What is the classification of nationalities?

All countries in the world. In the1990s, there were more than 2,000 ethnic groups in the world, and their societies, economies and cultures were at different stages of development. In the five continents of the world, the distribution of ethnic populations is extremely uneven, and the Han nationality in China is the most populous nation in the world. The distribution of nationalities in the world is not fixed. The main reasons for its changes are: immigration, population growth and the development and change of national identity itself. With the birth and development of some newly independent countries, many new ethnic factors have emerged. In addition, ethnic conflicts, religious conflicts, ethnic differences, language assimilation, political inequality, unbalanced economic development, foreign aggression and provocation all directly or indirectly affect the changes in ethnic composition.

Overview of Ethnic Types People usually divide human beings into three major races: Mongolians (yellow race), Europa (white race) and nigro-Australians (black race). Mongolian people are characterized by hard and straight hair, dark color, yellow-brown skin color, underdeveloped body hair, prominent cheekbones and wrinkled eyes. Mainly distributed in eastern and southeastern Asia and the American continent. Europa is characterized by soft wavy hair, light skin color, well-developed body hair and beard, inconspicuous cheekbones, high nose and thin lips. Mainly distributed in Europe, North Africa, West Asia and North India, and gradually spread to America and Oceania since the16th century. Nigro-Australian race is characterized by dark curly hair, slightly convex chin, wide nose and thick lips. Generally divided into nigro and Australia, the former is distributed in sub-Saharan Africa, while the latter is distributed in Australia, Oceania and parts of Asia. Most of the mixed races were formed in the Middle Ages and modern times. Due to ethnic migration, different races intermarry with each other, forming various mixed-race peoples.

Ethnic classification is mostly based on the classification of language pedigree in the world. The languages in the world belong to 17 family. Among them: ① there are 10 unique language families in one continent: there is one in America, that is, Indian language family; Two in Oceania, namely Australian and Papua; Three in Africa, namely, Nile-Sahara language family, Niger-Kordofan language family and Khoisan language family; There are four Asian languages, namely Sino-Tibetan, South Asian, Dravidian and quaint. (2) There are seven language families that cross the border between the two continents: Asia and America, namely Eskimo-Aleutian language family; Asia, the big one, is Austronesian; Asia and Africa, the Semitic language family; There are four kinds in Asia and Europe, namely Indo-European, Caucasian, Ural and Altaic. This was before the "great geographical discovery". With the spread of modern immigrants, the language distribution has also changed greatly.

Indo-European language family includes Germanic, Slavic, Roman, Kart, Iran, India and other 10 language families, which are distributed all over the world and are used by about 150 ethnic groups, with the largest number of users. The number of users of Sino-Tibetan languages ranks second, including Chinese, Tibetan-Burmese, Zhuang-Dong and Miao-Yao languages, which are distributed in China and Southeast Asia. Semite is mainly distributed in West Asia and North Africa. Niger-Kordofan is mainly distributed in sub-Saharan Africa. Caucasian languages are distributed in the Caucasus. Dravidian is spoken in southern India. Uralic spread from Scandinavia to the Urals. Altaic language family is distributed in a vast area from Northeast Asia to Asia Minor. South Asian languages are distributed in Indochina Peninsula. The Austronesian languages are mainly distributed in the Pacific island countries. Nilo-Saharan is spoken in Sudan. All the ethnic groups of the Khoisan family are distributed in southwest Africa. Asian archaism is distributed in Northeast Asia. Eskimo-Aleutian languages are distributed in the Arctic Circle of Northeast Asia and North America. Indian languages are distributed in the American continent. Australian languages are distributed in Australia. Papua is spoken in Irian Island.

Ethnic Groups and Religions In the social life of many ethnic groups and countries in the world, religious belief plays a special role and is also one of the symbols that distinguish ethnic groups. People usually divide religious beliefs into primitive religions, national religions and world religions. Primitive religions generally include totem worship, witchcraft and animism, and still exist in some ethnic groups in Indochina Peninsula, tropical Africa, America and Pacific islands to varying degrees. There are many ethnic religions, such as Hinduism, Judaism and Shinto. World religions refer to Buddhism (including Lamaism), Christianity (including Catholicism, Orthodox Christianity and Protestantism) and Islam. It is estimated that the followers of these three major religions account for half of the world's population. Buddhism is mainly popular in Southeast Asian countries, some Koreans and Japanese. Lamaism, that is, Tibetan Buddhism, is more popular with Tibetans and Mongolians. Christianity is popular all over the world. Islam is also very popular, among which Sunnis are distributed in North Africa, West Asia, Central Asia, Indonesia and Malaysia. Shiites are mainly distributed in Iran, and some Arabs in Iraq, Yemen and Bahrain are Shiites. In addition, there are many Muslims in Albania and Yugoslavia in the Balkans of Europe.

Overview of Asian Nationalities There are more than 1000 nationalities living in Asia. They have their own characteristics in race, language, religion, economy and cultural life, and are at different stages of social and historical development. As far as race is concerned, the majority of Asian ethnic groups are Mongolians, which are distributed in East Asia and Southeast Asia. Secondly, it belongs to the Europa race, mainly distributed in West Asia and India-Pakistan subcontinent. A mixed race of blacks and Europa, distributed in southern India and the coastal areas of Arabian Peninsula. In addition, people in Southeast Asia can also see ethnic groups such as Vida, Melanesia and nigri Tuo, as well as mixed ethnic groups of Mongols and Australians.

Asian languages are very complicated. All ethnic groups of Sino-Tibetan languages are in Asia, accounting for more than half of the Asian population. South Asian languages include Monkmel and Munda. All ethnic groups of the Dravidian family are distributed in central and southern India and northern Sri Lanka. Indo-European language family has two language families in Asia: Indo-European language family and Iranian language family. In West Asia, people belonging to Semite-Asian language family are mainly Arabs. Altaic languages include Turkic, Mongolian and Manchu-Tungusic languages. Caucasian languages are rare in Asia, mainly distributed in Turkey, Iran and the former Soviet Union.

The ethnic composition of European countries is relatively simple. Most ethnic groups are formed within the scope of their respective nation-States, and the distribution areas of ethnic groups are generally consistent with or close to national borders. Only in the areas where ethnic groups are adjacent, ethnic elements are mixed.

Germanic, Roman and Slavic languages of the Indo-European family account for the majority of European nationalities, while the rest belong to the family of Kart, Greek, Leto-Lithuanian, Albanian and Armenian. In addition, some national languages belong to Ural, Altai and Caucasian.

The African continent accounts for about 1/5 of the global land area, and blacks account for the majority of the African population, mostly distributed in the Sahara desert and south of the Ethiopian Plateau. Residents belonging to Europe and mixed blood mainly live in North Africa, the Ethiopian Plateau and the Somali Peninsula. The residents of eastern Madagascar are of Mongolian descent. In recent years, the immigrant population in Europe has fallen sharply.

The languages of all ethnic groups in Africa belong to four language families: Semitic, Niger-Kordofan, Nile-Saharan and Khoisan. Semite-Asian languages are mainly distributed in North Africa and Northeast Africa. In sub-Saharan Africa, Niger-Kordofan speakers are widely distributed, accounting for about half of Africa's total population. Nile-Saharan language family, including Sang Hai language family, Saharan language family and Shali-Nile language family. The inhabitants of this language family are mainly distributed in the southeast of Semite-Hanan language family, with a small population. Bushmen and hottentots, who use the Khoisan language, live in semi-desert areas in southwest Africa.

American countries except Indian nations, most American countries were formed in modern times. From the end of 15, European immigrants moved in one after another, which greatly changed the ethnic composition of the United States. In addition to the Indians belonging to Mongolian race, there are European immigrants belonging to Europa race, descendants of African "slaves" belonging to black race, and mixed-race types formed by intermarriage between different races. From the16th century, after nearly 500 years of reorganization, a series of new nations using Indo-European languages have formed in America. They are all hybrids, but the ethnic composition of hybrids in different regions is different.

The languages of all ethnic groups in modern America mainly belong to two Indo-European language families: Roman (Spanish, Portuguese, French and Germanic (English).

People living in Oceania are mainly immigrants from Europe, America and Asia and their descendants. Most of the aborigines in Oceania are Australians and mixed-race people. Most of its languages belong to Polynesia, Melanesia and Micronesia, and a few belong to Australian and Papua.