Seeking knowledge points for the 2011 high school sophomore geography and history exam

Review Points for High School Geography Compulsory Courses 1, 2 and 3

Compulsory Module 1 (Physical Geography)

Chapter 1 The Earth in the Universe

1. Levels of celestial systems: Total galaxy - Milky Way (extragalactic galaxy) - Solar system - Earth-Moon system

2. Conditions for the existence of life on earth: ① Stable solar lighting conditions ② Relatively safe The cosmic environment ③ Because the distance between the sun and the earth is moderate, the surface temperature is suitable (the average temperature is 15 degrees) ④ Because the earth’s mass and volume are moderate, the earth can attract the atmosphere to form an atmosphere (mainly nitrogen and oxygen) ⑤ Liquid water is formed and exists

3. The impact of solar activity on the earth:

(1) Symbols of solar activity: sunspots and flares

(2) Impact: affecting the ionosphere and interfering with radio Short wave communication; produces "magnetic storm" phenomenon and "aurora" phenomenon; affects the earth's climate.

4. The geographical significance of the earth's rotation:

① Day and night alternation: the time difference between the dividing line between the day and night hemispheres - the twilight line (circle) - and the intersection with the equator It is 6 o'clock and 18 o'clock - the height of the sun is 0 degrees - the plane where the twilight circle is located is perpendicular to the sun's rays;

②Local time difference: early in the east and late in the west, the longitude differs by 1 hour every 15 degrees.

③Deflection of objects moving horizontally along the earth's surface: no deviation at the equator, right deviation in the Northern Hemisphere, and left deviation in the Southern Hemisphere. The deflection force increases with latitude.

5. The geographical significance of the Earth’s revolution:

(1) Changes in the length of day and night:

① In the summer half of the year in the Northern Hemisphere, the sun shines directly on the Northern Hemisphere, and the day and night at each latitude in the Northern Hemisphere The higher the latitude, the longer the day and the shorter the night. Summer Solstice - the day length at all latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere reaches the maximum value of the year, and the polar day phenomenon occurs in the Arctic Circle and areas north of it. ② In the winter half of the year in the northern hemisphere, the sun shines directly on the southern hemisphere. The nights are longer and the days are shorter at all latitudes in the northern hemisphere. The higher the latitude, the longer the nights and the shorter the days. Winter Solstice - the day length at all latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere reaches the minimum value of the year, and polar night occurs in the Arctic Circle and areas north of it. ③On the vernal and autumnal equinoxes, the sun shines directly on the equator, and day and night are of equal length in all parts of the world, each lasting 12 hours.

④ Day and night are equally divided throughout the year at the equator. The situation in the Southern Hemisphere is opposite to that in the Northern Hemisphere.

(2) Changes in the height of the sun at noon:

At the same time, the height of the sun at noon decreases from the direct point of the sun to the north and south sides. On the summer solstice, when the sun shines directly on the Tropic of Cancer, the height of the sun at noon is It decreases from the Tropic of Cancer to the north and south. At this time, the Tropic of Cancer and all latitudes north of it reach the maximum value of the year, and all latitudes in the southern hemisphere reach the minimum value. On the winter solstice, the sun shines directly on the Tropic of Capricorn, and the height of the sun at noon decreases from the Tropic of Capricorn to the north and south sides. At this time, the Tropic of Capricorn and all latitudes south of it reach the maximum value in the year, and all latitudes in the northern hemisphere reach the minimum value. On the vernal and autumnal equinoxes, the sun shines directly at the equator, and the height of the sun decreases from the equator to the poles at noon.

(3) Changes in the four seasons (the length of day and night and the height of the sun at noon change with the seasons, causing solar radiation to have seasonal changes, forming the four seasons) Division of seasons in the Northern Hemisphere: March, April, and May is spring, June, July, and August are summer, September, October, and November are autumn, and December, January, and February are winter.

6. The earth’s spherical structure is divided into inner circles and outer circles with the surface as the boundary.

(1) The earth’s internal layers are divided into three layers: crust, mantle, and core based on the characteristics of seismic waves (longitudinal waves and transverse waves). The earth's crust is mainly composed of rocks (igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks, metamorphic rocks). The asthenosphere of the upper mantle is the source of magma. The earth's core is mainly composed of iron and nickel materials.

(2) External sphere: atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.

Chapter 2 Material Movement and Energy Exchange in the Natural Geographic Environment

1. Rocks are divided into three categories: ① Igneous rocks (formed by the rising, cooling and solidification of magma) ② Sedimentary rocks (rocks Formed under the action of weathering, erosion, transportation, accumulation, and consolidation diagenesis by external forces) ③Metamorphic rock (metamorphism).

From magma to the formation of various rocks, the three major types of rocks can transform into each other, and then to the generation of new magma. This movement and change process constitutes the material cycle of the earth's crust.

2. Internal and external force factors (geological effects) for surface morphological changes:

(1) Internal force effect - energy comes from the earth itself, mainly the internal thermal energy of the earth, which is expressed as the earth's crust Movement, magmatism, metamorphism. Causes uneven ground surface. Types of geological structures are folds (anticlines and synclines) and faults (horsts and grabens).

(2) External force - energy comes from outside the earth, mainly solar energy and gravity. Makes uneven ground flat. It manifests as weathering, erosion, transportation, accumulation, and consolidation diagenesis. Water erosion landforms (V-shaped valleys), accumulation landforms (alluvial fans, alluvial plains and deltas); wind erosion landforms (wind erosion depressions, mushrooms), aeolian landforms (sand dunes).

3. The names of the six major plates: Eurasian plate, African plate, Indian Ocean plate, Pacific plate, American plate, and Antarctic plate. Generally speaking, within the plates, the crust is relatively stable, and the junction between the two plates is the area where the crust is more active. Volcanoes and earthquakes are also concentrated at the junctions of the plates. Growth boundary - where plates split, often forming rift valleys and oceans. Extinction boundary - where plates collide, often forming mountains and trenches.

4. Atmospheric heating process: solar radiation (short wave), atmospheric weakening, ground warming, ground radiation (long wave), atmospheric warming, atmospheric radiation (long wave), atmospheric reverse radiation (heat preservation effect)

(1) The weakening effect of the atmosphere on solar radiation: ① Absorption: It is selective. Ozone absorbs ultraviolet rays, and water vapor and carbon dioxide absorb infrared rays. Absorbs very little visible light. ②Reflection: clouds and dust with larger particles. The reflection effect of clouds is most significant. ③Scattering effect: Air molecules or tiny dust prevent part of the solar radiation from reaching the ground.

(2) The insulation effect of the atmosphere on the ground: the atmosphere absorbs ground radiation and produces atmospheric reverse radiation (atmospheric radiation directed to the ground), returning part of the heat to the ground. The thicker the clouds, the stronger the atmospheric reverse radiation. .

5. There are 7 pressure zones (alternating high and low pressure) and 6 wind zones around the world near the surface.

(1) Low-latitude circulation:

①Equatorial low-pressure belt: Due to the formation of thermal effects, the airflow converges and rises, and it is easy to form clouds and cause rain, forming a rainy belt. It is controlled by it all year round to form a tropical rainforest climate (Amazon Plain, Congo Basin, Malay Islands in Southeast Asia)

②Subtropical high pressure belt: formed due to dynamic effects, airflow accumulates and sinks above 30 degrees latitude, A rainless belt is formed (except for the East Asian monsoon area), and the areas controlled by it all year round form a tropical desert climate (the Sahara water desert in North Africa, the desert in West Asia, the desert in the western United States in North America, the desert in Chile, South America, western Peru, and the Australian desert)

③Trade wind belt: The airflow blowing from the subtropical high to the equatorial low pressure is deflected to the right to become the northeast trade wind in the northern hemisphere, and to the left to become the southeast trade wind in the southern hemisphere.

(2) Mid-latitude circulation:

④Subpolar low-pressure belt: formed by the encounter and movement of warm air from low latitudes and cold air from high latitudes. Forming a temperate rainy zone.

⑤Mid-latitude westerly belt: The airflow blowing from the subtropical high to the subpolar low-pressure belt turns to the right to become a southwesterly wind in the northern hemisphere, and to the left to become a northwesterly wind in the southern hemisphere. It is customarily called westerly and is controlled by it all year round. area, forming a temperate maritime climate on the west coast of the continent. (Western Europe, western North America such as near Vancouver in Canada, the west side of the Andes at the southern tip of South America, the southern tip of Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, etc.)

(3) High-latitude circulation:

⑥Polar high pressure belt: formed due to thermal effects, cold air sinks, forming a rainless belt. However, because the temperature in the polar regions is low and evaporation is less, the polar regions are areas where precipitation is greater than evaporation and are humid areas.

⑦Polar easterly wind belt: The air flow blowing from the polar high pressure belt to the subpolar low pressure belt. Under the action of geostrophic deflection force, the northern hemisphere deflects to the right to become a northeasterly wind, and the southern hemisphere deflects to the left to become a southeasterly wind.

(4) Movement of air pressure belts and wind belts: Reasons for △ movement: Move with the movement of the direct sun point. △Moving direction: As far as the northern hemisphere is concerned, it generally moves north in summer and south in winter.

(5) Climate types formed by a single pressure zone or wind belt: tropical rainforest climate (equatorial low pressure zone), tropical desert climate (subtropical high pressure zone), temperate oceanic climate (mid-latitude westerly wind) bring).

(6) Climate types formed by the movement of pressure and wind belts: tropical grassland climate (controlled by equatorial low pressure belts in summer and low-latitude trade wind belts in winter), Mediterranean climate (controlled by subtropical high pressure belts in summer) It is controlled by the air pressure belt, and in winter it is controlled by the mid-latitude westerly wind belt).

6. Common weather systems: frontal systems (cold fronts, warm fronts, quasi-stationary fronts), cyclones (low pressure) and anticyclones (high pressure), and frontal cyclones. A cyclone is a low-pressure system. In the actual atmosphere, a low-pressure trough often appears along the center and extends in a certain direction. A frontal system is formed on the low-pressure trough. The front and the cyclone are one entity (the high-pressure system does not).

7. Water cycle

(1) Type: Great cycle between sea and land (large cycle), land cycle (little water), ocean cycle (maximum water)

(2) Names of each link: evaporation, precipitation, water vapor transport, surface runoff, underground runoff, infiltration, plant transpiration

(3) Meaning: It enables land water to be continuously replenished and renewed, Regenerate water resources; shape the surface form; connect the four major circles.

8. Ocean currents:

(1) Type: divided into wind currents, density currents, and compensation currents according to their causes; warm currents and cold currents according to their properties.

(2) Distribution: △Middle and low latitudes - ocean circulation centered on the subtropics, clockwise flow in the northern hemisphere (consistent with the anticyclonic direction of the hemisphere), counterclockwise flow in the southern hemisphere (consistent with the anticyclonic direction of the southern hemisphere) consistent). △Mid-to-high latitudes (mainly referring to the Northern Hemisphere)—ocean circulation centered on the subpolar region. △Westerly drifting in the Southern Hemisphere, the most powerful cold current in the world. △The monsoon currents in the North Indian Ocean - flow from west to east in summer and from east to west in winter (summer goes smoothly and winter reverses).

(3) Impact: ① Impact on climate: Warm currents play a role in warming and humidifying (the formation of Western Europe’s oceanic climate benefits from the North Atlantic Warm Current); cold currents play a role in cooling and dehumidifying Effect (the formation of the Victoria Desert on the west coast of Australia and the Atacama Desert on the Pacific coast of Peru are all related to the Western Australian Cold Current and Peruvian Cold Current along the coast)

② Impact on marine life - distribution of fishing grounds: The intersection of cold and warm currents brings a rich variety of bait to fish.

△Hokkaido Fishing Ground - the intersection of the Japan Warm Current and the Kuril Current. △Newfoundland Fishing Ground—the intersection of the Labrador Cold Current and the Gulf Stream. △North Sea Fishing Ground—formed by the intersection of the warm North Atlantic current and the cold seawater flowing south from high latitudes. △Peru Fishing Ground - The rising compensating current causes the deep seawater to rise, bringing deep-sea silicates with it, causing plankton to multiply in large numbers, and plankton is food for fish.

③ Impact on marine pollution: It is beneficial to the diffusion of pollutants and speeds up purification; but it also expands the scope of pollutants.

④ Impact on ocean transportation: Downstream - the sailing speed is fast; against the current - the sailing speed is slow.

Chapter 3 The integrity and regional differences of the geographical environment

1. The geographical environment includes the natural geographical environment and the human geographical environment. Physical geographical elements include climate, hydrology, landforms, biology, soil and other elements.

(1) Climate change has continuously transformed the hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere and other spheres on the earth. The role of organisms on the geographical environment is ultimately due to the ability of green plants to carry out photosynthesis.

(2) The role of organisms in the formation of the geographical environment: connecting the organic and inorganic worlds, promoting the migration of chemical elements; transforming the atmosphere, causing the original atmosphere to gradually evolve into the current atmosphere; transforming the hydrosphere, affecting water bodies Composition; transform the lithosphere, promote the weathering of rocks and the formation of soil, causing profound changes in the geographical environment.

The environment creates living things, and living things create the current environment.

Therefore, organisms are creatures of the geographical environment, and they are also shapers of the geographical environment

(3) The various elements of the geographical environment are interconnected, mutually restrictive and mutually penetrating, forming the integrity of the geographical environment. For example: my country's northwest inland - due to the distance from the sea, it is difficult for the moist ocean air to reach, resulting in an arid continental climate - rivers are not developed, mostly inland rivers - the climate is dry, the effect of water flow is weak, and physical weathering and wind effects Remarkably, large areas of Gobi and desert have been formed with sparse vegetation, poor soil development, and low organic matter content.

2. Regional differentiation rules of geographical environment:

(1) Regional differentiation from the equator to the poles (latitude zonality): The amount of solar radiation that decreases from the equator to the poles Impact - Regular replacement of natural zones along latitudinal changes (north and south). This differentiation is based on heat. For example: near the equator is the tropical rainforest belt, and as the latitude increases, there are savanna belts and tropical desert belts on both sides.

(2) Regional differentiation from the coast to the interior (longitudinal zonality): Affected by the distribution of sea and land, natural landscapes and natural zones produce regular regional differentiation from the coast to the interior of the continent. This differentiation is based on moisture. For example: mid-latitude areas (especially mid-latitude areas in the northern hemisphere) appear from the coast to the inland: forest zone-steppe zone-desert zone

(3) Vertical regional differentiation of mountains: in alpine areas, with With the change of altitude, the water and heat conditions from the foothills to the top of the mountain vary greatly, thus forming a vertical natural zone. For example: For high mountains near the equator, the natural zone seen from the foothills to the top of the mountain is similar to the horizontal natural zone from the equator to the poles.

Chapter 4 The Impact of Natural Environment on Human Activities

1. The relationship between the formation of settlements and the geographical environment can be reflected in the form: in plain areas, the terrain is relatively complete and open. , flat, the settlements are round or irregular polygonal, and large in scale; the settlements in mountainous areas are distributed along river valleys or in relatively open lowlands. For example: the distribution of cities in the Fenhe and Weihe River valleys in my country. Most of the world's big cities are located on plains. The location advantages of plain areas are: flat terrain, fertile soil, easy farming, and conducive to transportation connections and construction investment savings. There are also plains that are not suitable for urban development. For example: in the tropics, the lowlands are sweltering, and cities are mostly distributed on plateaus. The most famous one is Brazil, whose cities are not located in the Amazon plain, but on the Brazilian plateau.

2. The influence of terrain on the distribution of traffic lines: highway routes should be selected to avoid unfavorable terrain. The density of traffic line networks in flat terrain areas is relatively high (low cost and small amount of work), and the density in mountainous and hilly areas is relatively high. Small (high cost, large amount of work).

3. Global climate warming is beneficial to agricultural production: the temperature rise is the largest in high latitudes, the crop growth period is extended, and yields are increased; global warming is detrimental to agricultural production: mid-latitude semi-humid and semi-arid areas, if If precipitation remains unchanged, warming will accelerate land evaporation, reduce water content in the soil, and lead to a decrease in crop yields. It also has a certain impact on industrial production. Rising temperatures will reduce energy consumption for heating in high latitudes and significantly increase energy consumption for cooling in low latitudes.

4. Definition of natural resources: materials and energy that humans obtain directly from nature and use for production and life. It includes climate resources, land resources, water resources, biological resources, and mineral resources. Natural resources are the material basis of human civilization and social progress. For example: Energy utilization has a huge role in promoting the development of productivity. △ Firewood is the main energy source - the level of social productivity is very low. △ In the 18th century, coal is the main energy source - social productivity is greatly improved. △ After the 1950s, oil is the main energy source - which greatly promotes the development of production.

5. Common natural disasters include floods, droughts, typhoons, heavy rains, cold waves, sandstorms, snowstorms, earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides and mudslides. Understand the main causes and hazards of their occurrence.

Compulsory 2 Human Geography

Chapter 1 Population

1. Population Growth

1. Main factors affecting population growth: productivity Level, medical and health conditions and education level affect the mortality and birth rates of the population, which in turn affect the growth pattern of the population. In addition, policies, social welfare, natural disasters, etc. will also affect population growth.

2. Population growth model (population reproduction model): high-low-high (developing countries with lower levels), three-low (developed countries), transition from "high-low-high" to "three-low" (lower-level developing countries) high developing countries).

3. World population growth: Africa has the highest natural population growth rate and Europe has the lowest; Asia has the largest net increase in population.

4. Population problem - population growth is too fast: population pressure is high - population control (China implements family planning)

Population growth is too slow: population aging - encourage childbirth , accept immigrants (China relies on developing productivity)

2. Population migration

1. The main reasons for population migration: economic (from backward areas to developed areas), politics (political persecution, war) , national organized population migration), social culture (religious persecution, ethnic discrimination), ecological environment, other factors (family wealth and marriage, seeking relatives and friends, escaping discrimination).

2. The significance (effect) of population migration

(1) Benefits: ① Strengthen ethnic unity and promote ethnic integration ② Strengthen cultural exchanges ③ Reduce population pressure in the place of relocation ④ Relocation provides cheap labor.

(2) Disadvantages: ① Causes brain drain in the place of relocation ② Increases the difficulty of social management in the place of relocation

3. Population distribution and population capacity

1. Population and environmental carrying capacity: the maximum number of people that a certain region can support in a certain period of time.

Reasonable population capacity: the number of people that can be sustained. The reasonable population capacity is smaller than the population carrying capacity.

2. Factors affecting environmental population capacity (environmental carrying capacity): resource status, productivity level, openness and consumption level.

IV. Regional Culture and Population

Chapter 2 Urban Spatial Structure and Urbanization

1. Urban Spatial Structure

1 , Urban functional zoning - the same urban land type agglomeration

(1) Commercial area: located in the city center, on both sides of the main traffic lines - convenient transportation, developed communications, large flow of people; strong rent payment ability.

★Central Business District (CBD): densely built, densely populated with high-rise buildings, and convenient transportation - limited area, but large demand

(2) Industrial areas: generally distributed on the edge of the city , transportation is convenient, with rivers, railways, and highways passing through most of them.

(3) Residential area: It is the most extensive land use in the city.

(4) Cultural area: It generally requires a beautiful environment and is far away from industrial areas and commercial areas. In urban construction, attention should be paid to protecting cultural relics and historic sites.

2. Reasons for the formation of urban regional functional zoning: historical factors, economic factors, social factors, administrative factors

3. Urban scale, regional structure, and service scope

★Small cities: The differentiation of geographical structure is not obvious, the types of services provided are few, the level is low, and the scope of services is small.

★Big cities: The geographical structure is obviously differentiated, and the services provided are many types, high levels and wide range of services.

2. Location factors affecting cities

(1). Natural aspects

1. Topography - high urban density in plain areas

2. Climate - areas with warm and humid climates have high urban density

3. Rivers - the water supply and transportation functions of rivers determine the location of cities.

(2) Social and economic aspects

1. Agricultural basis

2. Transportation conditions: Cities can be formed along the coast, along the river, along the railway lines, and along the highway axis. Most of the northern cities are at the confluence of avenues.

★Changes in transportation lines will have an impact on urban development.

(For example, Yangzhou: prospered when the canal was open to navigation, but declined after the canal was blocked).

3. Politics (such as administrative centers), military defense, religion, science and technology, tourism, etc. can also promote the formation and growth of cities.

3. Urbanization

1. Symbols of urbanization: ① increase in urban population, ② increase in the proportion of urban population in the total population, ③ expansion of urban land scale. The most important indicator is the urban population as a percentage of the total population.

2. Characteristics of urbanization after the end of World War II: ① The development speed of large cities exceeds that of small cities; ② The number of large cities continues to increase; ③ Megacities with a population of more than 1 million develop rapidly. ——Trends of urbanization

3. Urbanization in developed countries

① Characteristics: early start, high level, slow speed, counter-urbanization phenomenon.

② Reasons for counter-urbanization: increasing requirements for environmental quality, and the gradual improvement of infrastructure in rural areas and small towns. ”

4. Urbanization in developing countries

① Characteristics: late start, low level, fast speed, obvious trend of urbanization.

② my country’s cities

③ Urban development is irrational: large cities are expanding rapidly, small and medium-sized cities are developing slowly, and the population is concentrated in a few large cities.

5. General laws of urbanization: Urbanization - suburban urbanization - counter-urbanization - re-urbanization

IV. The impact of urbanization on the natural environment

1. The impact of urbanization on the natural environment

(1) Impact on climate: heat island effect, rain island effect, suburban thermal circulation, serious air pollution

(2) Impact on hydrology: groundwater - infiltration amount Reduced, the scope and depth of the groundwater funnel area increased.

For river water - the flow rate of water on the slope is accelerated, the river water collection time is shortened, and it is easier to form a flood peak.

For water quality - —Urban industrial wastewater and domestic sewage cause pollution of urban water sources.

(3) Impact on organisms: lawns and artificial forests are of a single variety; biological habitats are destroyed and biological diversity is reduced.

2. Protect and improve the urban environment - "ecological city"

① Establish satellite cities, develop new areas, and decentralize urban functions

② Improve urban transportation and living environment. Widen main roads, build ring roads, and build elevated roads, subways, and light rail transportation.

③ Protect and improve the urban environment.

5. Regional culture and cities. Development

Chapter 3 Human Production Activities and Regional Connections

1. Agricultural location factors

1. Natural factors (climate, water source, terrain, soil): Transformation - greenhouse agriculture, terraces, fertilization, watering

2. Social and economic factors (market, transportation, land rent, policy, labor force)

★The market determines the type of agriculture. and scale.

★The development of transportation conditions (especially fresh-keeping and refrigeration technology) has expanded the impact of the market on agricultural location

3. Technical factors (breeding, Machinery, chemical fertilizers, pesticides)

★Cultivation of improved varieties (high-yield, drought-resistant, cold-resistant, storage-resistant varieties): conducive to expanding planting area

★Mechanization: can improve labor productivity.

★Application of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, etc.: can increase the yield per unit area

2. Main types of agricultural regions

1. Commercial grain agriculture

(1) Distribution: Mainly distributed in the United States, Canada, Australia, Argentina, Russia and other countries.

(2) Main varieties: wheat, corn (dryland crops, convenient for mechanized production).

(3) Formation conditions: ★Natural conditions: flat terrain, vast cultivated land, sparsely populated areas.

★Socioeconomic conditions: developed transportation, high technical level

★Technical conditions: high degree of mechanization.

(4) Characteristics: large scale of production; high degree of mechanization; mainly family farms

2. Rice planting industry:

Distribution

East Asia, Southeast Asia, and South Asia monsoon regions

Typical regions

Asia

Location conditions

Climate

Monsoon climate, with rain and heat at the same time, suitable for rice growth

Terrain

The plains downstream of rivers or estuary deltas are flat and the soil is deep, which is conducive to farming

Labor

(Labor-intensive agriculture) has a dense population and abundant labor force, which is conducive to intensive farming

History

Long planting history and rich traditional experience

Mainly Characteristics

Characteristics

Causes

Small farmer operation

Family as a unit, less cultivated land per capita

Per unit yield High, low commodity rate

Intensive farming, but there are many people in rural areas, mainly self-sufficient

Low mechanization level

Low economic level, mainly manual labor

Large amount of water conservancy projects

Monsoon climate, frequent floods and droughts

Low level of science and technology

Long history and rich traditional experience

3. Mixed agriculture

(1) Mainly mixed agriculture of livestock and grains. The pond production in my country's Pearl River Delta is mainly a mixed agriculture of fishery and forestry.

(2) Distribution: Europe, North America, Australia ("a country riding on a sheep's back", "a country sitting on a mine cart"), etc.

(3) Characteristics (take the "Wheat-Sheep Belt" in the Murray-Darling Basin as an example)

① Benign agricultural ecosystem:

★Mutual benefit: The planting industry provides feed for the livestock industry, and the animal husbandry provides fertilizer for the planting industry

★Fallow and crop rotation (helping to restore soil structure and improve soil fertility), planting, and pasture.

② Effective and reasonable farming arrangements: the busy time of wheat farming (May-June for sowing, November-December for harvest) and the free time for formal grazing.

③ Flexible production options: Determine whether to plant more wheat or grazing more sheep according to the market.

4. Other agricultural regional types

Regional types

Distribution areas

Causes of formation

Main features

Relocation of agriculture

Some primitive tribal areas

Low productivity level, "slash and burn"

Affects biodiversity; climate deterioration

p>

Dairy animal industry

Developed countries, around my country’s big cities, etc.

Developed countries have high levels of urbanization, large cities have developed economies and concentrated populations, and have a strong demand for milk and its products. The demand is large

The commodity rate is high; the level of mechanization is high;

It is greatly affected by urban distribution;

The degree of intensification is high.

3. Impact of agricultural production activities on the geographical environment

1. Impact on organisms: ① Reclamation of cultivated land, deforestation, etc.; ② Artificial cultivation of improved seeds; ③ Overgrazing leading to pasture destruction , desertification occurs; ④ The application of pesticides will contaminate agricultural products, leading to a decrease in the quality of agricultural products.

2. Impact on soil: ① Flood irrigation leads to soil salinization; ② Long-term application of chemical fertilizers will cause the soil to harden, become acidic and hard.

3. Impact on climate: Deforestation and afforestation, construction of reservoirs and water diversion for irrigation have all changed the properties of the underlying surface and changed the heat and water source conditions of the atmosphere.

4. Impact on hydrological characteristics: ① Construction of reservoirs and water diversion for irrigation: changing the flow process of river runoff;

② Reclamation of terraces, deforestation, and afforestation: affecting the content of rivers Amount of sand.

IV. Industrial location factors

1. Factors affecting industrial location

(1) Natural factors: minerals, land, water sources, climate, etc.

(2) Economic factors - close to raw materials, fuels (such as non-ferrous metal smelting, heavy chemical industry bases), markets - saving freight.

(3) Labor and technology: For industries that require a large amount of labor, wages account for a high proportion of product costs (labor-intensive industries), and factories should be located where there is a large amount of cheap labor. Technology-intensive industries should be located close to places where higher education and technology are developed.

(4) Industrial and agricultural foundation and collaboration conditions: including production collaboration and social collaboration

(5) Environment: Industrial layout should pay attention to economic, social and environmental benefits. ①Wind direction ②Water source ③Distance from the city

2. Changes in industrial location factors:

(1) The influence of raw material areas on factories is gradually weakening, and the influence of the market on factory locations is gradually increasing strengthen. Reasons: The range of raw materials used in industry is getting wider and wider, and transportation conditions have improved;

(2) Transportation: Ports along the coast, railway hubs, and areas along highways have a great impact on industry. Attractiveness (in recent years, transportation in some developed countries has been quite complete, and transportation is no longer the main factor they consider);

(3) The importance of the accessibility of information and communication networks as an industrial location factor becoming more and more prominent;

(4) The influence of labor quality is gradually increasing.

3. Industrial location pointing type

Industrial type

Industrial characteristics

Principles of location selection

Main industries Department (example)

Raw material oriented

It is inconvenient to transport raw materials over long distances or the cost of transporting raw materials is high

Close to the origin of raw materials

Extractive industry , sugar industry, aquatic product processing industry, fruit processing industry, etc.

Power-oriented

Consume a lot of energy

Close to energy base

Non-ferrous metal smelting plant

Market-oriented

It is inconvenient to transport products over long distances or the cost of transporting products is high

Close to the consumer market of products

Bottled beverage industry, furniture manufacturing, printing, petroleum processing industry, etc.

Labor-oriented

Requires a large input of labor

Close to areas with a large number of cheap labor

Ordinary clothing, electronic assembly, strapping, umbrella making, shoemaking industry, etc.

Technology-oriented

High technical requirements

Close to higher education and developed areas of science and technology

Integrated circuits, precision instruments, etc.

5. The formation of industrial regions

1. Industrial agglomeration and formation of industrial regions

(1) Dominant factors leading to agglomeration: infrastructure such as roads, water supply, and power supply; cheap labor; distribution of resources and energy, etc.

(2) Benefits (function) of agglomeration - economies of scale - (reduce costs, increase profits)

① Can strengthen information exchange and technical collaboration between enterprises;

p>

② Reduce the transportation costs and energy consumption of intermediate products;

③ ***Also utilize the roads, water supply, power supply, communications and other infrastructure in the industrial zone to save investment in production and construction;

③ *** p>

④ It is conducive to centralized treatment of environmental pollution problems in the production process.

2. Industrial decentralization and industrial regional connections

(1) Reasons for industrial decentralization: In order to give full play to the location advantages of different places (such as multinational companies looking for the best locations around the world) .

(2) Conditions for industrial decentralization: ① Modern transportation methods—convenient, fast, and cheap;

② Modern communication technologies and means—the "simultaneity of the world" ".

6. Traditional Industrial Zones

1. Dominant factors in location selection: Traditional industrial zones are mostly formed and developed on the basis of rich coal and iron resources.

★The conditions for the development of Anshan Iron and Steel in my country: rich coal and iron resources, convenient transportation

★The conditions for the development of Baosteel in my country: convenient transportation and a broad market (iron ore is mainly sourced from Australia, India and other countries Import)

2. Existing problems: ① Mainly heavy industry, single production structure;

② Large consumption of raw materials and energy, large transportation volume, declining economic benefits;

p>

③ Serious environmental pollution, etc.

3. Solutions (taking the Ruhr area in Germany as an example)

(1) Adjust the economic structure: develop emerging industries and tertiary industries, transform the coal and steel industries, and promote the economy Structural diversification

(2) Develop science and technology: develop science and technology, promote tourism, prosper the economy, and promote sustainable development

(3) Optimize the environment: eliminate pollution, plant trees, and beautify the environment

4. Transformation of resource-depleted cities (industrial areas): For resource-depleted cities, the city’s development history and urban resources (whether minerals, land, and human resources) are different. Therefore, we cannot follow a fixed model and must carry out economic transformation according to its own characteristics. For example, the transformation direction of Datong in Shanxi Province is mainly focused on tourism, deep processing of coal and emerging industries. The transformation direction of Pingdingshan in Henan Province is to develop salt chemical industry in addition to coal chemical industry.

5. my country’s four major industrial bases

Characteristics

Favorable conditions

Unfavorable conditions

Central and southern Liaoning region

Heavy industrial base

Rich coal and iron resources, convenient transportation

Lack of water resources

Beijing-Tianjin-Tangzhou region

The largest comprehensive industrial base in the north

Rich iron, oil and sea salt resources, convenient transportation, close to Shanxi energy base, unified power grid

Lack of water resources

Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou region

The largest comprehensive industrial base in the country

It has a long history, a solid industrial foundation, convenient transportation, strong technical force, and abundant resources

Lack of conventional energy resources

Pearl River Delta region

Comprehensive industrial base focusing on light industry

Close to Hong Kong, Macao and the hometown of overseas Chinese, it is easy to attract foreign investment; The special economic zones were developed early and have technical and management advantages; abundant labor force

Lack of conventional energy resources

7. Emerging Industrial Zones

1. Main emerging industrial zones: "Silicon Valley" in the United States, "Silicon Island" in Japan, etc.

2. The dominant factors in location selection: advanced science and technology, convenient transportation (highways and airports), and beautiful environment

8. The impact of industrial production activities on the geographical environment

There are still many things to post,