Uncovering the Mystery of "xing zhou" Immigrants in Baoding in Ming Dynasty

? Revealing Baoding in Ming Dynasty? Xingzhou? The mystery of immigration

Influenced by oriental culture, China people have a deep hometown complex. In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, a large number of immigrants moved to Baoding, so seeking roots became a deep homesickness among the people for hundreds of years. Both genealogy spies and epitaphs have been passed down from generation to generation. There is a very popular saying in Baoding: a surname in a village whose ancestors came from Xiaoxingzhou, Shanxi. In this regard, in recent years, many people have questioned that Xiaoxingzhou is really Luanping County, Hebei Province, and the so-called? Xiaoxingzhou in Shanxi? There is a mistake. This statement is a new challenge to the traditional concept of the people and the immigration history of Baoding and even Hebei. A gentleman wrote an article to refute it, which was even more disapproving. However, on the rising academic level, there are indeed many things worthy of serious discussion.

(1) There was no Shanxi in the early Ming Dynasty? Xingzhou? emigrant

By the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty? Jingnan? Affected by the war, the population of the Central Plains region has dropped sharply. Shanxi at this time is a different scene. Soldiers' chaos and various disasters in the Central Plains rarely spread to Shanxi, and no major floods, droughts and insect disasters occurred in most parts of Shanxi. The weather is fine, and the crops are bumper every year. Compared with neighboring provinces, it enjoys social stability, economic prosperity and affluent population. Coupled with the influx of refugees from neighboring provinces into Shanxi, the population in southern Shanxi is very dense. According to Ming Taizu, in the fourteenth year of Hongwu (A.D. 138 1), the population of Henan was 189. 1 10,000, that of Hebei was1893,000, and that of Shanxi was 4,030,450. Therefore, in the early years of Hongwu and Yongle, under the unified organization of the imperial court, a large number of Shanxi immigrants moved to Hebei and Beijing. This is why it is widely rumored that many old families come from Sophora japonica in Hongtong County, Shanxi Province. However, according to historical data, although a large number of Shanxi immigrants did migrate to Hebei, there was no Shanxi. Xingzhou? A little immigration record.

Volume 77 of Ming History records:? At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, more than 4,000 landless people who moved to Jiangsu, Song, Jiahu and Hangmin, went to Lin Hao to work, gave them cattle, seeds, wagons and grain, and let them be laid off without tax for three years. More than 35,800 people moved to Beiping Mountain in the desert of Xu Da Plain. They were scattered in various government offices, where they provided clothes and food for soldiers and people in abel tamata. In addition, more than 32,800 families with desert survivors have settled in Beiping, and 254 families have settled in Beiping, covering an area of 1343 hectares. One hundred and forty thousand people moved to Fengyang, south of the Yangtze River. Liu Jiugao, a family doctor, said: People in ancient narrow townships, listening to the wide townships they moved to, could not make a profit and no one was unemployed. ? Zhao Kuangyin took his advice and moved to Zezhou in Shanxi and Lu Min in Hebei. Many people from Chuhe, Hehe, Beiping, Shandong and Henan moved to western Zhejiang and Shanxi. Also moved to Dongchang, Yanzhou Deng, Lai and Qingmin. Twenty thousand people from Zhili and Zhejiang moved to the capital as porters. During the Taizu period, there were the most immigrants, including criminals. Wen Jian ordered Wu and Xu Li to be placed in Beiping. Nuclear Taiyuan, Pingyang, Ze, Lu, Liao, Qin and Fending have many fields, but few families have no fields, and their fixed mouth is divided into Beiping. After that, there will naturally be few migrants. ? According to the above records, during the Hongwu and Yongle periods of the Ming Dynasty, there were indeed large-scale immigrants from parts of Shanxi to Hebei and Beijing. There are seven migration areas: Taiyuan, Pingyang (now Linfen), Zezhou (now Jincheng Gaoping), Luzhou (now Changzhi), Liaozhou (now Zuoquan County, Jinzhong), Qin Zhou (now Changzhi Qinxian County) and Fenzhou (now Fenyang, Lvliang and Jiexiu, Jinzhong). As can be seen from the above counties, the places of immigration are Jinzhong and the south, with rich economy and dense population, that is, as said in the Ming history? People in narrow rural areas? Move to Beijing, Hebei Province, which is sparsely populated? Kuanxiang? .

We see that in the above seven States, there is no? Xingzhou? . So, what about Shanxi? Xingzhou? Is it possible to emigrate? Or, is there something missing in Ming history? Okay, okay. Xingzhou? The analysis of historical evolution and its historical geographical environment should be negative.

Xingzhou, Shanxi, is now Xingxian. According to Shanxi tongzhi,? Xingzhou: (Hehe County in Tang and Song Dynasties) Jinsheng Xingzhou turned to Taiyuan Road. Yuan is still in Xingzhou and turns to Taiyuan Road. County annals: In the second year of reunification, it was changed to Hehe County, and it was restored in the third year. Ming was renamed Xingxian, Lifu and Taiyuan. Xing County was changed to Xingzhou County in the early Ming Dynasty. ? Ma Xiaodong's article was published in Shaanxi Daily? Xingxian Xinxing Old County Yuxingzhou? To be more specific, in the second year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1369), Xingzhou was changed to Xingxian. The reason for the name change was that Xing County had lost its position as a frontier military stronghold and traffic artery, in addition to the totally new climate factors at that time. Moreover, after the war at the end of Yuan Dynasty, the population of Xing County was only 7,806, and the source of land tax was not as good as that of small counties, so it was inevitable to reduce it to counties. ? It can be seen that Xingzhou was an organizational system in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties. In the Ming Dynasty, Shanxi did not have the name of Xingzhou, but was reduced to a county and renamed Xingxian, until today. At the same time, since the past dynasties, Xingxian has never? Xiaoxingzhou? The title of. It can be seen that some immigrants claim that their ancestors came from Xiaoxingzhou, Shanxi, which is just a misinformation. There is no record of any immigration history in Xing County, and there is no possibility of large-scale immigration from its historical and geographical environment. Xingxian County, which belongs to Lvliang City, is located in the northwest of Shanxi Province, bordering Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia. It is a remote place in history. It was because of the small population that it was discovered in the early Ming Dynasty? Reduce the state to a county? . What were the immigration principles of the Ming Dynasty? People in ancient narrow townships, listening to the wide townships they moved to, could not make a profit and no one was unemployed. ? Therefore, a large number of immigrants from Baoding in the early Ming Dynasty could not have come from Xingxian County, Shanxi Province. Moreover, in the study of contemporary Shanxi immigrant history, there is no record of Xingxian immigrants so far.

2 so-called? Xingzhou? Should immigrants come from outside Beikou? Xiaoxingzhou?

Since a large number of Baoding immigrants could not have come from Xingxian County, Shanxi Province in the early Ming Dynasty, what are the folk rumors? Root cause? Where is Xiaoxingzhou? Many historical materials prove it? Xiaoxingzhou? It does exist, but it is not in Shanxi, but in Luanping County, Chengde City, Hebei Province. Record of King Jehol of Jacob Volume 97:? Yixing Old Town is seventy-five miles northwest of Luanping County. Chu Jin is Baitan Town, Xinghua County, and Taihe was located in Yixing County for three years, belonging to Xingzhou. Because it was in the early yuan dynasty. In the first year of He Zhi, he was promoted to Yixing State and then to Old State, so it was commonly known as Xiaoxingzhou. Yixing moved to protect thousands of families in the early Ming Dynasty. Yongle was abolished at the beginning. Today, there are Linglita and Lachuan, also known as Xingzhou River. Lisan in the south is a small town, which covers the ruins of the old city in Yixing. ? Twenty-one years of "Ji Fu Tong Zhi" in Kangxi Dynasty:? Xiaoxingzhou, outside Gubeikou, southeast of Luanhe River. ? According to Yu Fang Minutes, there is a new camp in the west of the city, 35 miles outside the mouth of Qingshan Mountain, 54 miles outside Xiaoxingzhou, and Gubeikou in the east. ? Qian Qiu's Notes Volume III:? Old and young people outside Gubeikou, Xingzhou, Daxing, Yixing and Fengzhou. Zhezhe's poem "The Middle of Gubei Road": There is no road around Chaotian Mountain, and the path is always beside the stream. It's like looking for the Shu Road in a dream, Xing Zhou Gu Gu Feng Zhou Xi. ? In the early Ming Dynasty, the territory was transferred, and Daning abandoned Yongle, which led to the desert. ?

Coincidentally, there are not only worthy of the name? Xiaoxingzhou? , and small xingzhou soldiers and civilians in the early Ming dynasty? They build nests? Move to Baoding area. Unlike Shanxi immigrants, Xiaoxingzhou immigrants belong to? Who is it? Types of immigrants. According to the military records of the Ming Dynasty, there is a general manager of Daning outside Gubeikou, who is in charge of Daning's front, back, left, right, central defender, Huizhou defender, Yingzhou defender and Xingzhou defender. At that time, Xiaoxingzhou was under the jurisdiction of Daning Dusi. The History of the Ming Dynasty was published for six years: (January of Yongle)? At noon, the Northern Parallel Division was changed to Daning Division, and moved to Baoding, leaving Daning for Liang Hai. ? Ninety years of Ming history: In the first year of Yongle, with Beiping as the capital, the military headquarters was set up in the back, and Daning moved to Baoding. ? Forty years of Ming history: In September of the twentieth year of Hongwu, Ben Daning, the governor of Beiping, was appointed as the governor. Treat Daning Wei. It was renamed in July of February1year. Leading guard number ten. In March of the first year of Yongle, it was renamed, and the overseas Chinese ruled Baoding House, but its land was empty. ? At that time, the relocation of the hospital was carried out by the army and the people together, like this? Its land is empty? . About fifty years after Daning Dusi moved in, it is still a wasteland and uninhabited. Jingtai four years (1453)? Sanwei is not allowed to beg and stay in the ghost town. To live 200 miles away. ? (History of the Ming Dynasty, Volume 40) What made Judy, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, give up the Daning Health Center and leave a large area of land outside his mouth to the Tatars and Walla people? Historians have always had different views on this. Traditionally, the outlying strongholds are far from the mainland and no one lives there. Once Mongolia invaded, it was difficult to hold on, so it retreated to the Great Wall. Some historians believe that Judy gave the land of Daning as the capital to the three guards of Infinite Ha in return for his meritorious service in competing for the throne. Professor Zou Yilin from the Institute of Historical Geography of Fudan University thinks: /kloc-At the beginning of the 5th century, the fundamental reason for Zhu Wei's inward migration was that the climate in the north turned cool and the environment deteriorated. ? (Zou Yilin's Transition of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry and Changes of Cold and Warm Climate in Northern China in Ming and Qing Dynasties) But no matter what causes Daning to move inward, it is an indisputable fact that it moved to Baoding. People in Xiaoxingzhou also moved to various counties and towns near Baoding with the relocation of health centers. In the 12th year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty, this event was clearly recorded in Qingyuan County Records. At the beginning of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty, I moved to Daning, and other guards went to the mainland, so my hometown came to me from Xiaoxingzhou outside Beikou. ?

In the Ming and Qing dynasties, many famous people's anthologies and inscriptions also described this. Yang Jisheng's "Ming Yang Zhong Yu Ji" Volume III "Self-written Chronicle" said:? A native of Xiaoxingzhou, born outside his hometown, was invaded at the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China and moved to the mainland. Those whose ancestors lived in Xiaoxingzhou cannot be tested. Zu Yang moved to Rongcheng County, Baoding Prefecture. ? Lu Xiangsheng in the Ming Dynasty wrote the Biography of Lushan Mountain. Public taboo and good succession, the word "shun", said Mr. Gan Yue. At the beginning of Yongle, he moved from Xiaoxingzhou to Dingxing. ? In the Ming Dynasty, Tang Bin's Biography of Fan Mengdou contained: Fan Mengdou, whose name was Wen Cheng. Gong, No.2 in Renwu Township, Chongzhen, is from Xiaoxingzhou. Ming Chengzu moved to Wen 'an with the imperial edict and became an Ann. ? Chengzong wrote "Records of Xing Lingyuan, Shaanxi Provincial Judge". Gong surname, taboo cloud road, word, number Zeyu, is from Longshan, Ansu, and has been from Xingzhou since childhood. ? The Biography of Mr. Takashi Doosan, written by Wei, a great scholar in Kangxi Dynasty in Qing Dynasty, contains: Senior three, a newcomer in Baoding. The first person who moved from Xingzhou to Beijing as a child is taboo. ? Chen Tingjing, a great scholar during the reign of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, wrote the Epitaph of Cui Gong, on Doctor Zhan's husband, Shao Zhan's family and Zhan Dingshizhai. Lin Wei, a native of Xiaoxingzhou, moved to Xin 'an, Baoding in the early Ming Dynasty and was called "Mr. Ding Zhai" by scholars. ? The authors and figures involved in the above historical materials are celebrities in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, which are more authentic and reliable than the folklore and genealogy compiled in the late Qing and early Republic of China.

(3) Conclusion

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Due to the extensive influence of Shanxi immigrants, rumors are inevitably mixed with historical facts and even contradictory. There should be many immigrants who moved to Baoding in the early Ming Dynasty, but there are not many valuable historical materials that can be seen at present. After all, the study of Baoding's immigration history cannot rely on feelings and rumors. If it shows that a large number of Baoding immigrants came from outside Beikou in the early days, there may still be no evidence. However, according to the analysis of the above historical materials, what are the so-called folk rumors or genealogy and inscriptions? Xiaoxingzhou in Shanxi? Immigration can only be in two situations: first, it is originally an immigrant from Shanxi, but it is? Xingzhou? There is a mistake. Second, this is xing zhou Jr.' s immigration exit, but Shanxi is not right. Of course, what if it can be confirmed that it is a Xiaoxingzhou immigrant? Root? It should be Luanping County, Hebei Province today.