Yanmenguan is right there.

The Yellow Emperor, Yan Di, Jiuli (Chiyou) and other tribes merged to form the embryonic form of the Chinese nation. The engagement and integration of Huangyan is in the eastern part of southern Shanxi, Xi and northern Henan. Guangming Daily published Wang Shangyi's article "The Capital of Taiyuan was 4,470 years", which verified that Yao Shunyu founded the country in Taiyuan and proved that Taiyuan was the birthplace of Chinese civilization. According to the Records of Geography of Hanshu, "Yanmen is the city of Jizhou". Yanmenguan has been a place of "controlling the Central Plains" since ancient times. According to Chen Yulin's article "On the Position of Yanbei in National Integration", it is demonstrated that Yanbei area is one of the birthplaces of Chinese civilization.

The earliest ancestors of human beings in Yanbei can be traced back to "Xu Jiayao people". As early as 65438+ 10,000 years ago, he lived in Yanbei, a descendant of "Beijingers", and was not called Early Homo sapiens in archaeology. In summer, there are ethnic minorities living in Yanbei and Mobei, which were called ghosts in Shang Dynasty, Beirong in Western Zhou Dynasty, and Loufan in Warring States Period. The above proves that the Central Plains of Yanmenguan and the desert outside the pass are the birthplaces of Chinese civilization.

Chinese civilization has lasted for 5,000 years, with the Central Plains civilization first, followed by Dongyi and Xirong. After the development of the northern desert and the Central Plains, it attacked Dongyi in the east and Xirong in the west. After the development of the northern desert and the Central Plains, it attacked Dongyi in the east and Xirong in the west. Beiling, between the northern desert and the Central Plains, has gradually become the main gateway for communication, integration, engagement and re-integration between the Central Plains and Mobei. Yanmenguan has played an extremely important role in promoting the communication between primitive people, the cultural exchange and ethnic integration between the Han nationality in the South Central Plains and the northern minorities, and the formation of the Chinese nation.

"Biography of Mu" contains "Jue turns off the lights" when he went to the frontier in 17 (about -960). "Turn off the lights" is a stone road; "Absolute" means crossing; "Yu" means the Western Region Pass (now Yanmenguan), which means that the ancient pass, ancient road and slate road had been formed at that time, and it was only when the Supreme Emperor attracted him to patrol the border. Zhou Deng in Beiling is the earliest ancient tomb, ancient land, ancient Deng, ancient fortress and ancient pass between the Central Plains and Mobei.

The danger of natural manufacturing-the first risk in China

The six defense systems of "four customs and one product" in Yanmenguan are the largest and most scientific defense buildings in the north of Central Plains. In an area of 302 square kilometers, the east and west customs are fortified, collectively known as Yanmenguan.

It was called Beiling in ancient times; During the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, it was called the Western Region Pass; In the Spring and Autumn Period, it was called Zhusai; During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, it was divided into Dongguan and Xiguan. Wei Fujian Xiguan Guancheng. In the seventh year of Ming Hongwu, Dong Jiaocheng was rebuilt. Xiguan Pass (iron-wrapped door, dug manually) is paved with stones, and the ancient road is full of twists and turns, and the left and right cliffs are cut. Inscribed in the East Gate is "Invincible on Three Sides, First Class in Nine Competitions". "Natural barrier" and "geographical location" indicate the victory of Yanmen. The four passes are Nankou Pass and Guangwu Pass: Taihe Lingguan and Baicaokou Pass. There are more than 40 sites in Tokyo view alone, such as "seven ancestors and one tower on the eighth floor of five cities". The five cities are Guancheng, Dongcheng, Xicheng, Wengcheng and besieged city; On the eighth floor, there are Yongbyon Building (Yueming Building), Weiyuan Building (Yanyue Building), Natural Barrier Gate Building, Dili Gate Building and Sijiaolou. These seven temples are Li Mu Temple, Yang Liulang Temple, Zhao Wuling Temple and Xia Temple. One tower is the Wild Goose Pagoda. It is also related to the scorching heat, military training ground, Dianjiangtai, Guanling, ancient military camp, Jiukeng Eighteen Cave, Magong Killing Tiger Pavilion, Parting Monument Pavilion, Changping Bridge and Chang 'an Bridge. Five kilometers to the north is Guangwuguan, commonly known as "Dog Climbs Lotus City". Fortress is connected with fortress, there are many docks and watchtowers, the entrance is fortified, and the left and right sides are connected with Guancheng defense system, which is a typical building in ancient military defense operations. One kilometer to the west is Guangwu Guancheng, built outside the wall of the northern city of Song and Liao Dynasties, which is the northernmost place in the Central Plains of Wan Li. The eternal war is actually separated by a wall, a city, a customs and a fortress. In ancient times, it was called "the end of the world in the north" and "the north corner of the sky".

Three kilometers south of Guangwuguan is the pass of Baicaokou. The traffic between the north and the south of the ancient pass is very important. The castles are connected, the pass is connected with the three passes, and the watchtower, the secret door and the Great Wall in the beacon tower are connected into a whole, forming a unity of joint defense, vertical depth, clear distinction between primary and secondary, combination of points and lines, main wings, front and rear support, left and right connection, mutual horns, strong core and their own battles. It is a rare example of city defense in the history of China's ancient territorial defense.

Baicaokou Great Wall is 8033 meters long, which is the most complete and longest section of the original Great Wall in Wan Li. Even Beijing regards this section of the Great Wall as the basis for repairing the Great Wall in the suburbs of Beijing. Three kilometers to the south is the Yanmenguan of Xiqu. One kilometer north of Guangwuguan is the Han nationality, where 288 generals and soldiers who guarded the trilateral sacrifices in the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty were buried, belonging to the national security forces. There are "Three Cities Blockade" and "39 Fort 12 Liancheng"; On both sides of the pass, there are "Eighteen Gates of Yanmen", which connects the Central Plains in the south and the desert plain in the north, forming a barrier thousands of miles to the north with the Great Wall, forming a dangerous pass, a crucial pass, a hero pass and a unique pass. The essence of the Great Wall lies in Guan, and the essence of Guan lies in Yanmen. Even geese are difficult to fly, so they will fly south after circling three times in the sky, hence the name Yanmenguan. Today, there is still a stone carving: "Natural Danger".

Controlling the Central Plains with Potential-China's first step.

During the 1,400 years from the unification of Qin Dynasty to Song Nandu, the dynasty established by the Han nationality, although it moved its capital many times, never left the Yellow River and Han land outside the southwest boundary of the mountain.

Yanmenguan has always been the throat fortress between the Central Plains and the desert plain, which is located in the middle of the triangle and must be the center of the war.

The central part of Shanxi Plateau is a graben corridor, and the five great basin are connected in a scattered way. The northern army can follow the northern passage to the land of Gyeonggi, occupy Shanxi, and balance the Central Plains. The danger of Yanmenguan's "one throat leads to the Central Plains" lies in the fact that the Han Dynasty attacked the Huns, the Tang Dynasty defended the Turks, and the Song Empire Qidan, and Ming Dynasty resisted the Wala, which was not only a struggle of military strategists, but also a struggle of the royal family. Without the defense of Yanmenguan, there would be no Taiyuan Dragon City, no Shanxi merchant culture and no stability of xi 'an and Luoyang Imperial City. Historically, it has been said that "if you gain the wild goose gate, you will gain the world; if you lose the wild goose gate, you will lose the Central Plains".

In Nine Pieces of the Warring States Period, Yanmenguan is obviously the first of the nine pieces. Among the nine blockades, only two dead people, Yanmenguan and Juyongguan, in Beijing, continued the frontier fortress after Qin and Han Dynasties. And it has spanned more than two thousand years in Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, and had a great impact on the survival of the Chinese nation, and Yanmenguan was the first to be promoted.

Yanmenguan —— Witness the "North-South Harmony" and "Ancient Tea-Horse Road" between the Central Plains and Mobei

During the Yanmenguan Peace War, the Central Plains and ethnic minorities traded here, and the communication technology was recorded from Qin and Han Dynasties. During the period of filial piety in the Han Dynasty, Huns transported cattle, horses, sheep and livestock products to Yanmenguan in exchange for food, cloth and iron in the mainland. After the rise of Xianbei, the "pure gold and good iron" of the Central Plains has been continuously imported into the customs. After the Han, Wei, Sui, Tang, Song and Liao Dynasties, the mutual market became more prosperous. The important traffic line outside the entrance is Yanmen Ancient Road. The goods purchased by Central Plains merchants are shipped out through Yanmenguan, all the way from Zhangjiakou to Chaktu; All the way through Hukou, it was transported to Guihua City (now Hohhot), and then transported to Chaktu, where it traded with Russia and entered the European market. The existing "road separation monument" in Yanmenguan stipulates the up-and-down routes of vehicles and becomes the earliest traffic station in the Central Plains, which shows the prosperity of Yanmenguan.

Witness the sub-ethnic integration in the history of northern China.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Yan, Loufan, Xiongnu and other ethnic minorities formed an alliance with the Han nationality through Yanmenguan, which promoted the prosperity and progress of the nation. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, especially when Tuoba of Xianbei nationality established the Northern Wei Dynasty, the capital was Datong first, and then moved to Luoyang, which made ethnic exchanges more frequent and convenient. During the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, the Turkic, Shatuo and other nationalities in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, such as Khitan, Nuzhen and Mongolia, entered the Central Plains through Yanmenguan at the same time, moving from war to "harmony as one family" and working hand in hand with the Han nationality to create brilliant Chinese civilization.

Yanmenguan —— Witness the implementation of the policy of harmony and friendship

Yanmenguan gave birth to the people-friendly policy, which played an important role in dealing with ethnic relations, stabilizing the political situation and opening up the frontier in history. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Duke Xiang of Jin adopted Jiang Wei's idea of "harmony but difference", and turned the past method of using force against neighboring Rongdi into a place of peace, which benefited the ethnic minorities outside Yanmenguan. King Wuling of Zhao's "Khufu Riding and Shooting" originated from the practice of Yanmenguan, which was a strategy for Qiang Bing to occupy the north and communicate peacefully with the northern minorities. Marriage was triggered by Liu Bang's "siege of Deng Bai", such as Zhao Jun leaving the village, Cai Wenji returning to the south, and Princess Sui Yicheng marrying a Turk.

Yanmenguan-witnessed many large-scale immigrants in history to defend the border and open up wasteland.

In order to develop northern Xinjiang and build frontier defense projects, the Central Plains dynasty often immigrated to the border. This policy can be traced back to the Qin Dynasty, when the Great Wall of Wan Li was built, civilian workers were recruited, and troops were sent to guard the frontier fortress. -22 1 year, 30,000 households in Qin moved to Beihe and Yuzhong (now north of Ejinhoro Banner in Inner Mongolia) to reclaim land. The western Han dynasty immigrated from the mainland to Mayi and other places to engage in animal husbandry, especially raising horses. At one time, the number of border immigrants of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty reached 700,000, and 14 county was established.

After inspecting Yanmenguan, the Secretary-General of the World Chinese Federation praised: "Yanmenguan is the capital of ethnic integration and national peace between the Central Plains and Mobei."