.)

When learning history, we should pay attention to understanding the whole thing. History is a combination of events, one by one, which is still very interesting. Therefore, we can try our best to restore this matter. Everyone loves to listen to Mr. Yuan Tengfei's class, because he can talk about history in an interesting and in-depth way, and he can remember all the contents of this matter by the way when he listens with relish.

Third, firmly grasp the learning formula

Historical background, reasons and purposes

Historical background = (domestic+international) (economy+politics+culture+...)

(1) Economic background = productivity+relations of production+economic structure+...

(2) Political background = political situation+system+. 2. Politics ① Corruption: officialdom+army+finance ② Class contradiction. 3. Thought: Ignorance and arrogance. (2) International: 1. Economy: industrial revolution → market raw materials. 2. Politics: capitalist expansion.

Historical conditions: basically the same as the background analysis, with more emphasis on favorable factors

For example, the historical conditions of the October Revolution: (1) Domestic conditions: (1) Economy: capitalism developed into monopoly, relatively backward, and living in poverty; (2) Politics: czarist autocracy, proletarian growth, maturity of revolutionary parties, and comparative changes in power; and (3) Thought: Leninism guidance. (2) International: Imperialism is busy with World War I, etc.

cause breadth: cause = subjective (internal cause)+objective (external cause)

subjective cause: event initiation, participants' internal economic, political and ideological factors

objective cause: natural, social environment, external economic, political and ideological factors, etc.

The cause breadth is basically the same as the background analysis method, and the background focuses on static analysis. For example, the breadth analysis of the causes of the American War of Independence: (1) Internal factors: ① economy: capitalist economic development, unified market, etc. ② politics: the formation of American nation, bourgeoisie, planter class, etc. ③ culture: unified culture, awakening of national consciousness, etc. (2) External causes: ① British economic plunder and political oppression; ② the influence of Enlightenment, etc.

depth of causes: causes: → direct → main → fundamental

(1) direct causes: accidental factors (fuses, excuses, etc.) that most directly trigger events

(2) main causes: including subjective and objective factors that trigger events

(3) root causes: historical trends (productivity development, requirements of the times)+subjective needs, etc.

. The main reasons involved various contradictions at home and abroad at that time, including imperialist aggression, the dark rule of Beiyang warlords, the development of national capitalism, the growth of the proletariat, the influence of the October Revolution, the spread of Marxism and other factors. The root cause is the deepest factor among the main reasons.

Contradiction analysis: contradiction between productive forces and production relations, contradiction between economic base and superstructure, class contradiction, intra-class contradiction, ethnic contradiction, religious contradiction, and contradiction between different interest groups ...

For example, the reasons for the outbreak of the Netherlands Revolution are: ① capitalist economic development and the old system; ② bourgeois and feudal class; ③ ethnic contradiction between the Dutch people and Spanish rulers; ④ Calvinism and Catholicism, etc.

purpose and motivation: → direct → main → fundamental

direct motivation: solving various crises or problems currently facing

main purpose: achieving a certain goal, seeking stability and development, etc.

fundamental purpose: establishing or consolidating the rule and safeguarding the interests of the ruling class (fundamental interests)

purpose and motivation are subjective reasons, which are the subjective of the initiator of the event. For example, Wang Anshi's political reform: the direct motive is to solve the social crisis; The main purpose is to increase fiscal revenue, ease class contradictions, and realize Qiang Bing as a rich country. The fundamental purpose is to consolidate feudal rule.

historical content = economy+politics+culture+...

historical content is objective history, which is an objective record of major historical activities of mankind. The main body of the activity includes important historical figures, groups, organizations and institutions. Activities include economic and political events, situations, systems, policies, programs, routes, plans and treaties; Cultural theory, technology, cultural relics, engineering buildings, books and documents, etc. The general historical content can be analyzed from economic, political and cultural aspects.

economic content: productivity+relations of production+economic structure and layout+...

(1) ancient economy = economic system+economic policy+(agriculture+handicrafts+commerce)+economic structure, Layout+...

① Economic policy = general policy+land+tax+tax+personal+...

② Agricultural economy = population+land+tools+water conservancy+crops+layout+...

③ Handicraft economy = (textile+mining+ceramics+...) (technology+) Layout = the change of the proportion of economic components+the change of economic center of gravity+the expansion of economic mode+...

The general analysis method of ancient economy is to first analyze the adjustment of economic policies in various periods, and then analyze the economic development from agriculture, handicrafts and commerce. For example, the economy of the Tang Dynasty: first, analyze the overall policy of attaching importance to agriculture, and the measures to restore the economy in the early Tang Dynasty, such as land equalization system, rent and commission modulation, etc. Then analyze agriculture, such as the improvement of production tools, building water conservancy, reclaiming wasteland, grain weaving, population growth, etc. Technology and layout of silk weaving, ceramics and papermaking in handicraft industry; The prosperity of urban commerce, the development of ethnic groups and foreign trade, etc. From the overall development analysis, the commodity economy is still weak, the north-south economy tends to be balanced, and the feudal mode of production expands to the frontier.

(2) Modern economy = economic development factors+economic components+international economy+...

① economic development factors = technology+capital+market+raw materials+labor+economic structure+mode of operation+policy+...

For example, in the second half of 19th century, American economic development factors included labor and technology brought by immigrants; Western development provides markets and raw materials; Abolish plantation slavery, large-scale agricultural management and monopoly mode.

② Economic composition = natural economy+foreign investment+joint venture+private capital+official capital+state-owned+collective+individual+...

For example, in the early days of New China, the landlord economy was eliminated, the rich peasants' economy was preserved, and the farmers' individual economy developed; Imperialist enterprises and bureaucratic capital in China were confiscated, and national capitalism resumed development; State-owned enterprises establish their leading position, and the collective cooperative economy rises.

③ International economy = overall pattern+(production+management+capital+technology+market+tariff) (cooperation+competition)

For example, the trend of multipolarization, regional grouping and global modernization of the contemporary world economic structure; It is embodied in the cooperation and competition among countries and groups in production, management, capital, technology, market and tariff trade.

political content = system+system+policy+class+nationality+diplomacy+military+...

(1) ancient politics = political situation+system+central+local+class+military+finance+nationality+foreign+...

For example, politics in Ming and Qing Dynasties: including the consolidation of a unified multi-ethnic feudal country, the decline of feudal system, and.

(2) Modern politics = political situation+system+regime+regime+political power+power+right ...

For example, the political situation after the Revolution of 1911, including political turmoil, the establishment of * * * and regime, the system of separation of powers, Yuan Shikai's usurpation of power, the struggle of various political forces for power, people's basic rights and so on.

(3) international politics = system+pattern+group+cooperation+war+confrontation+compromise+...

such as the bipolar pattern under the Yalta system, the confrontation and compromise between the two groups, the cooperation and contradiction within the group, the cold war and the hot war, etc.

cultural content = natural science+social science+cultural exchange+...

(1) natural science = (scientific theory+scientific and technological invention) (astronomy+geography+mathematics+physics+chemistry+biology+medicine+agronomy+...)

(2) social science = thought, religion+education+history+literature+. Course of events: preparation → start → development or twists and turns → success or failure

Events refer to people's sudden and intermittent historical activities in a short period of time, such as the Xi 'an Incident, the French Revolution and World War II. The state of affairs refers to the routine and continuous historical activities that people engage in for a long period of time, such as: a hundred schools of thought contend, the Westernization Movement, the industrial revolution, etc. The analysis of events and events should be carried out according to the development order of activities and then divided into activities.