What is the history of the Germans?

In the late Bronze Age, Germans lived in what is now southern Sweden, the Danish Peninsula and northern Germany, between the Em River, the Oder River and the Haltz Mountains. With the application of ironware, economic development and the influence of natural disasters, Germanic tribes began to move south in the 6th century BC. Vandals, Gepides and Goths migrated from southern Sweden and occupied the southern bank of the Baltic Sea, roughly equivalent to the area between the Oder River and the Vistula River. Early migration also developed to the south and west. As a result, the Celtic people living in most of the western part of the country where the Germans are now distributed have been excluded. In the 3rd century BC, they went south along the Elbe River to northern Bohemia, and then entered Thuringia along the Salle River. At the end of the 2nd century BC, Germanic tribes who settled in jutland invaded the Mediterranean cultural area and confronted the Romans directly. In the middle of BC 1 century, a large number of Germans set out from the hinterland and headed for the Rhine River, and there were constant military conflicts with the Roman Empire. After a long struggle, the Vandals, Burgundy and Goths of Germanic tribes occupied the Vistula River basin. In the middle of BC 1 century, the Celts were expelled and finally settled in the vast area between the east of the Rhine, the north of the Danube and the North Sea. At the end of 1 BC, after the Roman slave country was replaced by the empire, the Germanic tribes directly adjacent to its north were taken as the objects of conquest. In 9 BC, the Romans extended their territory eastward from the Rhine River to the Elbe River. In Caesar's time (BC 102 ~ 44), the Germans had settled in the west of the Rhine and reached the Danube in the south. The earliest large-scale battle between them and the Romans took place at the end of the 2nd century BC, when Cimbri and Teutonic jointly invaded southern Gaul and northern Italy, but before 102 and before 10 1 year, it was gaius marius (157 ~ 86? BC) was wiped out. The conquest goal of the Roman Empire was to occupy the vast Germanic tribal areas up to the Elbe River and delimit them into the imperial territory, forming a Roman province-Greater Germania. The Roman Empire concentrated its efforts on building the Rhine into a military base. In BC 12, the Roman Empire concentrated 36 legions on the Rhine with a total strength of 30,000 people, and in this year began the conquest war against the Germanic tribes. At the beginning of the war, the Roman army was stubbornly resisted by Germanic tribes and suffered heavy losses. In the eighth year BC, a Roman army that went deep into the hinterland of Germany was badly hit by Germanic tribes. The Romans "struggled to conquer their opponents on the way forward, and every victory paid the price of blood." But the resistance of the Germanic tribes was their own, and there was no joint action. This enabled the Romans to concentrate their superior forces and attack the tribes in turn. After 10 years of war, most Germanic tribes were conquered. The Roman Empire could not send enough troops to occupy the whole Germanic residential area and effectively rule it, so it had to force the conquered Germanic tribes to pay tribute to the Empire and establish a mandatory treaty dependency relationship. After years of struggle, the Germans gradually realized that in order to defeat the well-equipped and experienced Roman army, it was necessary to change the fragmented state of each tribe. So tribal alliances began to appear. In the autumn of 9 AD, the warriors of Germanic tribes met with 30,000 Roman troops in Teutonburg forest, and the German army won a total victory, and the three Roman legions were almost wiped out. Many Germanic tribes regained their independence after this victory. The battle of Teutonburg forest put the Roman empire in trouble, and the Roman emperor was forced to give up the plan to establish the province of Greater Germania. This determines that the boundary of the sphere of influence of the Elbe River in the Roman Empire is not in the Elbe River, but still in the Rhine River basin. In A.D. 1 1, the Roman Empire crossed the Rhine again, launched a new conquest war against the Germans, and won some victories. /kloc-in 0/7, Roman troops occupied Strasbourg, Vandis and Mainz. But the Romans could not go deep into the German hinterland. During the decades from 65438 to the middle of the 20th century, the Roman Empire gradually pushed the border to the east bank of the Rhine, thus strengthening the Roman Rhine-Danube border system. /kloc-in the second half of the 0 th century, the Romans began to build a boundary wall on the east bank of the Rhine. This means that the Roman Empire finally ended the Germanic conquest war. /kloc-0 At the beginning of the 20th century, the Roman Empire formally incorporated the upper reaches of the Rhine and Danube into its empire territory, and established two provinces: Upper Germanic Province and Lower Germanic Province. The capital of the former is Mainz, and the capital of the latter is Cologne. The governors of these two provinces are the deputy commanders of the local Roman garrison. 167, Marchman, Kwadi, Lombardy, Wandal and other tribes entered Pannonia province, which triggered the Marchman War (167 to 180). Malcus Aurelius led four military operations to conquer the invading Germans. Rome may have plans to establish two new provinces at that time. However, after the death of Malcus Aurelius in 180, his son Komodous resumed his defensive strategy. He made peace with the Germans. In the 2nd century, two important changes have taken place in the Germanic region: one is that the divided Germanic tribes united into big tribes, and the other is that the Germans attacked the Roman border more and more. The reasons for the migration of these Germanic peoples cannot be confirmed today. One possible reason is that with the economic and cultural development of Germanic tribes and the disintegration of clan commune system, the upper tribes are eager to expand and plunder new land and wealth, and the lower tribes have to migrate to seek new land to make a living because of population growth. The Roman Empire became weaker and weaker, unable to resist foreign invasion. It may also be caused by famine. In short, from the 4th century AD, tribes scattered outside the Roman Empire, mainly Germans, began to migrate to the territory of the Roman Empire on a large scale. In 376 AD, the Germanic Visigoth tribe was attacked by Huns. With the consent of the Roman emperor, they crossed the Danube into Thrace in the Balkans. The next year, the Visigoths rebelled against the oppression of the Romans. In 395, the Roman Empire was divided, and the Visigoths attacked the Western Roman Empire together with local slaves and slave owners. In 4 18, the visigoth kingdom was established in the southwest of Gaul. With the influx of Visigoths into the Roman Empire, Germanic tribes included Burgundy, Franks, ostrogoths, Angles and Saxons. The great migration of Germanic peoples lasted for about two centuries. Coupled with the local slave and peasant uprising, the Roman Empire was destroyed, and many Germanic kingdoms were established in Roman territory, among which the Frankish kingdom gradually became the most powerful country among the Germanic kingdoms. The Roman empire faced the threat of Franks in the border area of the lower Rhine River. About 260 years ago, the main river basins were occupied by Burgundy people, while Agri Decumates in the Black Forest area was owned by aleman. Those Burgundy people obviously migrated from eastern Germany. Franks and aleman may be an alliance of two countries. In Tacitus' time, they were separated, although some immigrants from the East might live together among them. The ethnic groups living along the Baltic Sea mentioned by Tacitus migrated to the southeast in the second half of the second century. As a result, the Goths controlled most of Ukraine and Romania during this period. Gepides occupied the mountains in northern Transylvania; Vandals became their neighbors in the west. By 500, the Angles and Saxons had entered England, while the Franks owned the northern part of Gaul. Burgundy people occupied the area of the Gulong River valley, and Visigoths lived in their west. Ostrogoths settled in Italy, and Vandals arrived in Africa. In 507, the Franks expelled the Visigoths from most of Gaul they occupied. At that time, the territory of the Visigoths in Gaul had expanded from the Pyrenees to the Loire Valley. After being expelled by Franks, they entered Spain and were completely wiped out by Muslims until 7 1 1. In 568, Lombardy entered Italy and established an independent kingdom. By 774, the kingdom was destroyed by Charlemagne (742 ~ 8 14). After the Goths and other nationalities left, some areas in eastern Germany were occupied by Slavs, and Slavs also expanded westward as far as Bohemia and the Elbe River basin. After the 8th century, the Germans recovered most of the land in eastern Germany, Lower Austria, Styria and Carinthia, and drove the Slavs out of these places.