Heluo Culture: Fujian, Taiwan, Guangdong, Qiong and Heluo Culture

Minnan people, also known as Heluo people, are descendants of Heluo immigrants in the Central Plains. In Zhangzhou, where Minnan ethnic group (Heluo ethnic group) and Hakka ethnic group live together, Minnan people distinguish themselves from Hakka people by calling themselves Heluo people. The current concepts of Minnan dialect and Minnan dialect were formed after the 1950s. Early Minnan people (Heluo people) called their mother tongue Heluo in order to distinguish their own language from Hakka people.

Walking on the land of southern Fujian, whether it is a quiet village or a bustling town, whether it is a magnificent residential building or a solemn family ancestral temple, these striking Chinese characters can be seen everywhere on the plaque on the lintel: Xihe School, Taiyuan School, Qinghe School, Longxi School and Tianshui Guild Hall. These counties all indicate the origin of surnames, which can be traced back to the place where ancestors once lived. Xihe is Lin County, namely Xun County, Hua County and its southern and northern regions. Qinghe county is Zhang's county, which is in the southeast of Hebei province today. Taiyuan County, namely Wangxian County, is in the south of Shanxi today. Longxi County is Lishi County, in today's Shaanxi. In southern Fujian, every household has a family tree, just like the hukou book. Genealogy is a history of blood and tears of a family moving south. Many genealogies are based on "ancestors were alive, Gwangju, Henan Province, Yongjia Rebellion, five wild flowers were crooked in the Central Plains, and the gentry moved south ..." ... Although they have lived in this land for thousands of years, the "root" culture has gone through thousands of years, and it has been integrated into the cultural genes of Minnan people and passed down from generation to generation.

At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, there was a war in the Central Plains, and the northern Han people went south to find a place to avoid the chaos, so there was a legend of "eight surnames entering Fujian". History: "In the second year of Jin Yongjia (308), Zhongzhou flaunted, and clothes began to enter Fujian, including Lin, Chen, Huang, Zheng, Zhan, Qiu, He and Hu." In the last years of Liang Xiao in the Southern Dynasties, the Hou Jing Rebellion happened, and Jiangdong was severely damaged, leaving thousands of miles empty. People who were not killed were forced to flee everywhere, and Fujian was close to Jiangdong, which naturally became a place to avoid chaos. Many people moved to Fujian from eastern and southern Zhejiang.

At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the so-called "pretty violence" broke out in the Jiulong River Basin of Fujian. In the second year of Jian 'an (669), the Tang faction commanded 3600 officers and men to quell the riots in Fujian. Chen Yuanguang entered Fujian with his father Zheng Chen as the general guarding the eagle. After the defeat of the First World War, the Tang Dynasty asked Zheng Chen's two brothers, Chen Min and Chen Fu, to lead 3000 imperial soldiers with a surname of * * * 58 to come to support. After the rebellion, these government soldiers and their families settled in Zhangzhou, which was the second climax of the gentry of the Central Plains moving into Fujian.

In the late Tang Dynasty, the Central Plains was in war, the warlords were separated, and the people were struggling. The northern scholars moved south again, forming another climax of Han people entering Fujian, among which Wang Chao and Wang were the largest. Wang Chao and Wang Yuan were farmers in Gushi County, Gwangju, Henan Province. They took advantage of the opportunity of Huang Chao to organize village soldiers to cross the river south. In the first year of Guangqi (885), Wang Dajun entered western Fujian and southern Fujian, occupied Quanzhou in August the following year, and occupied Fuzhou in the second year of Jingfu (893). Later, it was found that it was named the king of Fujian and its capital was Fuzhou. When Wang was in power, he protected the environment and people and developed economy and culture. Many northern politicians, literati, monks, businessmen and ordinary poor people settled in Fujian. Fujian Minnan culture

Minnan refers to Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Quan Quan in southern Fujian, which are located in the Jiulong River and Jinjiang River basins. Yongjia Rebellion is the starting point for the formation of ethnic groups in southern Fujian. Every household in southern Fujian has a genealogy, and a genealogy is a history of blood and tears moving south. Ancestors lived in Gushi, Gwangju, Henan Province, Yongjia Rebellion, WuLuan, Zhongyuan and Nandu. Jinjiang river basin is the earliest developed area in southern Fujian. Because of my yearning for my hometown, I call my new home Jiang Jinjiang. After the Central Plains people settled in southern Fujian, they spread their mature language, advanced writing, etiquette, costumes, folk beliefs and architectural styles in southern Fujian. Heluo dialect is a language integrated from the Central Plains and Quanzhou dialect, and the local Fujian and Guangdong dialects also began to form at this time.

In the second year of Emperor Taizong, there was a riot in southern Fujian, and the father and son led the Gushi government to counter the rebellion. Chen Yuanguang invited Zhangzhou to build a city. Because the immigrants were organized by the government, the Heluo people in Zhangzhou gained an absolute advantage. The local people of Fujian and Vietnam either accepted assimilation and settled in Tanghuali, or fled to the mountainous areas of western Fujian. The establishment of Zhangzhou marks the formation of Minnan ethnic group. The local Baiyue called these Central Plains immigrants "Tang people", and these Zhang Kai soldiers also claimed to be Tang people. With the migration of Minnan people to Taiwan Province Province and Nanyang, Taiwan Province Province and overseas Chinese take "Tangshan" as their homeland, and the overseas Chinese community is called the Tangren community.

After the establishment of Yinzhou, Chen Yuanguang "led many people to set up chariots, led them into exile, plowed millet, connected merchants and workers, set up stations in four places, and occasionally made inspections". From then on, "Quanxing from the south to Zhaohui, to Gan Ting in the west and to the islands in the east, thousands of miles away, so it is called the promised land." (See Yunxiao County Records. Celebrities ")

In his early years, Zheng Chen went to Linfen, Shangdang (now Changzhi City, Shanxi Province) and other counties with Tang Jun, and was deeply impressed by the local Qingzhang River. When he entered Fujian and camped near Xilin (now Yunxiao County), he used the old saying to boost morale and said, "This water is as clean as the party's", so he named Xilin River "Zhangjiang". Xilin stands by the river, and Chen Yuanguang was ruled by the state when the People's Republic of China was founded, hence the name Zhangzhou.

Six generations of descendants of Chen Yuanguang served as the secretariat of Zhangzhou, which promoted the culture of the Central Plains. Chen Yuanguang is an immigrant military commander and poet. He has a collection of poems, Longhu Collection. Songzhou Academy, founded by Chen Jun, son of Chen Yuanguang, is the first official academy in Fujian and China. The History of Education in China once said that the name of the academy "originated from Li Zheng Academy in the Tang Dynasty". According to historical records, Xiangcheng Punan Songzhou Academy was founded ten years earlier than Li Zheng Academy.

The Spread of Minnan Culture in Taiwan Province

The spread of Minnan culture in Taiwan Province began with Zheng Chenggong. Zheng Chenggong led an army to recapture Taiwan Province Province from southern Fujian. He had about 37,000 men, most of whom came from Quanzhou and Zhangzhou. Zheng Chenggong made great efforts to build Taiwan Province Province into a base to fight against the Qing Dynasty and regain sight. He made great efforts politically, settled the land economically, released soldiers in agriculture, and * * * opened up thousands of acres of fertile land. After that, the population became more and more complex and he became a tribe. After Zheng's death in Ming Dynasty, it became a village inhabited by Minnan people. Zheng Ming's reclamation is actually the development of Taiwan Province Province by Minnan people. After Zheng Jing succeeded to the throne, he adopted the policy of Chen Yonghua and still cultivated the land. Development zones include the northern plain of Fengshan, Shuishalian (between Douliu and Linjupu), banxian (near Changhua City today) and Zhu Qian (hsinchu city today). Then, develop the northern platform. First, the Taipei Plain along the Tamsui River will be developed. The second is to open chicken coops (now Keelung City). The latter developed from Wang Xizhi and called Zhang and Quan refugees. During the Ming and Zheng Dynasties, they mainly relied on civil and military officials and foot soldiers from Zhang Quan, the mainland of origin, and people recruited from Zhang Quan. Opening up the countryside has become an eternal career for individuals, and generations of descendants have multiplied, or lived in groups or spread everywhere, so the population of Minnan people accounts for the absolute advantage of the total population of Taiwan Province Province.

In the 23rd year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty (1684), although mainlanders were allowed to go to sea for trade and fishing, it was stipulated that mainlanders must obtain a certificate of origin to go to Taiwan Province, which was inspected by the garrison road under the stage, and then allowed by the coastal defense tongzhi of Taiwan Province Province. It was not until the 11th year of Qianlong (1746) that people were allowed to have jobs in Taiwan Province and go back to their hometown to meet their families. After 13 years of Qianlong (1748), the certificate of moving to Taiwan as soon as possible was stopped. In the 25th year of Qianlong (1760), the ban on entering Taiwan was reopened as soon as possible, and more immigrants crossed Taiwan Province. The population of Taiwan Province has also increased rapidly. At that time, Minnan people accounted for more than 80% of the total number of Han people in Taiwan Province.

As the population of southern Fujian accounts for the majority of Taiwanese population, Minnan dialect has become the most popular and influential Chinese dialect in Taiwan Province compatriots' language exchange. In the social and historical development of Taiwan Province Province, Fujian Minnan dialect has formed Taiwan Province Minnan dialect, that is, the so-called "Taiwanese dialect" used in the mass media in Taiwan Province Province. There are many folk beliefs in southern Fujian, including Mazu, Wang Guangze, Shimizu ancestor, Baosheng Emperor, Guandi, Chenghuang, Chen Yuanguang and Qingshan King. These folk beliefs, with the Minnan people moving to Taiwan Province Province, were brought to Taiwan Province Province to spread, and also formed the folk beliefs of compatriots in Taiwan Province Province. Among them, Mazu belief is the most widely spread and influential in Taiwan Province Province. Taiwanese opera is the most popular drama in Taiwan Province province. The origin of Taiwanese opera has a history of more than one hundred years. According to legend, Gezi Opera was developed in Yilan by the "Gezi" in Zhangzhou, Fujian Province, combining the image of car encouragement with local ballads. The establishment of Zhangzhou indicates that the population of southern Fujian from the south of the Central Plains has surpassed the local population of Fujian and Vietnam and become the main ethnic group. After the Jingkang Rebellion, only half of the country was left in the Song Dynasty, and Fujian, which was wild before, suddenly became an economic and cultural center in the Southern Song Dynasty. Quanzhou surpassed Guangzhou to become the largest port in China at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, and Zhangzhou Yuegang became the only foreign trade port in China in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, which promoted the economic development and population reproduction in southern Fujian. Minnan area has also changed from a population input area to a population output area.

There are many people in southern Fujian, and Chaozhou, Huizhou, Leizhou and Qiongzhou, which are adjacent to western Guangdong, have become areas to absorb the surplus population in southern Fujian. "chaozhou people is the ancestor of Fujian", which is a common saying in Chaoshan. It conveys a very important historical message to us-most of the ancestors of Chaoshan people immigrated from Fujian. Because of this, Chaoshan people are also called Fulao people. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, Wang Shixing had a wonderful exposition on the cultural and regional attribution of Chaozhou, which is widely known today. It is said that Chaozhou is the land of Fujian and Vietnam. Since Qin Shihuang belongs to Nanhai County, it is appropriate to conquer custom with form, so the people who immigrated to Fujian were right. ..... Its customs are the same as Zhangzhou, and its language is the same as Zhangzhou and the whole county. Gaihui is a Cantonese sound, and the tide is a Fujian sound, so it is said that the tide turns to Fujian.