When was the Ming Great Wall built?

Repair of the Great Wall in the Early Ming Dynasty (1368 ~ 1447) In the early Ming Dynasty, the country was in a strong situation. Ming Taizu Hongwu five years (1372),150,000 troops invaded Mobei, the west road opened the Hexi Corridor, and Ganzhou and Zhuanglang were established. In the twentieth year of Hongwu (1387), generals Sheng Feng and Aquamarine ran northeast and pushed the border to the west of Daxing 'anling. After Judy, the founding emperor of Ming Dynasty, ascended the throne, he sent troops five times during the period of 10 ~ 1424 from the eighth year of Yongle. The northern border defense line of the Ming Dynasty extended to Daxinganling, Yinshan and Helan Mountains. The Great Wall project in the early Ming Dynasty was mainly based on the Great Wall of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Northern Qi Dynasty and the Sui Dynasty. "The walls are steep and deep, and the peaks are connected." "Smoke piers are built thick everywhere, with May grain and firewood crossbows stored on them, and a well is opened next to the pier ...", "From Chang 'anling (now Xuanhua) to Ximalin (now Tianzhen, Shanxi), build stone walls and dig deep ditches" (Ming Yao Hui), that is, build smoke piers and beacon towers. The focus of this renovation is the Great Wall from northwest Beijing to Datong, Shanxi, and the border from Shanhaiguan to Juyongguan. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty (1448 ~ 1566), after the large-scale construction of Castanopsis eyrei, Vara and Tatars constantly mobilized troops to plunder, forcing the Ming Dynasty to take building the Great Wall in the north and building more docks and castles as its top priority. The following Great Wall towns were built more than 100 years ago. Yansui town. In the seventh year of Chenghua in Ming Xianzong (147 1), Yu Zijun, the governor of Yansui, was ordered to carry out large-scale construction and seal the border. "From Huangfu in the west to Dingbian Camp, it is more than 200 miles long, facing docks, forts and ferries; Inland is a ravine, calling out, east to the head and west to Pinggu. Huang Fuchuan originated in Zhungeer Banner, Hetao, Inner Mongolia, and flowed south to the northeast of Fugu County, Shaanxi Province, where it flowed into the Yellow River. Dingbian Camp governs Dingbian County in northern Shaanxi, Pianguan County in Shaanxi, and Gu Ning refers to Zhu Wei and Guyuan Town in Ningxia at that time. This Great Wall was built on the old foundation of the western section of the Sui Great Wall built by Cui in the fifth year of Emperor Yangdi's reign. The eastern section extends northeast to the west bank of the Yellow River in Fugu County. Chenghua was completed in ten years, and two Great Walls were built. During Jiajing period (1522 ~ 1566), Yang Yiqing and Liu Tianhe successively presided over the renovation. In the south, the Great Wall will set up its own border camp, pass through Shilaochi and Xinxing Fort to the south, and then make an arc to connect Longzhou City with the old city wall. Relying on the mountain, it will be plugged into the way of violating the ring (county) and celebrating (yang). Small town in Ningxia. During Li Zhao's tenure (1432 ~ 1443), Li Zhao was the chief secretary and set up the pass, which became the prototype of the Ming Great Wall in Ningxia. In the tenth year of Chenghua (1474), Xu He imitated the practice of Governor Yansui and supervised the construction of Hedong Great Wall in Ningxia. "It is 387 miles from Huangshazui to Huamachi. "Huangshazui is located in the northwest of Houhengzi Village, Lingwu County, Ningxia, with the Yellow River in the west. Huamachi is now Yanchi County, Ningxia. The Great Wall is connected to Yansui Town in the east, and some old foundations of the Sui Mausoleum and the Great Wall are also used. The Ming people called it "Hedong Wall". In the 12th year of Chenghua (1476), Jia Jun became the governor of Ningxia, stayed in the frontier for eight years, joined Congo, and presided over the construction of the project from the south exit of Shuangshan Mountain (now northwest fork of Qingtongxia City, Ningxia) to Guangwuying (now Guangwuying Township, Qingtongxia City). Yong 'an Dun (now southwest of Zhongwei County, Ningxia) to Xishazui (now Rouyuanbao Village, Zhongwei County) is the southwest side wall of Ningxia. In today's east bank of Tao Le County, Ningxia, the "Eighteen Pier Side Wall" in Hedong was built, starting from the east bank of the Yellow River opposite Zhenyuanguan (now northeast of Shizuishan City, Ningxia) in the north and connecting to the "Hedong Wall" in hublot in the south. During Jiajing period, the side wall of Ningxia Town was rebuilt and integrated, starting from the junction of Huamachi and the Great Wall of Yansui Town in the southeast, passing through Xingwuying and Hengbao in the northwest, crossing the Yellow River to Shizuishan along the east bank of the Yellow River in the north, passing through Zhenyuan Pass, winding around a big arc, and then folding to Zaoyuanbao along the east slope of Helan Mountain in the west, and ending at the north bank of the Yellow River through Ningxia Zhongwei. Guyuan town. During the Hongzhi period of Emperor Xiaozong of the Ming Dynasty, Mongolian Huoping and the little prince broke into the suite many times and plundered Guyuan and Pingliang in the south, which led to the establishment of Guyuan Town in the fourteenth year of Hongzhi in the Ming Dynasty (150 1), and set up generals to start building the Great Wall. " Qin's humerus system was built on the inner side, starting from Raoyang boundary, reaching more than 300 miles in the west and reaching Xu Binshui, which is Guyuan boundary; It is more than 600 miles from Xu Binshui to Lujinghua Erxi fork, which was also built separately ... This is a serious danger in Guanzhong. "Raoyang refers to the Raoyang Water Castle in Yansui Town (now Liaoyang Village, Jiyuan Township, Dingbian County, Shaanxi Province), which is the dividing line between Yan and Gu towns; Xu Bin Water Castle. Now Xubingshui Village in the northeast of Tongxin County, Ningxia, Lu Jing Acropolis, which is now Jingyuan County, Gansu Province; Huaercha, located on the east bank of the Yellow River in Shuiquan Town, northwest of Jingyuan County, was called "inner edge" at that time. During Jiajing period (1522 ~ 1566), Guyuan Town built docks and abutments along the southeast bank of the Yellow River in the southwest of Wei (now Jingyuan), and then passed through Lanzhou City and extended southward along the east bank of Taohe River to the territory of Min County, which was called "Yellow River Side Wall" and "Zhou Tao Ten Pass". Gansu town. In the early Ming Dynasty, Gansu Town was set up to take charge of Hexi defense, but the border troubles from the north were mainly concentrated in Hebei, Shanxi and Shaanxi, and Hexi was relatively safe. Mongolia is advancing westward, and Gansu is well defended. It was only during Hongzhi and Zhengde years (1488 ~ 152 1) that construction of the Great Wall began, and the real construction was in the middle of Jiajing. In the 16th year of Jiajing (1537), Governor Zhao Zaixiu took over Baili from Linhedun to Yongchang Acropolis in Fan Wei Town (now Yongchang County, Gansu Province). In the twentieth year of Jiajing (154 1), Jiayuguan City Wall was built, fifteen miles south of Taolai River, twenty-five miles north of Shiguan, and thirty miles away from * * *. ("Border Politics Examination" Volume 4) The Taolai River is now the Beida River, and Shiguaner is located in the northeast of Heishan Lake Reservoir in Jiayuguan today. This is the first time Jiayuguan has appeared as a formal city wall project. From the 26th to 27th year of Jiajing (1547— 1548), Governor Bai Yang presided over three large-scale expansion projects of the Great Wall in Gansu. The first section starts from Shagangdun in Wubabao (now Gaotaidong in Gansu 18 Li) in the east, reaches Jiubabao in the west (now 40 Li northwest of Gao Tai) and extends to the north bank of Heihe River. The second section is located in Shandanwei, starting from Fengchengpu in Wuquankou (now Shandanfeng Castle) in the east and reaching Donglegang in Dakouzi (now Dongle Town in Shandan County) in the west. The third section connects Dongle Post in the east and Banqiao Fort in the northwest of Ganzhen (now Zhangye City) in the west (now Banqiao in Linze County). Trenches, piers or Guancheng have also been built at the Longshou Mountain Pass on the north side of the Great Wall. At this point, the Great Wall of Hexi Corridor under the jurisdiction of Gansu Town has been basically formed and integrated. Datong Town, Fu Xuan. In the twenty-first year of Chenghua (1485), Yu Zijun was the head of the Ministry of Finance. During the military period of Governor Datong and Fu Xuan, 440 wharves were built, stretching 1, more than 300 miles from Sihaiye (east of Yanqing County, Beijing) to the Yellow River in the west. The reconstruction of the Great Wall was mainly completed in Jiajing period. From twenty-one to twenty-nine years of Jiajing (1542 ~ 1560), Zhai Peng, Zhan Rong and Weng Wanda successively served as governors, and they chose to trim the side walls and make profits. The characteristics of the new project are to build a wall platform and an enemy platform on the city wall, and set up a "garrison" on the platform; Build a fort near the Great Wall, "waiting for an ambush", and leave a secret door under the wall, "so as to get out of the whistle". This is a … great improvement on the architectural structure of the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty, which makes the city walls, passes, smoke piers and fortresses form a defense system in depth. Shanxi town. The Great Wall in this area is the inner side, which is intended to prevent nomadic cavalry from bypassing Taihang Shandong and threatening the capital. During the Hongzhi period (1488 ~ 1505), Mongolian Tatar ministries stationed in the Yellow River, and the Yellow River meandered around Piantouguan, with many beaches, facing the ferry crossing the river. So in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, several Great Walls were built in this area, forming one to four sides. It is located in Guanbei 120, connected to Yatou Wharf at Pingluwei of Datong Town in the east, and connected to the Yellow River in the west: it is located at Guanbei 60 on both sides and Pinglu Baiwei Lawn in the east; It is three miles northeast of Guandong on three sides, starting from Laoyingshimiaoer in the east (now Laoyingxiang in the northeast of Pianguan County) and reaching Baidaopo stone ladder pier in the west; The four directions are in Guannan 2 Li, starting from Changlin Yingwo Cliff in the east and reaching Pianguan Military Field in the west. During the Jiajing period, the Inner Great Wall from Taihang Mountain to the south of Zijingguan was built, and the enemy platform was built, paving houses and closing the city. In this way, the Neisanguan Great Wall at the junction of Shanxi and Hebei is complete. Zhen Ji town. The Great Wall starts from Shanhaiguan in the east and reaches Juyongguan in the west, which is easily washed away by mountains and rivers. During the years of Hongzhi and Jiajing, they arrived at Yishi, xifengkou, respectively. From Gubeikou, huanghua town to Juyongguan, a mountain pass waterway was formed, and a wall was added, that is, a waterway that could cross mountains and rivers was built under the wall. Sidewall of Liaodong Town. History books are generally believed to have been built after Yongle, the emperor of Ming Dynasty, stopped shipping, but the construction situation and location are not clear. A little more detailed records are as follows: ① The western Liaoning side wall was built in the seventh year of Ming Yingzong orthodoxy (1442), and Wang Ao was the military governor of Liaodong. " Bow out of the patrol, from Shanhaiguan to Kaiyuan, with high walls and deep ditches, five miles as fortresses, ten miles as tuns, watchtowers reprimanding, and continuous beads. (Record of the Whole Liao, Volume 4, Belief in Emperor Mingcong, Volume 18) West of Changqi in western Liaoning, from the intersection of the Great Wall at Jimingkou Town, North Cone Mountain, Shanhaiguan, along the eastern slope of Xishan Corridor in western Liaoning to Baituchangguan (now Baichangmen Township, Heishan County, Liaoning Province). (2) The Liao River set up a side wall, which is recorded in "All Liao Annals and Frontier Annals". "When you respect Liaodong, mountains rise from rivers and walls are made of wood. For a long time, it was easy to use a wall, and the pier castle was slightly supplemented. ""After the border is established, the Liaohe River will be included in the territory. "In the early years (1506), Li was the governor of Liaodong." Please build a wall, stretching for more than 500 miles from the north of Sancha River in Liaoyang to Kaiyuan. "After several times of construction, the side wall of Liaohe River in the west is Guanshun on the west bank of Liaohe River, passing through the east moat of Heishan County, taian county Dataizi and Liutaizi, crossing the Liaohe River in the northwest of Niuzhuang Town of Haicheng County, then turning to the northeast, along the east bank of Liaohe River to Kaiyuan and Changtu County, and ending at Zhenbeibao. Because the Great Wall is surrounded by a big V-shape to the south, it is located on the east and west banks of Liaohe River, so it is called "Liaohe Great Wall". (3) Liaodong side wall was built in Chenghua for three years (1467). After the Ming army drove off Nuzhen in Jianzhou, Han Bin and Zhou Jun successively built Dongzhou to Caohe Ten Fort, Zhenbei Fort and Qingyang Fort, and in the last years of Ming Dynasty (1479) and seventeen years (1. In the early years of Wanli, Li, the main soldier of Liaodong Town, built six castles in Kuandian and Gushan, and then rebuilt the Liaodong side wall. " Mianzhou East to Sanchahe, Sanchahe to Old Liaoyang. "("A Record of Ming Shenzong "in the first year of Wanli) Sanchahe refers to six miles northwest of Haicheng City, Liaoning Province. At that time, the Liaohe River and the Hunhe River met here, and the Liaohe River covered the southern end of the Great Wall. The project is mainly to build a hollow wall platform, and the wall is made of masonry. In the forty-seventh year of Wanli (16 19), Xiong Tingbi once again presided over the work of repairing the castle. The reconstruction project of the side wall between Shanhaiguan and Jiayuguan is mainly to build a large number of hollow watchtowers on the Great Wall to facilitate the use of masonry, strengthen the defense project, and reroute some sections. Zhen Ji Great Wall. Under the auspices of Tan Lun and Qi Jiguang, 3,000 masonry hollow enemy platforms were built, and the Shanhaiguan stone wall was added to the South Haikou (now the old faucet). This renovation project is not only the Inner Great Wall in Shi Jing's capital, but also the Sanguan Great Wall on Taihang Mountain at the junction of Shanxi and Hebei. Fu Xuan Town Great Wall. In the second year (1568), the governor took the opportunity to build the outer side of Longmen Station on the north road, starting from the dock of Longmen Station (now east of Chicheng County, Hebei Province) and ending at the gate of Fort (now southeast of Chongli, Hebei Province), and enclosing Kaiping Weibao within the Great Wall. After Wanli, all the bricks were wrapped. The Great Wall in Datong Town. In the early years of Wanli (15744 1379), the Ministry of Housing paid more than 260,000 yuan to build 257 bunkers in Datong Town, including 28 enemy stations 1 028, which were covered with bricks. Shanxi town. In the 23rd year of Wanli (1595), Governor Li Jing rebuilt the side wall of Yanmenguan, which was 15 Li Long. Add all Guancheng and hollow watchtowers along Piantouguan, Ning Wuguan Guancheng and Taihang Mountain [b]. Yulin town. After the company commanders and the governor moved from Suide Prefecture to Chenghua Yulin Acropolis, Yanshui Town was also called Yulin Town. During the reign of Qin Long, Governor Wang Gang rebuilt most of the Great Wall. It starts from the west bank of Yuxi River in the east and reaches Baoningbao in the west (now more than 30 miles southwest of Yulin City); In five years (157 1), Gaoguang first supervised and repaired two sections of the Great Wall from Hongshixia of Yuxi River to Changle Fort (more than forty miles northeast of Yulin City) and from southwest of Baoning Fort to the north bank of Wuding River in Dachuankou of Boluobao; At the beginning of Wanli, Zhang Shouzhong built hundreds of miles of Great Wall from Huangfuchuan to Jian 'an Fort (now south of Lijiamao Village in Yulin City), southwest of Polo Fort to Zhen Jing Fort in Tanli. There are many rivers and gravel everywhere in this area, and the old walls have already been washed away. This building has more than 500 secret doors, water outlets and waterways, which solves the problem of crossing the river with city walls. At the same time, it is planned to repair the pier, "because the side is a pier, it is built because of the pier, and the pier is changed, moved and reconfigured because of the land." In the thirty-fifth year of Wanli (1607), the Great Wall of Yulin carried out the project of removing accumulated sand and building brick terraces, and established Zhenbeitai in Hongshankou, north of Yulin 15, which was the largest city terrace along the Great Wall of Wan Li in Ming Dynasty. Small town in Ningxia. In A.D. 156 1 year, a major earthquake occurred in Ningxia and the Great Wall completely collapsed. During the reign of Qin Long, the Great Wall collapsed on the east bank of the Yellow River was rebuilt for the first time. In the early years of Wanli, we began to repair or rebuild the closed city wall of Helan Mountain gully, and built more piers and castles. Guyuan town. In the fifth year of Qin Long (157 1), the newly-built side wall of Peijiachuan Great Wall "from Laobaokou in Zhamuxia, Ningxia to Baicao [Yangdun] in Sitaerwan, Wu Fang" started from the western border of Zhongwei County in Ningxia in the north, extended along the south bank of the Yellow River, and ended at the other side of Wufosi Township in Jingtai County, Gansu Province, adjacent to the old border of Guyuan. In the 26th year of Wanli (1598), after the war between Songshan Mountain and Songshan Mountain, Gan Town expanded its new frontier, starting from the cable bridge on the west bank of the Yellow River south of the Five Buddhist temples and connecting with the Peijiachuan Great Wall in Guyuan Town, and the military status of the old border town declined. Guyuan Town Defence Center moved northward to Peijiachuan Great Wall Line on the south bank of the Yellow River. Dozens of castles and piers were built along the line, and the wells were opened to each other, which became the "Xiji" of Mongolian ministries west of Helan Mountain. Gansu town. In the late Ming Dynasty, the large-scale reconstruction and rerouting of the Great Wall mainly took place in the Zhenfang area of Gansu. In the fifth year of Qin Long (157 1), Liao Fengjie presided over several reconstruction projects. First, it starts from Weibanqiaobao in Ganzhou (now Banqiao in Linze County) in the west and ends at Zimingshabao in the east (now 60 miles northwest of Zhangye). Second, Banqiaobao in the east, Yishuo in Xida Town (now Tiancheng Village in the northwest of Gaotai County) and the east bank of Heihe River (now Zhengyixia). The third is Jiayuguan in the west and the west bank of Heihe in the east; Fourthly, from Shandan Wei Jiaochang (now southeast of Shandan County 100 Li) to the east, it is connected with the boundary pillar of the ancient city cave. The focus of the reconstruction project is to repair the city wall, dig trenches again and repair the drainage ditch. After two years of Wanli (1574), it was wrapped in blue bricks one after another, which completely changed. In the 26th year of Wanli (1598), Li Wenji, the governor of Trilateral Division, Seventh Road, divided his troops in different directions and entered the Tatar Akatu and other departments entrenched in the Songshan Mountain (now Shoulu Mountain and Changlin Mountain in Jingtai County, Gansu Province). After the battle, the "new side" of Songshan was built. "Hedong from Yongan cable bridge to Xiaosongshan double pier boundary, * * * one hundred and eighty miles; Hexi swims in the water), the boundary between Tumen and Xiaosongshan is * * * 220 miles. " (A Brief Introduction to the Qin Border) Hedong refers to Guyuan Town east of the Yellow River, and Hexi refers to Gansu Town. Yongan Cable Bridge is located on the west bank of the Yellow River in the southeast of Jingtai County. Shuangdun refers to the Zhang Jialiang of Changlin Mountain in the northwest of Jingtai County, which is the dividing line between the two towns; Swimming Fort and Tumen Fort are swimming and Tumen townships in the north of Gulang County. This new Great Wall is adjacent to Peijiachuan Great Wall in Guyuan Town on the east bank of the Yellow River in the east, and shares the title with the old side of Gulangsuo in Gansu Town and Zhuanglangwei (now Yongdeng in Gansu Province) in the west. It is built between the northern foot of Songshan Mountain and halogen moraine beach, with a total length of more than 400 miles. There are Tumen, Dajing, Peijiaying, Hongshui River, Sanyanjing, Lutangying and other castles in new castle, Gansu and Guyuan.

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