When did Guizhou's population crisis fill in history, and which provinces moved in?

Ming: At 80, all immigrants are divided into castles.

After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang adopted Liu Ji's suggestion and deployed troops all over the country, with three points stationed and seven points planted. Since the fourth year of Hongwu, there have been 24 Wei households and 2 Zhili households in Guizhou. According to the military establishment at that time, each health guard was rated at 5,600 people, with 65,438+065,438 +020 people in the front, back, left, right and middle schools. Each hospital is divided into 10,000 hospitals, and the basic unit is 100 hospitals. Because Guizhou is the throat of Sichuan and Yunnan, the southwest locks the key, and its geographical location is very important. In addition to 5 thousand households, plus 1,000 households, the number of troops often exceeds the rated establishment. According to (Jiajing)' s "Guizhou Tongzhi", the governors of Guizhou commanded Guizhou Wei and Guizhou Qianwei, and the western "upper six guards" (Wei, Ping Bawei, Pu, An, Wei and Pu) and the eastern "lower six guards" (Long Liwei, Tian Xinwei, Ping Yue Wei and Qing Wei Ping). In addition, Huguang

There is no record of the "six frontier guards" (Pianqiao Guard, Pingxi Guard, Zhenyuan Guard, Qinglang Guard, Tonggu Guard and Wu Kaiwei) and thousands of officers and men in Tianzhu. According to the formal system, there should be 34,720 officers and men. During the Wanli period of Zongshen, Weiyuan Wei was established in Zunyi, northern Guizhou, Fuyong Wei and Zhenxi Wei were established in Chongzhen, with officers and men16,800. There are more than 200,000 officers and men entering Guizhou. Except for a few garrisons in the hinterland of Miaojiang in southeastern Guizhou, health stations have been set up in other border areas. Liping alone has 30,000 troops, and Xifeng-Guanling line has 37, which will "manage 50 stations".

These more than 200,000 health guards are actually more than 200,000 families. Because the officers and men of the Ming dynasty health clinics were all injected into the army and replaced from generation to generation. This is called military households. Every military household has a "regular army" in service, and one person under the household assists the regular army in managing life, which is called "Yu Jun" or "Yu Jun". In order to ensure the continuous supply of troops and stabilize the peace of mind of officers and men, it is stipulated that both the regular army and Yu Jun should take their families with them, and one person should accompany the whole family. It is clearly recorded in the Daming Hui Dian: "If the wife is registered, the age of the wife's surname will be set in the collar, so that the new family of origin can be reunited." If there are no wives, the government will let them get married. If there were four people in each family, 800,000 soldiers immigrated to Guizhou in the Ming Dynasty. Because most of them live in Tunpu, they are called "Tunpu people" in the world.

Qing Dynasty: Economic Motivation Attracts "Guests"

There was another wave of immigrants in Qing dynasty, but it was no longer a "migrant" who came to the "real border" through government organizations in Ming dynasty, but a free immigrant driven by economic interests. Because the people who moved in the previous generation have become "aborigines", they are called "Hakkas". During the Qianlong period, Guizhou Governor Ai Bida wrote in "A Brief Introduction to Qiannan": "When the committee members sorted out the investigation one by one, there were 3 1437 indigenous people who bought Miao people's fields, 313 indigenous people who rented Miao people, and 24,044 trade, craft and domestic workers. There are 1 973 indigenous people living in urban townships and Maidang Miao farmland, and 4,455 indigenous people and tenants live in urban townships and Maidang Miao farmland. " Knowing Guizhou in Southern Guizhou was written in the 14th year of Qianlong (1749), only 20 years before The Return of the Native. Obviously, it's just a fragment of the "Hakka" moving in. After that, a large number of Hakkas entered the remote areas originally controlled by the toast. For example, during the Daoguang period, Qiannan Vocational Party Records recorded 25,632 Hakkas in Xingyi, 1048 in Dading and1032 in Duyun. Although the statistics are not comprehensive, it is an indisputable fact that hundreds of thousands of tourists entered Guizhou in the Qing Dynasty. According to relevant data, Hakkas can be roughly divided into three categories: the first category is Hakkas who "buy land for Miao people", including those who buy land in rural areas and those who live in urban and rural areas and buy land for them, some of whom are extremely rich. The second category is "tenant", that is, acting as a tenant in the countryside; The third category is "trade, handicrafts and domestic helpers". There are businessmen who do business, craftsmen who do crafts, and "wage earners" in cities and rural areas. Obviously, they are all driven by economic interests. Those who have money come to Guizhou to buy land and property, and those who have no money come to Guizhou to rent land or work. Businessmen feel that there is business to do in Guizhou, and craftsmen also come to set up workshops. There are capital immigrants, skilled immigrants and labor immigrants here. Their relatives love each other, one after another, increasing day by day, injecting a new vitality into Guizhou's economy. In the toast area, the original land is not allowed to be bought or sold, and reclamation is not allowed without the permission of the toast. After the fief was broken, the land could be bought and sold as a pawn, and Tusi and Tuzhi also adopted the landlord-style management mode, renting land to landless farmers and gradually changing from landlord economy to landlord economy, which was a historic progress. In xiuwen county, where there are more immigrants, "there are more Han people than Miao households; Miao people are not as strong as Han people, and they live together as tenants sporadically. " Miao and Han people in qianxi county account for 50%, with 246 Han and Zhuang people, 209 Miao villages and 1000 "affiliated Miao villages". Although Dingfan House belongs to "more seedlings and fewer Han people", 927 households in the villages under the jurisdiction of the 18th Tusi also buy farmland in rural areas. Xingyi County used to have "more Miao people and fewer Han people", but since the Nanlong Uprising, "there are more and more tourists consumed by indigenous Miao people", resulting in "seven or eight tourists out of ten, but two or three Miao people". In fact, it is an objective reflection of the gradual commercialization of rural economy, and it is a kind of vitality brought by Hakka people's free sale of land and inviting tenants to collect rent. Tourists entering cities and rural areas have become a new force in active urban industry and commerce. For merchants from afar, there are naturally many "business opportunities". They either set up shops or carried out long-distance trafficking, or bought local products for export, or traded in rural areas, which promoted the commodity economy in Guizhou. Artisans in developed areas not only set up local workshops to produce products needed by the market, but also recruited employees and apprentices to teach foreign advanced technology, which is an important reason why the handicraft industry in Guizhou in Qing Dynasty was more developed than that in Ming Dynasty. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, many famous products appeared in Guizhou, such as Renhuai Moutai, Yuping flute, Dading lacquer ware, Xiong Jing sculpture in Guiyang, three knives (kitchen knife, scissors, leather knife) in Anshun and so on.