What did Liu Bang do after the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty?

In February 202 BC, Liu Bang fulfilled his promise and named Han Xin King of Chu and Peng Yue King of Yue. Han Xin, Yuan Zangcha, Zhang Ao and Changsha Wang wrote to Liu Bang, asking him to become emperor. Liu bang began to pretend to refuse. Han Xin and others said, "Although your majesty was born in poverty, he can lead the people to wipe out the violent Qin Dynasty, punish evil and promote good, and stabilize the world. He has contributed more than all kings, and you are expected to be declared emperor. " Liu Bang said: "Since you all think that it is beneficial to the people of the world, then do as you say."

On February 28th, 202 BC, Liu Bang held an accession ceremony in Surabaya, Dingtao, Shandong Province, with the title of Han.

In June of the same year, Liu Bang held a celebration banquet in Nangong, Luoyang. At the banquet, he summed up the reasons for his victory: "In strategic planning, I am not as good as Sean; On the supply of food and grass to comfort the people, I am not as good as Xiao He; I'm not as good as Han Xin, who led a million troops and won a decisive battle on the battlefield. However, I can make good use of people and give full play to their talents, which is the real reason for our victory. As for Xiang Yu, he only has Fan Zeng available, but he is suspicious of him. This is the reason for his final failure. " Liu bang's summary is indeed correct. The human factor is always the most important factor that determines the outcome of a war.

Later, Liu Bang moved the capital to Chang 'an because of a reminder from a foot soldier named Lou Jing (given the surname Liu, also known as Liu). Lou Jing came to see Liu Bang from Shandong and said that Liu Bang's world was different from the previous Zhou Dynasty. Instead of taking Luoyang as the capital like the Zhou Dynasty, the capital should be set in Guanzhong, so as to stick to the dangerous place of Qin and the country can maintain long-term stability. Sean agreed with Lou Jing's suggestion. He said that Guanzhong is a "golden city of thousands of miles, a land of abundance", which can retreat and defend, attack and escape. Liu bang agreed, so he quickly moved the capital to Chang 'an.

Consolidate imperial power

Although Liu Bang became emperor, he did not dare to treat his throne lightly. When he hosted a banquet for Ying Bu and other ministers, he boasted to his father Taigong: "You used to say that I had no way to make money. At first, adults often treat ministers as rogues and can't manage industries, so China is not as good as China. Now that there is more business, "hooligans" just can't make money to support their families. Xu Shen said, "Lai Ye, Li Ye." Rogue ",that is, it is useless to enter the home), no second brother can manage the home. Now that I am the emperor, do you think my second brother has more wealth or mine? "But while enjoying it, he also took measures to consolidate the imperial power.

The first thing that disturbed him was the kings recruited from all over the country. They all have soldiers, and some are half-hearted. The second problem is that other generals are vying for credit and reward. If they are not appeased properly, they will go to those kings with different surnames to make trouble. And the descendants of the original six countries should not be taken lightly. In the central government, the power of the prime minister also poses a threat to him as an emperor. Liu Bang spent eight years from becoming emperor to his final death, which was basically used to solve these problems that made him uneasy.

He took care of Han Xin first. In 20 1 year BC, that is, in the sixth year of Emperor Gaozu, someone reported Han Xin's rebellion. Liu bang asked what to do, and everyone said that he sent his troops to crusade. But Chen Ping objected. He said that Chu has plenty of food and grass, and Han Xin is good at fighting, so it is difficult to win his troops. He suggested that Liu Bang use the dream trip as an excuse to let all the princes go to Chen County (now Huaiyang, Henan Province), and then Han Xin would definitely come and arrest him. Liu Bang acted as planned, and Han Xin was arrested. When Han Xin heard the accusation against him, he shouted loudly: "The ancients said it really well:' A sly rabbit dies and a good dog cooks; High birds are exhausted, good bows are hidden; Destroy the enemy and the counselor will die. "Now that the world is settled, people like me should have been cooked and killed long ago." Liu Bang took Han Xin to Luoyang. Without conclusive evidence, he was released, but he was reduced to Huaiyin Hou. This made Han Xin bear a grudge.

In the second year, Han Xin conspired to let Chen Yi rebel in other places, and let Liu Bang personally counter the rebellion, and then attacked the Prince and Lv Hou himself in the capital. But it still came out. Lv Hou adopted Xiao He's idea, lured Han Xin into the palace to arrest him, and finally beheaded him in Changle Palace, leaving an idiom "Success is Xiao He, failure is me".

In addition to Han Xin, other governors such as Peng Yue and others were also eliminated, leaving only Wu Rui, the king of Changsha.

For other generals, Liu Bang also took great pains. At first, Liu Bang enfeoffed more than twenty officials, including Xiao He. However, because the generals don't trust each other, they won't stop striving for success. On one occasion, in the Nangong of Luoyang, Liu Bang saw people sitting on the sand. He didn't know what they were talking about, so he asked Sean around him what was going on. Sean said they were plotting. Liu Bang asked why, and Sean said he was afraid that he would not appoint their senior officials in the future. Liu asked what to do. Sean asked him who he hated most. Liu said it was Yong Chi because he was too proud to kill him. Hearing this, Sean asked him to be a Yong Chi Hou. In this way, everyone thinks that Yong Chi, who is hated by Liu Bang, can be blocked, so there is no need to worry. So, Liu Bang held a grand celebration banquet, named He Fanghou, and ordered the Prime Minister and the Imperial censor to draw up a certificate of commendation and a list of women heroes on the spot. Sean's plan really worked, and people were at peace.

For the descendants of the six countries, Liu Bang moved them and hundreds of thousands of local noble families to live in Guanzhong and put them under the central control, thus eliminating worries.

Regarding the excessive power of the prime minister, Liu Bang attacked and weakened the prime minister by putting Xiao He in prison. After Liu Bang put down the rebellion in Qing Bu and returned to Chang 'an, Xiao He proposed to open Shanglin Garden for the people to cultivate, because Shanglin Garden was basically deserted and was not the place where the emperor kept animals for hunting. Liu Bang was annoyed when he heard it, insisting that Xiao He accepted bribes from businessmen, so he spoke for them and made profits for businessmen in in the name of people. Liu Bang put Xiao He in prison. A few days later, a minister asked the Prime Minister what crime he had committed, but Liu Bang defended himself: "In the past, Reese was the Prime Minister of Qin, and all the credit went to the first emperor, and all the bad things were borne by himself. But now Prime Minister Xiao He has accepted bribes from businessmen and begged me to open a forest garden for them, so as to buy people's hearts. Therefore, he should be treated for his sins. " By attacking veteran Xiao He, Liu Bang weakened the relative strength and improved the power of the emperor.

In consolidating and strengthening the imperial power, Liu Bang also tried his best to respect his father Taigong as the emperor's father, and to deal with Lu Bu and Ding Gong. These two things finally achieved his goal.

After a long period of chaos in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, as well as the short-lived rule of the Qin Dynasty, coupled with the war at the end of the Qin Dynasty, people did not have the concept of loyalty to the monarch, and still maintained the idea of "impermanence of scholars and no ministers in the country" formed since the Warring States Period, which was not conducive to the consolidation of imperial power. Liu bang respected his father, the minister of education and the people to observe etiquette, respect his elders and be loyal to the monarch.

Liu Bang lives with his father Liu Taigong. In order to show his filial piety to everyone, he visits every five days. Taigong thinks nothing, and he is used to it. However, Taigong's subordinates felt that it was inappropriate, so they advised him to say, "As the saying goes, heaven has no two masters, and earth has no two masters. Today, the emperor is your son, but he is also the master. Although you are his father, you are also his minister. It is impolite for his master to see your minister. Besides, this will not show the majesty of the emperor. "

When Liu Bang saw his father again, Taigong went out to meet him with a broom in advance, and then went back to the house without a chance to salute Liu Bang. Liu bang was surprised and jumped out of the car to help his father. Taigong quickly said, "The emperor is the master. I can't destroy the etiquette of the country because of myself." Liu Bang wrote a letter, honoring Taigong as the emperor's father, killing two birds with one stone, which not only showed the dignity of the emperor, but also made it logical for him to visit his father. Liu Bang advocated filial piety very much. After he proclaimed himself emperor, he took his father Liu Zhijia to live in the palace and made his father the father of the emperor. After living in the palace for a long time, the emperor was unhappy all day. Liu bang was not at ease, and asked the emperor's father in private. The squire replied, "When Huangdi lived in Fengxian, his hometown, he liked playing football, fighting cocks and drinking every day. No one is with the Emperor now, so he is unhappy. " So Liu Bang built a new Fengcheng for his father near the palace, and moved some relatives and neighbors in Fengxian to live there. The layout of streets and lanes in Xinfengcheng is exactly the same as that in Fengxian, his hometown. Even the neighbors, old and young, can recognize their respective residences.

The second thing is the treatment of half-brothers Lu Bu and Ding Gong. When Liu Bang and Xiang Yu fought for the world, they were both generals under Xiang Yu. Lu Bu led troops to defeat Liu Bang several times, and Ding Gong led troops to pursue Liu Bang, but he was finally released. When Liu Bang became emperor, he remembered that Lu Bu had defeated himself and arrested him. But when I thought that I needed a loyal minister like him to help me, I stopped holding grudges, not only released him, but also made him a doctor. When Ding Gong heard about it, he felt that even Lu Bu, who had embarrassed Liu Bang, could be released as an official, let alone a person who had been very kind to Liu Bang. I didn't expect to be caught by Liu Bang. Liu Bang said to the crowd, "Ding Gong was unfaithful when he was a general of Ji Xiang. It is this kind of person who made Wang Xiang lose the world. " Liu bang ordered the death of Ding Gong, and publicly displayed it in the army, warning everyone to be loyal and not to imitate Ding Gong.

Wen zhi Tian Xia

After the unification of China and the establishment of the Han Dynasty, Liu Bang ruled the world with civility, recruited Confucian scholars, issued imperial edicts to the world, and extensively sought talents.

Politically, Liu Bang inherited the centralized system and county system of the Qin Dynasty, and abolished the harsh laws and criminal laws of the Qin Dynasty. Liu Bang attacked Xianyang and immediately abolished the harsh laws of the Qin Dynasty. Make a pact with the people in three chapters, seal up the state treasury, and win the hearts of the people without harming the people. After Liu Bang pacified the world, he ordered Xiao He to refer to the laws of the Qin Dynasty, namely "Nine Chapters of Han Law". This is based on the six "legal classics" formulated by Li Kui during the Warring States Period (theft law, thief law, net law, arrest law, miscellaneous law and equipment law), supplemented by the Household Law (household registration management, marriage system and tax collection), the Punishment Law (mainly providing for corvee and garrison troops) and the Stability Law (mainly providing for cattle and horse husbandry and postal delivery). Liu Bang made good use of Uncle Sun Tong to sort out the outline of the dynasty. Uncle Sun Tong formulated a set of political etiquette system suitable for the situation at that time, and wrote etiquette monographs such as Twelve Articles of Hanyi, Li Handu and Eighteen Articles of Law, which played an important role in the establishment and consolidation of the Han Dynasty and left a valuable cultural heritage for later generations.

In terms of legal thought, Confucianism is the main idea, supplemented by legalism, abolishing the practice of "heavy punishment" in the Qin Dynasty, abolishing the law of sitting and the three tribes of foreigners, and proposing "taking morality as the main punishment". That is to say, education should be given priority, supplemented by punishment, so as to achieve the effect of combining leniency with severity and Song Yan's rule.

Economically, Liu Bang abolished Qin's harsh laws, exempted his corvee, and lightened the people's burden, such as reducing or exempting land rent, paying five taxes and one tax, "sharing interest with the people" and releasing handmaiden. Anyone who sells his body as a handmaiden because of hunger is exempt from Shu Ren, liberating the productive forces, "all soldiers go home" and "go to the farm on credit", dismissing soldiers and giving them land and houses so that they can engage in it. At the same time, encourage childbearing and expand the labor force. At the same time, vigorously develop agriculture and curb the attack on mercenary businessmen and residual slave owners. Liu Bang also accepted Lou Jing's strong and weak suggestions, and moved 65438+ Wan Qiang heroes from the six Kanto countries to settle in Guanzhong. Liu Bang enabled the people to live, unite and consolidate the country.

In the development of cultural undertakings, Liu Bang established a large-scale "National Library", such as Tianlu Pavilion and Shiqu Pavilion. "The world is set, Xiao He laws, Han Xin used the art of war, Zhang Cang's articles of association, uncle Sun Li, Liu Jiazao Newspeak. He also swore an oath with the leading actor Dan Shu Tieqi, the Golden Chamber and the Tibetan Ancestral Temple. Although the days are insufficient, the rules are far away. "

Liu Bang's relaxed and inaction policy not only appeased the people's hearts and United China, but also laid a cultural foundation for the generosity of the Han Dynasty. It can be said that Liu Bang truly unified the divided China, and gradually gathered the divided people. He made a decisive contribution to the formation of the Han nationality, the unification and strength of China, and the protection and development of China culture.

By the end of Emperor Liu Bang's reign, the economy had obviously improved, the world had changed, the people had settled down, and the soldiers could not recover. Liu Bang is a rare outstanding politician in the history of China who truly unified China. It can be said that he was the first emperor of the Han Dynasty and created the Han nationality. The wise ethnic policy he formulated in the early Han Dynasty not only enabled China, which suffered from the war, to recuperate, but also created the prosperity of "the rule of culture and scenery", which laid a solid foundation for Hanwu to counterattack Xiongnu.

Liu Bang was far-sighted, and his political system and arrangements for future generations enabled Han to continue the longest unified dynasty in China history for more than 400 years. His political system and economic system were adopted by later rulers. The Han Empire founded by Liu Bang can be said to be the most prosperous dynasty in China's history, which made people admire and miss him in later generations, and he himself was remembered and praised by many people in later generations.

The death of Nakatani

In order to consolidate the imperial power, Liu Bang tried his best. I was old, but I was injured by an arrow when I put down the rebellion in Ying Bu, and my condition worsened in Chang 'an. Lv Hou invited a famous doctor, and Liu Bang asked him about his illness. The doctor said he could be cured. As soon as Liu Bang heard the tone, he knew that he would not be well. He was so angry that he cursed the doctor: "It is not destiny to take the world with one cloth and one sword." Life is in heaven, although Bian Que is good! "Then he gave the doctor 50 yuan and let him go. Lv Hou looked at Liu Bang, who was dying, and asked him about the personnel arrangement after his death: "Who will take over after Guo Xiang's death?" Liu said to Cao Can. Lv Hou asked who was after Cao Can, and Liu Bang said, "The tomb can take over after Cao Can, but the tomb is not wise enough, so it can be assisted by Chen Ping. Although Chen Ping is very wise, he can't make decisions on major issues. Although Zhou Bo is not good at talking, he is loyal and honest. He will be the one who will settle the Liu family in the future. Let him be the captain. " Lv Hou asked what to do in the future. Liu Bang said weakly, "You never know what will happen in the future. "Liu Bang died in 195 BC, that is, April 25th of the twelfth year of Emperor Gaozu (1 June), at the age of sixty-two, and was buried in Changling. Posthumous title is the high emperor, and the temple name is Emperor Mao. The Han Dynasty he established laid the main culture of China feudal society, that is, the cultural system under the influence of Confucianism. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the introduction of Indian Buddhism had an impact on Confucian culture. Understanding the political and cultural system of the Han Dynasty is helpful for us to understand the ancient culture of China.