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Seventh Grade Volume 2

Chapter 8, Other Countries and Regions in the Eastern Hemisphere

Section 1, Middle East

●Scope: The Middle East mainly includes the countries in West Asia (Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey, Palestine, Israel, Egypt) except Afghanistan, as well as Egypt in North Africa.

1. Important geographical location: The Middle East is a hub connecting the three continents of Asia, Europe and Africa, and connecting the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. It is surrounded by five seas, namely the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, the Caspian Sea, the Arabian Sea and the Red Sea. (P51 Figure 8.3 shows the location of one bay, two oceans, three continents and five seas)

2. Rich oil resources:

① The Middle East has the largest oil reserves, production and The region that exports the most oil. This is also the reason why some big countries are competing for it.

②Oil distribution: mainly distributed in the Persian Gulf and its coastal areas.

③Main oil-producing countries: Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Iran, etc.

④ Most of it is transported by tankers from ports along the Persian Gulf to developed countries such as Western Europe, the United States, and Japan, which has an important impact on the development of the world economy. ③Oil export route: (P53 Activity 3)

a: Shipping to Japan (eastbound route): Persian Gulf → Strait of Hormuz → Indian Ocean → Strait of Malacca → Pacific → Japan

< p>b: Shipping to Western Europe and the United States (shortest westbound route):

Persian Gulf→Strait of Hormuz→Arabian Sea→Mandhan Strait→Red Sea→Suez Canal→Mediterranean Sea→Strait of Gibraltar→Atlantic Ocean →Western Europe and the United States

C: Shipping to Western Europe and the United States (far westbound route):

Persian Gulf → Strait of Hormuz → Arabian Sea → Indian Ocean → bypassing Africa The Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip → Atlantic Ocean → Western Europe and the United States

3. Scarcity of water resources: It is the fuse of the war and a constraint on the development of agriculture in this region. The Middle East is located on the west coast and interior of the continent where the Tropic of Cancer passes. It is hot and dry all year round and has a mainly tropical desert climate. Only a small Mediterranean climate is distributed along the Mediterranean coast. The scarcity of water resources has a great impact on the production and even people's lives in the Middle East countries.

The climate in the Middle East is dry (mainly Mediterranean climate, temperate continental climate, subtropical and tropical desert climate, among which the characteristics of tropical desert climate are: high temperature and little rain all year round). Rivers are rare and unevenly distributed. Many countries* **use.

4. The people in the Middle East are mainly white. Islam, Christianity, and Judaism all regard Jerusalem as a holy city.

5. The residents of most countries and regions in the Middle East are mainly Arabs and believe in Islam. These countries are called "Arab countries". Persians are mainly distributed in Iran and believe in Islam. Jews are mainly distributed in Israel and believe in Judaism

§2. Western Europe

1. Areas where developed countries are concentrated: Western Europe refers to the western half of Europe, accounting for more than half of Europe's area , densely populated and numerous countries, most of which are developed countries.

2. There is a regional organization in western Europe called the European Union (EU). It has 27 member states, all of which are developed countries. The EU plays an important role in the world economy and the international political stage. . People use a unified currency called the euro

3. The capital of the United Kingdom is London, the capital of France is Paris; the capital of Germany is Berlin, and the capital of Italy is Rome.

4. The EU ranks first in the world in imports and exports and is the largest trade region in the world. The industry in western Europe is dominated by manufacturing. Manufacturing is an industrial sector that processes raw materials and manufactures various industrial products.

5. The industry is developed, mainly processing and manufacturing. Western Europe has a high proportion of the population engaged in manufacturing. There are many industrial centers, densely distributed in a "ten" shape. From the United Kingdom eastward to Poland, and from Scandinavia to Italy, a world-famous industrial intensive zone has been formed.

6. The reasons for the developed animal husbandry in Europe are: climate - located on the west coast of the mid-latitude continent, a temperate maritime climate (characteristics: mild and rainy all year round), which forms succulent pasture; topography - terrain Low and flat, mainly plains. As a result, the grassland is spread widely. People in western Europe call pasture "green gold." Therefore, the livestock industry in western Europe is developed.

7. The terrain characteristics of western Europe are: low and flat, mainly plains, mountainous in the north and south, and vast plains in the central part. The plains are distributed in the central part, bounded by the Rhine River, the Western European Plain to the west, and the Pod Plain to the east. Mountainous areas are mainly distributed in the southern and northern peninsulas. There are the Scandinavian Mountains to the north and the Alps to the south. The Alps run east-west, which is conducive to the warm and moist Atlantic Ocean flowing deep into the interior.

(Refer to Figure 8.23 ??on P64, remember: Scandinavia Mountains, Pyrenees Mountains, Apennines, Alps, Carpathian Mountains, Western European Plains, Pod Plain, Sri Lanka Scandinavia, Iberian Peninsula, Apennine Peninsula, Balkan Peninsula, Island of Great Britain, Iceland, Lower Danube Plain, Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, North Sea, Baltic Sea, Strait of Gibraltar, English Channel)

8 , the Netherlands, Denmark and other countries are the main dairy livestock countries in the world.

9. Prosperous tourism industry: Western Europe is extremely rich in natural and cultural tourism resources. The sunny Mediterranean seaside scenic spots and beach bathing beaches in southern Europe, the winding and deep fjords in northern Europe are fascinating; the towering Alps in the middle are a good place for mountaineering and skiing; unique customs, ancient castles, solemn churches, A large number of museums make western Europe a region with developed tourism in the world. France, Spain and Italy have become the three most famous tourist countries in Europe.

10. The countries where the main tourist destinations are located: Tower Bridge (UK), Windmills (Netherlands), Nordic fjord scenery (Norway), Alpine skiing (Switzerland), Paris Eiffel Tower (France) , Spanish Bullfighting, Mediterranean Coast Scenery (Italy), Parthenon in Athens (Greece).

§3. Sub-Saharan Africa

1. Sub-Saharan Africa is located south of the Sahara Desert, the largest desert in the world, with the Indian Ocean to the east and the Indian Ocean to the west. Facing the Atlantic Ocean, it is located at low latitudes. The terrain slopes from southeast to northwest and is dominated by plateaus. (P67 Figure 8.26: Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Ethiopian Plateau, East African Plateau, South African Plateau, Congo Basin, Gulf of Guinea, Sahara Desert, Nile River, Cape of Good Hope, Mount Kilimanjaro)

2. 90% of this area The above are black people, so Africa south of the Sahara is also known as "Black Africa".

3. The original settlements of black Africans are mainly distributed along the coast of the Gulf of Guinea and the Congo Basin, that is, mainly in the west of this region.

4. Mount Kilimanjaro, the highest peak in Africa, is called the equatorial snow peak.

5. An economy dominated by a single commodity: export items mainly include minerals, forests, livestock and other primary products; imported items include machinery, automobiles and other industrial products. Such economic characteristics have caused many African countries to lose their market initiative. (Master P70 Activity 2, Figure 8.32)

①Concept: An economy that relies too much on the production of one or several products;

②Disadvantages: low-priced primary products, industrially made The price of goods is high, which restricts the development of the country's economy;

③Cause: long-term rule and control by colonialists;

④Way out: develop diversified agriculture and revitalize national industry , establishing export processing zones and developing tourism to change the country's economic dependence on a single product.

6. Africa’s natural population growth rate ranks first among all continents in the world (2.2%, and sub-Saharan Africa is as high as 3.0%). The population growth is too fast, exceeding the food and economic growth rate. This has resulted in increasingly serious population and food problems. Due to the long-term rule and control of colonialism, the region's science and technology are backward, the level of agricultural and animal husbandry production is very low, and food is never self-sufficient. The population is growing too fast and requires more food and meat. Therefore, people cut down forests and cultivate grasslands to expand the area of ??cultivated land, or overgraze, leading to a decrease in soil fertility, grassland degradation, exacerbating land desertification, and gradually deteriorating the ecological environment. .

Solutions: control population; improve agricultural and animal husbandry production levels; protect the natural environment.

7. The main climate types in sub-Saharan Africa are: savanna climate (the most widely distributed, characterized by: high temperature throughout the year, large seasonal differences in precipitation, and obvious dry and wet seasons), tropical climate Rainforest climate. Countries in savanna areas are often threatened by drought

8. Insufficient food supply, backward production levels, and reclamation of grasslands and forests have led to environmental deterioration, which has become a common problem encountered by countries in this region.

9. The climate in this area is mainly tropical, so it is the hometown of many tropical economic crops, such as coffee and cocoa;

10. Many of the mineral resources in this area occupy the largest share in the world. important position, such as diamond and copper.

　§4. Australia

1. Four nicknames for Australia: the museum of the world’s living fossils, the country that occupies a continent, the country riding on the back of a sheep, and the country sitting on a mine cart. country.

2. World Living Fossil Museum: Australia is located between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, surrounded by seas. It is the only country in the world that occupies a single continent. 65 million years ago, the Australian continent separated from other continents, lived alone, and developed independently. For a long time, the natural conditions have been relatively simple, animals have evolved slowly, and there have been no intrusions from large carnivores. Many rare primitive animals have continued to thrive and continue to reproduce to this day. Unique animals include: kangaroos, emus, koalas, platypus, etc.

3. A country riding on the back of a sheep: Australia is the country with the largest number of sheep and wool exports in the world.

4. Australia uses the natural conditions of different regions to develop agriculture according to local conditions, forming four different agricultural and animal husbandry regions. (P74 Figure 8.37, understand the distribution of agricultural and animal husbandry zones.)

5. Australia is a sparsely populated country with a vast territory. The average population density is only 2.5 people/square kilometer, which is about 1.0 times that of China. /46. Agricultural and animal husbandry production is highly mechanized. Among its export products, in addition to wool, it is also an important exporter of beef and wheat in the world.

6. The terrain of Australia: the east is mountainous, the central part is dominated by plains, and the west is dominated by plateaus. There is the Great Dividing Range running from north to south in the east. The Murray River, the largest river in the country, originates from the west of the Great Dividing Range and flows southwest into the Indian Ocean. There is the world-famous Great Barrier Reef on the northeastern coast. The vast low plateau in the west accounts for about half of the country's area. The central part is a large area of ??plains, with Lake Eyre at the lowest point. There are few rivers on the plain, but groundwater is abundant. When wells are dug in the low-lying areas in the middle of the plain, the groundwater can automatically flow out of the ground and become artesian wells, so people also call it the "Great Artesian Basin." (Learn about the main geographical things in Australia in the P75 picture: the Great Dividing Range, the Murray River, the Australian Basin, North Lake Eyre, the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and Tasmaria Island.)

7. Sitting in the Mine The country on the bus: Australia is very rich in mineral resources, and many mineral reserves rank among the best in the world: such as iron ore in the west; coal mines on the eastern coast and bauxite ore in the northeast. The mining and export of Australian mineral products also plays an important role in the world. More than half of the ore mined in Australia is exported, making it one of the world's leading exporters of mineral products. Mineral distribution: iron ore (west), coal mine (east), bauxite (north). (P77 Figure 8.40 Know the location of several minerals in the picture)

8. The service industry has become the pillar industry of Australia's economy.

9. Australia’s cities and population are mainly distributed in the southeastern coastal areas. The capital is Canberra, Sydney is the largest industrial center and port city in the country, and Melbourne is the second largest city in the country. (P77 Figure 8.40 Remember the positions of major cities in the picture)

10. The Tropic of Capricorn passes through the central part of the Australian continent. Australia is located in the tropical and southern temperate zones, with savannah climate and tropical desert climate being the most widely distributed. (P76 Figure 8.39 guides Australia’s climate types and distribution)

11. Terrain and agriculture and animal husbandry: The western part is a vast low plateau with an altitude of less than 1,000 meters, and the central part is a large area of ??plains with rich groundwater and excellent pasture. , no large carnivores, suitable for open-air fenced grazing.

12. Climate and agriculture and animal husbandry: The central, western and northern regions of Australia have vast tropical desert climate and hot grassland climate zones, which are relatively dry and suitable for wintering and breeding of livestock.

The southeast has hot and rainy summers and mild and humid winters; the southwestern region has mild and humid winters and hot and dry summers. Such climate characteristics are suitable for both animal husbandry and farming. Therefore, mixed agriculture has been developed in these areas.

13. More than 70% of Australia’s sheep are concentrated in the mixed-operation zone along the southeastern coast. There are relatively few sheep in other vast areas. Because the terrain in the southeast and southwest is relatively flat, the climate in the southwest is suitable and the precipitation is relatively abundant compared to other regions. Although the southeast is in the rain shadow area of ??the Great Dividing Range, water diversion for irrigation can satisfy its wheat cultivation and animal husbandry. , so it is more favorable to develop mixed agriculture in this area.

Chapter 9: Countries in the Western Hemisphere

Section 1 United States

1. The territory consists of three parts: the 48 continental states, Alaska, and Hawaii

2. Geographical location

1. Land and sea location: The main part of the United States: located in the central and southern regions of North America, bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and the Gulf of Mexico to the north. It borders Canada and borders Mexico to the south. Alaska: Located in the northwest corner of North America, bordering the Pacific Ocean and the Arctic Ocean to the north and south respectively, bordering Canadian territory to the west, and facing Russia across the Bering Strait to the east; Hawaii: located near the Tropic of Cancer in the Pacific Ocean, is a series of islands composed.

2. Latitude location: The main body is located in the northern temperate zone, most of Alaska is located in the northern cold zone, and Hawaii is located in the tropics

1. Indians are the indigenous inhabitants of the United States. The racial composition of the country includes 84% ??white people, followed by 13% black people, and there are about 1.6 million overseas Chinese.

2. After immigrants from various countries immigrated to the United States, after a long period of integration, they gradually became consistent in culture, language and life, forming a unified American nation.

4. The terrain of the United States: roughly distributed in a north-south column, with the tall Rocky Mountains in the west, the low Appalachian Mountains in the east, and the vast plains in the center, of which the plains account for the entire More than half of the total area of ??the United States (the cultivated land is vast, accounting for about 10% of the world's cultivated land.)

5. The production and export volume of agricultural products in the United States ranks among the top in the world, such as the production of corn and soybeans. Both volume and export volume rank first in the world.

6. Agricultural production in the United States has achieved mechanization and specialization.

7. Remember Figure 9.5 on page P82 and the content in the three boxes on the picture (know the following geographical elements in the picture: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, Canada, Mexico, Rocky Mountains, Great Plains , Great Lakes, Mississippi River, Appalachian Mountains, St. Lawrence River); remember the location of the main agricultural belts in Figure 9.9 on P85.

8. The United States is a major agricultural country in the world, the most developed industrial country in the world, the base of the world's high-tech industries, the world's largest economic power, and the world's largest resource consumer and waste emitter. country.

9. Silicon Valley, southeast of San Francisco, is the earliest and largest high-tech center in the United States.

10. Remember the distribution of major industrial cities in Figure 9.12 in P87 Activity 1 (2).

Section 2 Brazil

1. Brazil is the largest and most populous country in Latin America, ranking fifth in the world in both population and area.

2. Brazil has low racial prejudice. In Brazil, white people account for more than half, mulattoes account for about 40%, black people account for 6%, Indians less than 1%, and a small number of Japanese. and Chinese, so Latin America is a society with a large number of mestizos.

3. The best in the world in Brazil: the largest plain, the Amazon Plain; the largest plateau is the Brazilian Plateau; the world's largest river, the Amazon River, is covered with the largest tropical rain forest on earth. , 60% of which are in Brazil. (Remember P90 Figure 9.18: Amazon Plain, Brazilian Plateau, Amazon River, Atlantic Ocean, Paraná River, Sao Paulo, Brasilia, Rio de Janeiro)

4. Most of Brazil is located in the tropics and is the largest in the world. It is a tropical country with a vast territory, dominated by tropical rainforest climate and savanna climate.

5. Brazil has large iron ore reserves and excellent texture. Its output and export volume rank among the top in the world. Mainly distributed in the southeast, the Itabira open-pit iron mine is the largest iron ore mine in Brazil.

6. In terms of modern industry, steel, shipbuilding, automobiles, and aircraft manufacturing have jumped to the ranks of the world's important producing countries.

7. Itaipu Hydropower Station is located on the Paraná River. , built by a joint venture between Brazil and Paraguay,

8. The output of coffee (known as the Coffee Kingdom), citrus, and sugar cane ranks first in the world.

9. The Brazilian government in 1990 Submitted the , demonstrating the determination to change the past development method at the expense of the environment and shift to a new development method of sustainable development.

10. In June 1992, the United Nations General Assembly held a meeting in Brazil. Held in Rio de Janeiro, the World Agenda 21 with sustainable development as its core was adopted. 11. The role of tropical rainforests: 1) providing fresh air to the world 2) conserving water sources and protecting freshwater resources 3) protecting soil , prevent soil erosion, 4) regulate the global climate, 5) provide wood, 6) provide good habitats and maintain biodiversity.

12. Brazil’s cities are mainly distributed in the eastern coastal area, and large cities are very concentrated. The urban population accounts for 3/4 of the total population. Sao Paulo is Brazil's largest city and industrial center and one of the world's megacities.

13. Brazil moved its capital from Rio de Janeiro on the coast to the central plateau. Brasilia

●Brazil’s location, ethnicity, industry and agriculture

1. Geographical location: Most of the country is located between the equator and the Tropic of Capricorn, belonging to the tropics; it faces the Atlantic Ocean to the east.

2. Melting pot of nations: Brazil’s indigenous inhabitants, the Indians, created a splendid ancient civilization—the Mayan civilization. Brazil's race is complex, with Caucasians accounting for slightly more than half. Different races came together in Brazil, and they intermarried with each other, and many of their descendants became mixed race people. Mixed race people account for 40% and black people account for 6%. Latin America is a society with a large number of mixed race people and is a "melting pot of nations."

3. Agriculture: It is an important basic sector of Brazil’s national economy. Brazil is an important exporter of tropical cash crops. Its output of coffee, sugar cane, and citrus ranks first in the world. It is the largest coffee producer and exporter in the world. Crops are concentrated along the eastern coast.

4. Industry: Brazil is rich in iron ore and water energy resources. Iron ore is mainly distributed in the southeast. Therefore, Brazil's heavy industry is mainly distributed in the Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro areas on the southeast coast. Because here there are high-quality iron ore, abundant water power and convenient transportation, dense population and broad market.

4. Environmental issues and urbanization issues in Brazil

1. Crisis of the tropical rainforest: The Amazon River is located in northern Brazil and is the largest river in the world - the Amazon River Basin is covered with The largest tropical rainforest on earth, 60% of which is in Brazil. On the one hand, tropical rainforests can provide a large amount of natural resources, such as wood, fruits, etc.; on the other hand, they have environmental functions such as conserving water sources, protecting soil, preventing soil erosion, and purifying the air. But Brazil's vast tropical rainforests are being severely damaged by people. The main causes of the tropical rainforest crisis are arbitrary logging and predatory migration agriculture.

Due to the large-scale deforestation of tropical rainforests, it has affected the Brazilian and even global climate, reduced biological resources, serious soil erosion, and damaged the global ecological environment. In 1990, the Brazilian government submitted the "Brazilian Environment Report" to the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, determined to develop tropical rainforests in a sustainable way.

2. Urbanization problem: More than 90% of Brazil’s population and cities are located in the eastern coastal areas. Many problems have arisen in the process of urbanization, such as "shortage of resources, traffic congestion, housing difficulties, serious pollution, etc."

Chapter 10 Polar Regions

1. The Arctic region is located The northernmost point of the Earth refers to the vast area north of latitude 66.5 (Arctic Circle), including most of the Arctic Ocean, as well as the land and islands of Asia, Europe, and North America along the coast. (P100 Figure 10.1: Find the Arctic Ocean, Asia, Europe, and North America)

2. Antarctica is located at the southernmost point of the earth, the vast area south of 66.5 latitude (Antarctic Circle), including the Antarctic continent, and Surrounding Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean. (P101 Figure 10.2: Find Antarctica, the Indian Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Pacific Ocean)

3. The climate characteristics of the Antarctic region: severe cold, dryness, and strong winds.

Reasons: The Antarctic region is located at high latitudes, where the sun's height is very small and the sunlight is weak. The ground receives the least sunlight in a year; the altitude is high, and the surface is covered with ice and snow, which reflects part of the solar radiation; the low temperature makes the Antarctic continent form a strong A high-pressure center with little precipitation and strong winds.

The Antarctic region is the coldest place on earth and is known as the "World's Coldest Pole" and "Ice and Snow Plateau". It is also known as the "white desert" and "wind bank" on earth. Icebergs are a striking natural feature on the sea surface near the Antarctic continent.

4. Climate characteristics of the Arctic region: Most of the Arctic region is ocean, so the temperature is not as cold as Antarctica, the precipitation is more than that of Antarctica, and the wind speed is far lower than that of Antarctica.

5. Penguins are the symbol of Antarctica, and polar bears are the representatives of the Arctic.

6. At the North Pole, every direction points south; at the South Pole, every direction points north.

7. The Antarctic region is a "big warehouse" of natural resources: rich minerals are buried underground; a large amount of solid freshwater resources are stored on the ground; countless marine life inhabits the coast; and pristine nature environment.

8. Currently, 18 countries have established more than 140 scientific research stations in Antarctica. On February 14, 1985, my country established its first Antarctic research station on King George Island, Antarctica-- --Great Wall Station. On February 26, 1989, Zhongshan Station was established. (Remember that the two research stations are at the upper middle position in Figure 10.2 on P101). The Great Wall Station is northwest of Zhongshan Station, and Zhongshan Station is southeast of the Great Wall Station. Zhongshan Station has polar day and night phenomena (because Zhongshan Station is located within the Antarctic Circle, while Great Wall Station is located outside the Antarctic Circle). Zhongshan Station is located in the Eastern Hemisphere (Indian Ocean Coast), and Great Wall Station is located in the Western Hemisphere (Atlantic Coast).

9. In order to protect the ecological environment of Antarctica and use Antarctica for peaceful purposes, in December 1959, 12 countries including Australia and Argentina signed the Antarctic Treaty. my country officially joined the Antarctic Treaty in 1983.

10. Why are our Antarctic research stations established in February? (Because November to March of the following year is the warm season in the Antarctic region, with high temperatures; secondly, it is the polar period, and during the day It takes a long time, which is conducive to scientific investigation activities and website building)