How many emperors were there in the Qing Dynasty? What are the differences?

The word "Manchuria" refers to the northeastern region of my country - the three provinces of Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang and the three cities of Chifeng, Tongliao, Hulunbuir, and Xing'an in Inner Mongolia. Historically, they are nomadic and fishing and hunting peoples. In the early 17th century, the Manchu people rose up and entered the customs in the 1940s to establish the Qing Dynasty. From the beginning of the 17th century, it was understandable that this area was called "Manchuria", but since the mid-19th century, North China People began to leave the customs in large numbers. By the early 20th century, the Han population in the Northeast had exceeded the population of local indigenous ethnic groups. What's more, starting from the early 20th century, people from the customs left the customs in millions every year to open up the Northeast. By the early 1930s, the population of Northeast China had reached 30 million, most of whom were Han immigrants from the customs. Emperors of the Qing Dynasty 1. Shunzhi Emperor Fulin of Shunzhi was the first emperor after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs. He was the ninth son of Huang Taiji. He was born in the third year of Chongde (1638) and ascended the throne in Shenyang on ten+sixth day of August 2, the eighth year of Chongde. He was changed to Shunzhi in Yuan Dynasty and reigned for 18 years. He died in the 18th year of Shunzhi (1661) at the age of 24. After Shunzhi ascended the throne, he was assisted by his uncle Dorgon. In the seventh year of Shunzhi, Dorgon went out to the fortress to hunt and died outside the fortress. Fulin, 14, took charge ahead of schedule. Emperor Shunzhi was talented and diligent in reading. He absorbed advanced Han culture, sized up the situation, and made changes to the ancestral system. He ignored the objections of his Manchu ministers and relied heavily on Han officials. In order to make the emerging ruling foundation long-term and stable, he used the rise and fall of the Ming Dynasty as a reference, guarded against the harm caused by eunuchs and cliques, paid attention to rectifying the administration of officials, and paid attention to resting with the people and taking them in a controlled manner. But he was young and energetic, headstrong, irritable and irritable. When his beloved Concubine Dong passed away, he turned passive and world-weary, and finally hurriedly completed his short life course and died young. He was the only emperor in the history of the Qing Dynasty who openly converted to Zen. 2. Kangxi Emperor Kangxi's name was Xuanye, and he was the third son of Shunzhi. He was born in the eleventh year of Shunzhi (May 4, 1654). He is the longest reigning emperor in Chinese history, reigning for 61 years. Kangxi was diligent and studious since he was a child, and he was proficient in all kinds of literary, Taoist and military strategies. In a series of military actions such as eradicating the feudal lords, dismantling the San Francisco, unifying Taiwan, and quelling the Junggar rebellion, he either personally conquered the country or won a decisive victory thousands of miles away, which fully demonstrated his military prowess. Talent. Selecting talents carefully, commending upright officials, repairing rivers, and winning over Han intellectuals reflect Kangxi's ability to be an outstanding politician and a wise monarch. Compared with Xuanye's political life, his family life was not happy, and the struggle among the princes for the heir apparent made him physically and mentally exhausted. Although Xuan Ye is a good emperor who works hard to govern and cares about people's livelihood. Of course, as a great figure who stands in front of the historical trend and guides the rapid progress of the country and the nation, he is much inferior. 3. Yongzheng Yongzheng Emperor Yinzhen was born in the 17th year of Kangxi (1678) and was the fourth son of Kangxi. In the 61st year of Kangxi's reign, 45-year-old Yinzhen succeeded to the throne. He reigned for 13 years and died in the Old Summer Palace. The temple name is Sejong. Yinzhen came onto the stage of history in the early prosperous period of Kangxi and Qianlong - the last years of Kangxi when society was stagnant. Complex social contradictions provide Yinzhen with opportunities to display his ambitions and talents. He carried out a number of major reforms in a step-by-step manner. He was far-sighted, diligent, and worked hard. He achieved fruitful results in thirteen years and laid a solid foundation for future generations of Qianlong. reached its peak. His historical status is not inferior to that of his father Kangxi and his son Qianlong. Although he is suspicious, unkind, and harsh in his rule, it is secondary to his achievements after all. 4. Qianlong Emperor Qianlong Hongli was born in the 50th year of Kangxi (1711) and died in the 4th year of Jiaqing (1799). He was the fourth son of Yongzheng. He reigned for 60 years. After abdicating, he served as the Supreme Emperor for three more years. He was 89 years old. At the beginning of Qianlong's accession to the throne, he implemented the policy of leniency and mutual aid, being pragmatic and serving the country, paying attention to agriculture and mulberry, stopping donations, and quelling rebellions, which fully reflected his civil and military skills. Emperor Qianlong admired Fengya and was good at riding. He was a famous collector of cultural relics. Most of the paintings and calligraphy of the Qing Dynasty were collected by him. The "Sikuquanshu" compiled during his reign included 3,503 kinds of books, 79,337 volumes, and 36,304 volumes. The number of volumes is three times that of "Yongle Dadian", which has become an important part of ancient Chinese thought and culture. A collection of heritage. However, Qianlong was extravagant. In his later years, the treasury was depleted and corrupt officials and gentry were favored. Peasant uprisings also occurred one after another in his later years, which was a sign that the Qing Dynasty moved from prosperity to decline. 5. Emperor Jiaqing of Jiaqing, the fifteenth son of Emperor Gaozong Hongli of the Qing Dynasty. Born in the 25th year of Qianlong's reign (1760), he was named Prince Jia in the 54th year of his reign. He ascended the throne in the 60th year of Qianlong's reign and was renamed Jiaqing, reigning for 25 years. He died in the 25th year of Jiaqing (1820) at the age of 61. The temple name is "Renzong". Emperor Jiaqing was a diligent and conservative monarch. The series of policies and measures he adopted after taking office played a certain role in changing the various bad policies in the late Qianlong period, but they did not and could not fundamentally reverse the decline of the Qing Dynasty. Personally speaking, Emperor Jiaqing could not prescribe a cure for the increasingly serious corruption and laziness. He could only warn and intimidate a large number of bureaucrats who were "dead to protect their positions", and ultimately did nothing. He had a certain understanding of the aggression of Western colonialists, but for an ancient feudal country that was weakening day by day, it was impossible to truly effectively deal with foreign invaders, and it could only slide down the road of decline from then on.

6. Daoguang Emperor Mianning was the emperor of the sixth generation after the Qing Dynasty entered the Pass. He was born in the forty-seventh year of Qianlong (September 16, 1782) and died on the fourteenth day of the first month of the thirtieth year of Daoguang. Reigned for 30 years, aged 69. The temple name is Xuanzong and he is buried in Muling. The disciples of Emperor Daoguang, who were mediocre in intelligence, were known for their frugality. He is at a critical moment of historical transition and "keeps to the status quo but does not know what is changing." The opium poisoning from the southeast sea and the British invasion made him restless. He wanted to strictly ban smoking and was determined to fight against the invaders, but he did not know where Britain came from or what colonialism was. They were ignorant of the wisdom of others, and had no strategy to deal with the crisis. As a result, they were at a loss in battle and had no strategy. They could only sigh in self-hate and shame. In the end, they accepted the British alliance with humiliation and signed the first unequal treaty in modern history - -"Sino-British Treaty of Jiangning". Emperor Daoguang was in power for 30 years. Chao Gang is arbitrary and must do everything personally, but internal affairs, such as official administration, river engineering, water transportation, and smoking ban, have not improved. Working diligently but achieving little was the tragedy of his life. 7. Xianfeng Emperor Yining was born in the Old Summer Palace in Beijing in the eleventh year of Daoguang (July 17, 1831). He died of illness in the eleventh year of Xianfeng (August 22, 1861). Reigned for 11 years. When Xianfeng came to the throne, the Taiping Rebellion led by Hong Xiuquan broke out in Jintian Village in front of Zijing Mountain in Guangxi. Another battle between the British and French forces followed, forcing Xianfeng to flee to Rehe Chengde. During the 11 years of Xianfeng's reign, people's resentment boiled and he did not fight any war. "The overall situation was corrupt and out of control." He often wandered in the middle of the night, unable to do anything, so he indulged in sex and indulged in lust and committed suicide. Two days before his death, he even preached "Ruyizhou Flower" Sing as usual." The ambitious and talented Emperor Xianfeng was trapped in the framework of his ancestors and could not cross the threshold. He went to a world without worries with endless worries. 8. Tongzhi Emperor Zaichun of Tongzhi was the only son of Xianfeng and Yehenala. Born in the sixth year of Xianfeng (1856). In the twelfth year of Tongzhi, he took charge of the government. He died the next year at the age of 19. The temple name is "Muzong". Emperor Tongzhi reigned for 14 years. During this period, the Qing government relied on a number of important ministers such as Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, and Zuo Zongtang to suppress a series of peasant uprisings such as the Taiping Rebellion. We also implemented some so-called "New Deal for Westernization". But these have little to do with Emperor Tongzhi. The ruler at that time was actually Cixi. Zaichun was a naughty boy when he was young. After taking office, as a young emperor, he really failed to live up to the ardent expectations of the government and the public. Two years after taking office, he died of smallpox. 9. Guangxu Emperor Zaitian was born in Prince Chun’s Mansion by Taiping Lake in Xuanwumen, Beijing on August 14, 1871, the tenth year of Tongzhi. His father Yihuan was the seventh son of Emperor Daoguang, and his mother was Cixi’s sister. This is This special family environment made him designated as emperor after Tongzhi died of illness. He reigned for 34 years and died of illness in the 13th year of Guangxu. He was 38 years old. His temple name was Dezong and he was buried in Chongling, Yixian County, Hebei Province. Emperor Guangxu came into power at the age of 19. He was full of the enterprising spirit of young people and was willing to accept new ideas. He was "unwilling to be the king of subjugation" and actively supported the reform. He once became the "savior" in the hearts of the reformers. However, the reform endangered the interests of the conservative feudal forces and was obstructed by the Qing aristocrats, mainly Cixi. The failure of the Reform Movement of 1898 killed the Qing Dynasty's chance to change its old rules. Emperor Guangxu did not have the courage to break through the shackles of feudal ethical thoughts. "The sky is sad and always looks unhappy", and his mood was sad. His whole life was a tragic fate of humiliation and sorrow. When the Eight-Power Allied Forces occupied Beijing, Cixi had no choice but to take Emperor Guangxu and flee to Xi'an in a hurry. After the Boxer Rebellion, armed uprisings against the Qing Dynasty occurred one after another in various places. Democratic revolutionary ideas spread widely across the country, and the Qing Dynasty was on the verge of collapse. 10. Xuantong Aixinjueluo Puyi was born in the Prince Chun Mansion on the Shicha Sea in Beijing in the 32nd year of Guangxu (February 7, 1906). He fell ill in Beijing on October 17, 1967, at the age of 61. He is the author of the autobiography "The First Half of My Life". Three years after Emperor Xuantong came to the throne, the conditions for the bourgeois democratic revolution advocated by Sun Yat-sen became increasingly mature, and the defeat of the Qing Dynasty became an irreversible trend. The Qing court had no choice but to issue an abdication edict in the name of Emperor Guangxu's widow, Empress Dowager Longyu, and the last emperor Xuantong. In 1931, Puyi was kidnapped and sent to the Northeast under the planning of the Japanese invaders. In March 1932, he took office as the Japanese puppet regime "Manchukuo". After the defeat of the Japanese army, he was subdued. After reform, he served as a member of the Communist Party of China and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. 11. Nurhachi (the emperor before entering the customs) Nurhachi, whose surname was Aixinjueluo and whose name was Shulebeile, was born in the thirty-eighth year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1559) in Hetuala City, the Zuowei Sukesu Guards Department of Jianzhou (Xinjiang, Liaoning Province). A family of Manchu slave owners in Bin County. In the 11th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1583), Nurhachi rose up unyieldingly, raised an army with his father and ancestors' thirteenth deputy, and "proclaimed himself king". He led the children of the Eight Banners to fight in the white mountains and black waters. He was not afraid of the enemy or suffered heavy losses. He defended his authority with bravery and was supported by his tribe. It took more than 30 years to unify the Jurchen tribes and promote the development of Jurchen society and the Manchu revolution. *The formation of the same body. In the forty-fourth year of Wanli (1616), Jianyuan was proclaimed Khan in Hetuala, and his country was named Dajin (historically known as Later Jin). Nurhachi's army gradually strengthened and his power increased day by day. In the fourth ten+six year of Wanli (1618), he sacrificed the "seven hatreds" to heaven, swore to conquer the Ming Dynasty, and began to work hard for the establishment of the Qing Dynasty. In the history books of the Chinese nation, his wisdom and achievements will last forever. In a battle with Ming general Yuan Chonghuan in Ningyuan, he was defeated and injured, and died in August of the eleventh year of Tianming (1626). He was 68 years old and was buried in the east of Shenyang City, called "Fuling". The temple name is "Taizu". 12. Huang Taiji (the second emperor before entering the Pass) Aixinjueluo.

Huang Taiji was the eighth son of Nurhachi, the founder of the Qing Dynasty, and his mother was Yehenala. Huang Taiji was born on October 25, the 20th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1592). After Nurhachi was defeated and died in Ningyuan, he became the Jin Khan. He reigned for 17 years and died in the eighth year of Chongde in the Qing Dynasty (1643). The temple name is "Taizong". Less than ten years after taking the throne, he unified the entire Northeast, went south to Korea, and conquered Mongolia in the west, repeatedly defeating the officers and soldiers of the Ming Dynasty. In April of the tenth year of Tiancong (1636), he changed his title to emperor, established the Qing Empire unifying the Kanto region, and changed the family name to "Manchuria". He ambitiously marched westward, and the capital was shocked when the troops pointed out. After two decisive battles in Songjin, all the elite Ming troops were wiped out. Outside Shanhaiguan, only an isolated city of Ningyuan remained, and the Ming Dynasty was in danger. Huang Taiji was well-read in history, magnanimous, brave and resourceful in military affairs, and extremely pioneering in politics. He not only had a strong sense of nationality, but also yearned for Han culture. The entrepreneurial king who started the founding of the country and initiated the grand plan of unification in the Qing Dynasty. He died on the eve of the Qing army's entry into the customs, failing to realize his long-cherished wish to seize national power. 13. Cixi (listening to politics behind the curtain) Cixi was born in the fifteenth year of Daoguang (November 28, 1835), her father Huizheng. In the 22nd year of Cixi's reign, she was born in Chun. Her mother valued her son, so she was granted the title of Concubine Yi. The following year, she was granted the title of Concubine Yi, and her status in the palace became increasingly prominent. After the death of Emperor Xianfeng, Cixi launched a coup and killed Sushun, finally realizing "listening to politics behind the curtain". In the nearly 50 years since then, she has been dictatorial. During this period, many countries on the earth have developed science and technology, economic prosperity, and political reform. However, China has been controlled by such a power-hungry woman, lifeless and slow in development. For her own selfish interests, she was able to plot, act against the will, and disregard the interests of the nation, which ultimately led to the collapse of the Qing Dynasty and its family three years after her death. Not only that, the harm caused by Cixi has left a heavy burden on our nation. Introduction to the Qing Dynasty: From the entry of the Qing Dynasty in the first year of Shunzhi (1644) to the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912 and the abdication of the Qing emperor, the Qing Dynasty ruled the country for 268 years. Including the two emperors before entering the Pass, Nurhaci and Huang Taiji; the 10 emperors after entering the Pass: Shunzhi, Kangxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang, Xianfeng, Tongzhi, Guangxu, Xuantong; although Cixi was not an emperor, she dictated the imperial court, and was also included. The Qing Dynasty was a feudal dynasty established by the Jurchens (Manchus). It was the second period in Chinese history after the Yuan Dynasty when ethnic minorities ruled China, and it was also the last feudal imperial country in China. Since then, China has broken away from the imperial system and entered a period of democratic revolution. The Qing Dynasty was in the late feudal society, experiencing ups and downs, and changing circumstances. Its rise injected new vitality into feudal society, and its decline led to the disintegration of feudal society. Among the 12 emperors in this specific era, there were naturally some who founded the country, some who ruled the world, and some who were mediocre and fallen. The cause of death of the emperor of the Qing Dynasty - According to the Qing palace archives, it was revealed from the time when the Qing army entered the customs, Dorgon became the regent, and established Beijing as the capital until the demise of the Qing Dynasty. Most of the emperors died young, causing people to speculate and have different opinions. So, why did these emperors die? Emperor Fulin (Shunzhi) Emperor Shunzhi moved his capital to Beijing, and held an enthronement ceremony at the Gate of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City on the first day of October. From then on, the nearly 270 years of Qing Dynasty's rule over China officially began. Emperor Shunzhi was already weak and suffered from heart palpitations and insomnia. He often lamented that he was "as skinny as firewood, and his life span was only thirty years." In the 14th year of Shunzhi, the emperor's fourth son, born to the imperial concubine Dong E, died in infancy, which was a heavy blow to him. In the 17th year of Shunzhi, The death of his favorite concubine Dong E made Shunzhi despair. He claimed that he wanted to become a monk. He was depressed and depressed all day long. His condition worsened. Within half a year, he contracted smallpox again and died in the Yangxin Hall in the middle of the night on the seventh day of the lunar month. He was 24 years old. age. Emperor Xuan Ye (Kangxi) Emperor Xuan Ye's political achievements were very outstanding, but after becoming a prince, he failed several times. His body and mind were seriously stimulated, and he began to fall ill. Judging from his several illnesses, he may be suffering from high blood pressure and heart disease. At that time, he was "very sad", "feeling increasingly weak", "had a knot in his chest" and "couldn't feel relieved day by day". By the time he deposed the crown prince in fifty-one years, he had "exhausted his mind and lost his appearance." On October 21, 1961, Xuanye went to Nanyuan for a siege. It was freezing cold. He was nearly seventy years old and frail and sick. On November 7, he "occasionally suffered from wind and cold" and returned to Changchun that day. In the garden, it was decreed to "sweat profusely all day long, and rest and fast from the tenth to the fifteenth day of the lunar month." However, this time the illness came more violently. When he was ill, he sent Yin, the fourth son of the emperor, to perform the ceremony of offering sacrifices to heaven, and Yunqi, the fifth son, went to the Xiaodong Tomb to offer sacrifices. In fact, his son was taken away so that he could dictate the will to Longkodo. As a result, he was exhausted mentally and physically. His condition suddenly worsened, so he summoned his eight crown princes to the imperial couch and announced that the fourth son Yin had ascended the throne. In Xu, Xuan Ye, who had exhausted all his efforts, ended his life at the age of 69. Emperor Yinzhen (Yongzheng) Emperor Yinzhen was forty-five years old when he succeeded to the throne. He was a very diligent emperor, but although his physical condition was not weak and sickly, he was not strong or strong either. After taking the throne, facing the separatist activities of Yun Qi and others, he had to devote his energy to government affairs. Over time, his health would be affected. In the fourth year of Yongzheng's reign, he admitted that he lacked energy and was weak from fatigue. He fell ill and delayed for a year, failing to receive treatment. In March of the eighth year of Yongzheng's reign, he developed fever and chills day and night, his diet was greatly reduced, and he could not sleep at night, which lasted for more than two years. It improved for a time in May, worsened again in September, and did not pass the critical point until October. This cold and fever disease that lasted for nearly a year almost cost Yinzhen his life. A 53-year-old man suffered from such a serious illness (like malaria), which made his health condition deteriorate. He died in the Old Summer Palace on the night of August 23, the 13th year of Yongzheng's reign.

As for the cause of his death, there is a lack of historical data and can only be analyzed from the edict issued by Emperor Qianlong when he came to the throne. Within three days after Yin's death, Qianlong handled thirty-eight important matters vigorously and resolutely, two-thirds of which were directly related to the funeral. One of them was delivered to the Taoist priests in the palace. Said: "The emperor has spare time for examination, and he heard about the fire cultivation in the outside world. The Sacred Heart knows very well what is wrong, and he also knows very well that he is a scoundrel in the market, and it is best to make remarks and cause trouble... Now I will drive out Yi and others. , each returned to his hometown..." In fact, during his lifetime, Yinzhen ordered several governors and governors to find Taoist priests for him. He even ignored the scorching summer heat and used thousands of kilograms of charcoal to refine elixirs in quiet places inside and outside the palace. The old and frail Yinzhen raised Taoists for the purpose of curing diseases and strengthening the body. It is obvious that Taoist massage and alchemy are also a treatment method in a sense, but blind superstition has gone to the opposite. From Yinzhen’s attitude towards Taoist priests and Qianlong’s When analyzed in conjunction with the decisive actions to drive away the Tao, it can be concluded that Yinzhen's death was related to heavy metal poisoning caused by long-term use of elixirs. Emperor Hongli (Qianlong) Hongli was in a dominant position among several brothers, both in talent and politics. He was only 25 years old when Yinzhen died. He had a good cultural foundation, certain knowledge of governance and several years. He had experience in participating in military aircraft maintenance, so he took control of power extremely smoothly. Hongli was talented and intelligent and was carefully cultivated in his youth. From September of the thirteenth year of Yongzheng (October 1735), when Hongli ascended to the throne and became the Supreme Emperor, to the first month of the fourth year of Jiaqing (February 1799), it has been more than 63 years. The foundation is stable and the political achievements are outstanding. The prerequisite is his longevity. Long, the policy is right. He personally has strong interests and hobbies in painting, literature, music, sports, etc., which is also one of the reasons for his health and longevity. On the third day of the first month of the fourth year of Jiaqing, he died in the Yangxin Hall and was carried away from the throne at the age of 89. Throughout his life, he focused on exercise and opposed supplements. He often called himself a "longevity old man." It seems that he was healthy all his life and just died of old age. Emperor Yongyan (Jiaqing) Yongyan became a Fu at the age of six, and mastered the Five Classics at the age of thirteen. His articles "can be written immediately, and written into a canon". After getting married at the age of fifteen, she still lived in the study room every day, ignoring the cold and heat. After more than 20 years from the establishment of the throne to the ascension and training of administration, Yan has become more mature. It laid a solid foundation for his later career in politics. It has been a tortuous and uneventful twenty-five years. The internal struggles in the palace, the rebellions of the Bagua Cult and the Nianzi Army, and the death of his mother and brother Qing Qing couldn't help but make Yong Yan feel depressed and burdened. On the fourth day of July in the twenty-fifth year of Jiaqing, I went to the summer resort to prepare for hunting in Mulan. On the way to the mountain resort, I "occasionally felt the heat". After arriving at the mountain resort, I "felt that phlegm was coming up, which became stronger in the evening." By the evening of the 26th, the illness was getting worse. At Xu Ke, Emperor Minning (Daoguang) died in the palace of the summer resort. Minning was born in the Xiefang Hall of Da Nei on the 10th day of the eighth lunar month in the 47th year of Qianlong's reign. He was the second son of Yong Yan and died at the age of six. , married Niu Hulu at the age of fifteen. Niu died of illness in the first month of the thirteenth year of Jiaqing, and married Tong Jia in December. There are 20 concubines in a country. He ascended the throne smoothly and advocated frugality, but the Qing Dynasty was already in its decline. In his later years, Sheng bowed unhesitatingly. On the 13th day of the first lunar month of the 30th year of Daoguang's reign (1850), he fell ill in the Shende Hall of the Old Summer Palace. He summoned some academicians and military ministers to secretly discuss the important matter of the succession. The next day, Mao Ke was critically ill, and he was summoned urgently. Ten people including Zong Ling and the imperial ministers clearly stated the emperor's imperial edict, making Yi, the fourth son of the emperor, the crown prince, and conferring the title of prince on another favorite son. As for what disease Minning died of, it is difficult to deduce because there is no original data. Emperor Yi Chi (Xianfeng) Xianfeng came to power in a troubled period. The Taiping Revolution led by Hong Xiuquan, the Opium War, the burning of the Old Summer Palace, and the signing of the Treaty of Beijing all dealt a heavy blow to Xianfeng. His lung disease became more and more serious, and the palace in Rehe continued to When news came out that he was critically ill, his bloody cough became more serious. On July 17, the eleventh year of Xianfeng's reign, Xianfeng, who had suffered from exhaustion for a long time, finally died in the "Yanbo Zhishuang" palace in the summer resort at the age of 31. Emperor Zaichun (Tongzhi) On the ninth day of October in the eleventh year of Xianfeng, the enthronement ceremony of Zaichun was held in the Hall of Supreme Harmony, and the name was changed to Tongzhi. In fact, Cixi took over the power alone and began her forty-eight-year rule. Zai Chun held a wedding ceremony at the age of seventeen on September 14, 11th year. The empress dowagers of the two palaces officially returned to power on the 26th of the first lunar month of the following year, but Cixi was extremely worried and often intervened, which made the young and conceited Emperor Zaichun unwilling to endure it, and he died within two years. Although there are relatively clear records of his death in Qing Dynasty palace historical materials, especially in archives, due to the above reasons, various different theories have been put forward in some private writings and notes, with the addition of Some romantic descriptions say that he died of smallpox, some said that he died of syphilis, and some said that he died of scabies. There are different opinions and no consensus. According to the "Diary of Taohua Shengjie'an" recorded on December 5, Jiaxu, the 13th year of Tongzhi's reign: ...playing and partying, indulging in male favors, he became naked and barren by day, and suffered from carbuncle, one on the neck and abdomen, both of which were thick and ulcerated. The sun is not yet dark, and I hardly know anyone. "Old News of the National History") Pulande and Bacchus' "Ci De Wai Ji" records: "Private writings all say that the Queen Mother allowed the Emperor to wander around, and when she became ill, she did not take care of her carefully, so that she fell into a deep state... Emperor Gai often walked and drank. Outside, when the military plane was summoned the next morning, he still had not returned, or he was drunk and lost his words, mixed with the despicable things in Nancheng... In 1873 (the twelfth year of Tongzhi), everyone outside was secretly talking about fearing the emperor. Shortly after his death, in December of the following year, the emperor suffered from pox and could not come to court. The two empresses and their descendants were in charge of the country. At the end of the month, the emperor issued a decree: "I am suffering from smallpox this month..."

"Anecdotes from the Four Dynasties" contains: "The death of Mu Zong was reported by different people, either because of smallpox or internal poisoning, but medicine cannot be combined..." In addition to recording the cause of Emperor Tongzhi's illness and death, these writings also deliberately It explains that Emperor Tongzhi performed the work incognito in the southern suburbs, and connected this incident with the conflict between Emperor Tongzhi's mother and son, as well as his illness and death. It shows that Tongzhi was depressed and unhappy due to the exclusive power of the Western Empress Dowager. However, under Cixi's supervision, only a few eunuchs often appeared in the tightly guarded palace at night and did not return all night. As a result, it was too late to summon the military minister or minister in the next morning. The level of drunken talk and nonsense seems to be rare. actually. The illness and cause of death of Emperor Tongzhi can be clearly seen from the Qing Dynasty emperor's "Multiple Case Archives". The "Long Live Lord's Medicinal Book" contains detailed records that have not been recorded since October 30, the 13th year of Tongzhi. The pulse record, condition and medication used for the thirty-six days before and after Chun fell ill and died on December 5 of the same year in Youke completely prove that Zai Chun finally died of smallpox. This is detailed and reliable. In 1979, relevant experts and professors from China's First Historical Archives, the Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Beijing Hospital conducted a special study on the development of Emperor Tongzhi's illness and his medication. Everyone concluded that there was no doubt that Emperor Tongzhi died of smallpox. Emperor Zaitan (Guangxu) The pro-government ceremony of Emperor Zaitan was held in the Hall of Supreme Harmony on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month in the thirteenth year of Guangxu (1887), and the wedding ceremony was held in the first month of the fifteenth year of Guangxu. At this time, Cixi "handed over power" and moved to the Summer Palace, but the struggle was still fierce, and finally led to the Wuxu Palace Coup. After the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, Zaitian was imprisoned in Yingtai. Political blows and mental anguish made Zai, who was already suffering from various diseases, increasingly weak and became a puppet abandoned by Cixi. In addition, he was suffering from long-term illness and was no longer able to fight. Zai Chan was born on June 28, 1871, in the Huaiyinzhai of Prince Chun's Mansion at Taiping Lake in the west of Xuanwu Gate in the 10th year of Tongzhi. He entered the palace at the age of four and grew up under the strict control of the Empress Dowager Cixi. He struggled with Cixi for more than ten years. In the end, he became a puppet emperor, all of which were the real reasons why he had been sick since childhood and became increasingly serious. He had been suffering from colds and fevers, stomach problems from time to time, and frequent nocturnal emissions before the wedding, which caused "excessive loss of kidney meridian". After the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898 in August of the 24th year of Guangxu's reign, the condition suddenly worsened after the spring of the 34th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu (1908). The imperial doctor was at his wits' end and had no choice but to summon Jiangsu famous doctors Chen Bingjun and Cao Yuanheng to Beijing for diagnosis. By April, there was still no improvement. On May 8th, Cixi sent a message to various places through the Military Aircraft Department: "Since the beginning of spring, the emperor has been in trouble. The famous doctors in Beijing have not been able to do anything." , the diagnosis and treatment are ineffective. The Xizun Department has selected famous doctors to send them to Beijing as soon as possible, waiting for diagnosis." The famous doctors recommended to Beijing this time are: Lu Yongbin, Zhou Jingtao, Du Zhongjun, Shi Huan, Zhang Pengnian and others. Among them, Jiangsu famous doctors (Zhejiang) Alternate County Magistrate) Du Zhongjun said to Lu Runchi, the Minister of Civil Affairs: "...I came here with the intention of curing the emperor's disease and seeking a small reputation. But now it seems that my efforts are in vain and I have no hope. I don't seek any merit. , but I want nothing wrong." This proved that the seriousness of Guangxu's illness made the ministers lose confidence. In October, Emperor Guangxu's condition worsened again. On Cixi's 73rd birthday, the emperor reluctantly came to the palace and cried to the ministers: The Queen Mother. "Wanshou is about to come, so I can't salute him. What can I do?" The ministers also cried with him. Seeing that he was very pitiful, Cixi immediately ordered the eunuchs to carry the sedan back to Yingtai. On October 21, "the emperor's nose was inflamed and his stomach was bulging." "Sicknesses increased dramatically", he once again issued an edict to the whole country, and urgently dispatched famous doctors to Beijing. However, before the edict was completely sent out, Yu died at the Hanyuan Hall in Yingtai at the age of 38. Died of lung disease. Puyi (Xuantong) As the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty and the feudal dynasty of China, Puyi's life experience was rough and rich. About his life, a large number of books, movies and TV dramas have made people dislike him. Strange. In 1967, Puyi died of cancer in Beijing.