(D) the northward advance of farming civilization

At the end of the 20th century, the research on the three dating projects of Xia, Shang and Zhou advanced the annals of ancient China to the early summer, that is, the era of Dayu's flood control. Agriculture has reached the stage of water diversion irrigation (artificial irrigation in slash-and-burn stage is unknown).

Agriculture in Xia dynasty was extended to Linfen, and Shang dynasty entered Taiyuan basin, and a national small dustpan was built in the upper reaches of Taigu. At that time, Xinzhou Basin was occupied by Loufan people of ethnic minorities. During the Warring States period, agricultural civilization was extended to Sanggan River Valley and Yanmen County was established. By the time Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, Yunzhong County had expanded to the south of Hohhot.

The above speculation was found on the historical map. Because nomadic people have no fixed place to live, only the farming economy can make farmers have a fixed residence and establish towns. Therefore, in turn, the places where ancient settlements were distributed were mostly the places where agricultural economy reached. The imperial court also divided administrative areas into central towns and established administrative systems for counties and corresponding central cities.

Although these towns were incorporated into various dynasties, their status was not very stable. Foreigners can invade by force, take over jurisdiction, or treat all residents as their slaves. Especially near grassland nomadic areas, these towns are protected by force by building walls. Therefore, the land they cultivate is limited to the suburbs of the town, and there are large areas of idle grassland that are not cultivated. Qin built the Great Wall in order to prevent the Huns from invading and plundering, which means that in order to ensure the area, there is a side wall to resist the enemy and you can rest assured that you can farm. Counties built outside the Great Wall are in jeopardy. Only bigger towns have enough labor to build city walls, and more people can defend their hometown. Of course, the central government may also send a few soldiers to guard it. But they are mainly stationed in the Great Wall to ensure the residents in the south of the city.

In the areas where nomadic people and farming people are combined, it is not necessary to meet each other by force every day, but to live in peace, communicate with each other and learn from each other. During the Warring States period, King Wuling of Zhao advocated "riding and shooting in Hu clothes", wearing short clothes, learning equestrian, practicing bows and arrows, and absorbing the advantages of "Hu people".

During the Spring and Autumn Period, there were many ethnic minorities living together in Shanxi. Their appearance was not necessarily obviously different from that of the Han nationality, but their beliefs, living habits and languages were different. For example, the Rong and Di minorities recorded in the history at that time should also live under the farming economy. They live in the crevice between Chinese ancestors and Chinese people, and often have wars with the Chinese nation. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the son of the State of Jin fled to Zhai in order to escape the domestic killings, and married his daughter Rong. At the beginning of Qin dynasty, there were ethnic minorities living in the mainland, so there was the Pinglu War to destroy Mao Rong in Qin dynasty.

The Qin and Han Dynasties were powerful, blocking the Xiongnu from the north of the Great Wall, and the famous Qin commander Meng Tian was located in the west of Xinjiang. Wei Qing and Huo Qubing, the famous generals of the Han Dynasty, led the Han soldiers to attack the Xiongnu thousands of miles, making the Xiongnu move westward as a whole. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, fierce internal struggles in the Central Plains led to a large number of Huns going south, some of whom were naturalized in the Han Dynasty in the form of attachment, settled in the mainland and changed their grazing to agriculture.

Cao Cao unified the north and usurped the throne to build Jin. After the Eight Kings Rebellion, China entered the period of Five Lakes and Sixteen Countries. Tuoba GUI, a Xianbei man, entered Datong and established the Northern Wei Dynasty. Later, he crossed the Yellow River south along the rift valley and made Luoyang his capital. They seized the world by force, which led to a large number of Han people fleeing south and moving into Jiangnan. Many tribes of Xiongnu moved to Shanxi, except Yuncheng, where a small area of Han nationality was powerful. The northern part of Shanxi, Jinzhong and Changzhi were almost occupied by Hu people, so Liu Yuan, a Xiongnu who settled in Lishi, later set out to destroy the State of Jin and Han Jian. The Huns who settled in Wuxiang rebelled against the Han Dynasty by Xerox, established the post-Zhao Dynasty and advocated sinicization. Later, the Han people rebelled, seized power and killed the conference semifinals. Most of these Huns changed their Chinese surnames, changed their nomadism into farming, gradually integrated into the agricultural society, and completely sinicized.

Natural conditions determine that nomadic people enter the agricultural society. Once they settled down, there was no free grassland for them to graze, so they had to change grazing to farming. This kind of invasion, settlement and insurrection has been going on for hundreds of years in the Central Plains. The unification of Sui and Tang Dynasties once again shielded nomadic economy from the Great Wall. Historically, the period of the Sixteen Countries in the Eastern Jin Dynasty was called "five wild flowers". In fact, it is the social chaos caused by the large-scale invasion of nomadic people. But in the end, the invaders were completely integrated into the Han nationality.

During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, reunification, productivity improvement and economic development basically remained stable for 300 years. During the decline of the Tang Dynasty, local generals often quoted the Khitan in the northwest to help them fight for power and gain to establish a small dynasty, and many local officials even cut land to recruit soldiers, so at this stage, the northern and central parts of Shanxi were often occupied by northern tribes. Shi Jingtang, a famous son emperor in history, ceded territory to borrow soldiers, called Qidan his father, and stood on his own feet at the end of Jin Dynasty. When Qidan went south, it clashed with Gu Hun tribes living in Xinzhou and Taiyuan, and fought a war. Since then, Liao has taken advantage of it and directly attacked Luoyang via Shanxi.

This historical stage is called Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. Generally speaking, nomadic people in the north account for the majority. The agricultural economy is blocked to the south of Taiyuan. The occupiers like to rob and plunder. If you kill them, I will attack them, and if you fight all the way, the social economy will stagnate. After 60 years of war, Zhao Kuangyin unified China and pushed the border to the front line of Yanmenguan. He strengthened centralization, stabilized society and protected the development of agricultural economy. Liao, a northern power, confronted the Northern Song Dynasty for more than 100 years. Sixteen northern states belong to Liao, which invaded from time to time. By the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Jin State, which rose from the northeast, attacked the Liao State to the west, and Song Lianjin destroyed Liao. As a result, Jin destroyed Liao and took the opportunity to go south. Since then, Shanxi has fallen into the rule of the State of Jin.

The entry of gold into the Central Plains cannot change the natural geographical features of the Rift Valley, so foreign invasion is only the replacement of the superstructure, and the farming economy will never return to the nomadic economy. But it has effectively hindered the agricultural economy from going northward. Only a few captured farmers entered the pastoral area, which brought advanced agricultural technology and promoted the economic development of Mobei. Correspondingly, Liao and Jin invaded the Central Plains, learned the culture of the Central Plains, and the upper-class ethnic minorities who settled down gradually became Chinese. At that time, the surnames of ethnic minorities such as Yuwen and Murong were preserved and became the surnames of the Han nationality. Some ethnic minorities changed their surnames to Li (), Liu (), Shi (), etc., and after several generations, they were also incorporated into the Han nationality.

The yuan dynasty rose rapidly, and cavalry burned and looted, killing cities at will. Discrimination against the Han nationality during the reign. Their belligerence brought them to Japan and Korea in the east, India in the south and Moscow in the west. After hundreds of years of war, especially the massacre in the early Yuan Dynasty and the constant floods in the late Yuan Dynasty, by the early Ming Dynasty, the population of the whole country was less than one-fifth of that in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. The land of China is almost a wilderness thousands of miles away, and there is no one within a hundred miles. In the early Ming Dynasty, the rebel war was concentrated in the Jianghuai area, so Shanxi escaped the change of Yuan and Ming regimes. On the contrary, the agricultural harvest in Shanxi Plateau increased year by year, which led to uneven population in the early Ming Dynasty. Compared with neighboring provinces, Shanxi has become a populous province (more than the sum of Hebei and Henan provinces), which leads to Shanxi's migration to the surrounding areas, which is a purposeful and organized migration forced by the government. This is the origin of the folk proverb "Ask where my ancestors came from, Sophora japonica in Hongdong, Shanxi". It is roughly estimated that nearly 2 million residents moved out of Shanxi in the fifty years of the Ming Dynasty. In fact, there are many starting points for Shanxi immigrants to gather, but there are more people migrating in Hongtong County than in Taiyuan and Linfen. In addition, Guangsheng Temple is rich in spring water, which can be drunk by immigrants from north and south (there are hundreds of canals). There is an old pagoda tree beside the landmark gathering place, which rhymes, so it is widely spread.

The purpose of immigration is to reclaim the land abandoned by the war, move Shanxi people with relatively high population density to neighboring sparsely populated provinces and resume agricultural production. Moreover, the government has introduced three years of land reclamation without paying taxes. Whoever reclaims land will have it, and the government will distribute seeds, cattle and materials along the way.

At that time, according to government statistics, the population of various places increased greatly after immigration. Before moving out, there were only 10.65 million households in China, and after moving out, it increased to10.65 million households. The cultivated land area before immigration was 3.66 million hectares, and it increased to 8.5 million hectares after immigration; The grain output before immigration was 20.89 million tons, and after immigration it was 32.78 million tons. This is more than twice the national average annual output 1.265438+ 10,000 tons in Yuan Dynasty.

At that time, immigrants mainly migrated to the Central Plains provinces, namely Henan, Hebei, Anhui, Shandong, Jiangsu and Shaanxi, some migrated to Gansu and Ningxia, and some migrated to northern Shaanxi and eastern Shanxi. According to incomplete statistics, there are 260 immigrants from Shanxi, distributed in eight provinces: Henan, Hebei, Shandong, Anhui, Hubei, Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia.

This great migration also spread the folk proverb that "five hundred years ago was a family", from the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty, it was exactly 500 years. This sentence means that we are all from Shanxi, and we were all from Shanxi 500 years ago. Also, urinating is called "relieving oneself", because migration is compulsory, and many people are tied to a rope before and after, so they should apply to your official for relieving oneself.