Cultural Composition of Lingnan Culture

Modern Lingnan culture is deeply influenced by Hong Kong culture. Lingnan culture in a broad sense originally included Hong Kong, but due to historical and political reasons, our concept of Lingnan culture basically retreated from the Pearl River Basin and the Han River Basin. Therefore, it is easier for Guangdong and Hong Kong to achieve cultural harmony and form isomorphism. Therefore, investigating the modernity of Lingnan culture is inseparable from the understanding of Hong Kong. The rise of Hong Kong in the 1960s and 1970s made Hong Kong culture a high-level culture in the eyes of Cantonese who valued "reality". At the same time, Hong Kong's outstanding economic characteristics and hedonism in cultural character have also deeply influenced Guangdong.

Macao has been the territory of China since ancient times, and it is closely related to Lingnan culture. /kloc-In the middle of the 6th century, the Portuguese entered Macao on loan. Under the influence of western politics and legal culture, Macao has gradually formed its own unique cultural style and characteristics, that is, openness, pluralism and the combination of Chinese and western cultures. Even so, Macao culture is still rooted in China, and the characteristics of Lingnan culture have been preserved and played a leading role in Macao for a long time. At the same time, because Macao has long been an important bridge for cultural exchanges between China and the West, modern western science and technology, religious art and values were introduced into Guangdong through Macao and then spread to the mainland, making Lingnan culture "atmosphere first" and "atmosphere first" and occupying an important position in the cultural development of modern China. Therefore, Lingnan culture and Macao culture promoted and interacted with each other after the middle of16th century. The relationship between Macao and Lingnan culture is a typical case study of Chinese and Western traffic and human civilization progress since16th century, which deserves academic attention. Macao is not only an important stronghold and source of China's reform movement and democratic revolution, but also a window and bridge for a group of people of insight to know the world and go to the world. The activities of cultural elites in Macao have greatly improved Macao's cultural character and catalyzed the growth of Macao's patriotic and progressive culture. The two-way interaction between Macao and Lingnan culture is once again reflected.

As the largest hometown of overseas Chinese in China, Guangdong has a long history and profound cultural accumulation. There are many phenomena of overseas Chinese culture feedback, such as Chaoshan Mountain Pond, which is the result of overseas Chinese culture feedback. He is also an important part of Lingnan culture. Overseas Chinese are a special group and an inseparable part of the Chinese nation. The fate of overseas Chinese is closely linked to the fate of China, which is most prominently reflected in the cultural ties. It is a historic progress from "falling leaves to roots" to "rooting and sprouting". However, for overseas Chinese, "rooting" does not mean cultural assimilation. In fact, their culture remains national, and China culture is still the mother culture and root of overseas Chinese. On the other hand, after living overseas, overseas Chinese "intermarried" with local culture, absorbed the beneficial achievements of local culture and western culture, and showed strong times and advanced nature. To build overseas Chinese culture, we need to study overseas Chinese culture compatible with Chinese and Western cultures, find its core, and enrich and develop Lingnan culture. Lingnan architecture and its decoration are a wonderful flower in the architecture forest of China. For thousands of years, through the hard work of architects of past dynasties, it has made full use of the natural resources in southern China and combined with the living characteristics of people in southern China to form a unique architectural art, which occupies an important position in the architectural forest of China. It is displayed in the southern land in a concise, simple, transparent and elegant style. Mainly divided into Guangfu architecture, Chaoshan architecture and Hakka architecture.

Lingnan architecture is characterized by: heat insulation, shading and ventilation; The top of the building is often made into a multi-storey sloping roof; The facade color is mainly dark gray and light color; And the use of square columns. The layout and decorative style of Lingnan architecture are very free and natural. Because of the mild climate, people's activity space moves outward, so open spaces such as terraces, verandas and halls are fully arranged, which makes people move from the closed indoor environment to nature, forming the characteristics of free, smooth and open architectural decoration space in Lingnan. For example, the arcade on Beijing Road has the characteristics of Lingnan architecture. See entry: Lingnan Garden for details.

Lingnan Garden mainly refers to Guangfu Garden in a narrow sense (Chaozhou Garden is another branch). As one of the three schools of traditional gardening art in China, Lingnan Garden is of great significance in the history of gardening in China, especially in the innovation and development of modern gardens.

Lingnan has beautiful mountains and rivers, green mountains and green waters, and lives near the sea. The environment and scenery are unique. Lingnan people pursue natural and artistic garden life, which breeds the unique style of Lingnan gardens: seeking truth from facts, exquisite and beautiful.

In terms of architectural form, Lingnan Garden has distinct characteristics: First, it is light and transparent, simple and compact. Second, the decoration is exquisite and gorgeous. Wood carving, brick carving, ceramics, gray plastic, door and window grids, leaking windows and many other folk handicrafts. They are all carefully carved and then set with colored glass to make patterns. Under the action of color light and shadow, it is like a delicate woven cotton. Thirdly, the layout and local components are influenced by western architectural culture, such as the Romanesque arched doors and windows and baroque capitals used in traditional buildings in China, the regular pool made of stone, the cast iron flower stand outside the hall, etc., which all reflect the Lingnan cultural characteristics of compatibility between China and the West.

Lingnan gardens are mainly rooted in the people, without the conventional patriarchal clan system of northern royal gardens and the strict rules of Jiangnan literati gardens. Landscape composition is properly handled according to the needs of life content, and the facilities are realistic and efficient, obeying people's wishes. The ancient landscape architects in Lingnan merged into the multicultural category, coveted the gardening art from the north, south and abroad, changed their shapes and absorbed them flexibly, making the landscape layout more casual and eclectic.

Lingnan garden culture can be divided into coastal culture and tropical culture, and the latter can be divided into distant Confucian culture and secular culture, hedonic culture and commercial culture, open culture and compatible culture, relegated culture and practical culture. From nature to culture, such as the relationship between high active surface of buildings, high column foundation and waterlogging, gentle roof and typhoon, wide eaves gallery and rainy weather, high wall cold alley and high temperature, dragon-shaped, fish-shaped, aquatic plants, turtles, snakes and bananas theme and decoration, plastic drum stone and sea banana, cliff waterfall and pond bureau and natural landscape. , can be used to imitate natural things.

Far Confucian culture is the most incisive interpretation of Lingnan garden culture by Lingnan literati. If the Confucianism of Jiangnan Garden and Northern Garden is strong, the Confucianism of Lingnan Garden is weak. Lingnan people's disobedience and rebellion to stay away from the political center are manifested in the nonstandard beam frame of classical garden buildings and their neglect of modern garden literature and art circles. In addition, the barbarian tradition living in southern Xinjiang for a long time has created Wu Jia culture, which is manifested in the form of watchtowers in Qing gardens and the "fat" facade and simple thick columns in modern gardens. Far Confucianism can be said to be vulgar in taste, that is, secular culture, which is the mainstream of Lingnan culture. Especially after the late Qing Dynasty, politicians and bureaucrats in the north, literati and poets in the south of the Yangtze River and businessmen in the south of the Yangtze River became the creative subjects of the three regional gardens, which were manifested by the practicality of space and the integrated design of gardens and residences in the south of the Yangtze River.

The openness, compatibility and diversity of Lingnan gardens are first manifested in the overall absorption of Central Plains garden culture by South Vietnamese royal gardens. In the Qing Dynasty, colored glass was widely used in classical gardens, which was very different from that in Jiangnan and North China. In addition, western-style garden buildings such as Chen Mansion and Xie Weili Liyuan, Russian-style garden buildings in Longyan Zhongshan Park, western-style planning layout such as Caonuan Park and Yuntai Park, and a large number of Manchu windows in classical gardens all reflect openness and compatibility. For details, see the entry: Lingnan School of Painting.

Lingnan painting school is one of the outstanding cultures of the motherland with Lingnan culture. It, together with Cantonese opera and Guangfu music, is called "Three Shows of Guangfu" and is a revolutionary school in Chinese painting. Lingnan painting school first rose in Guangdong at the beginning of this century. The influential art schools at home and abroad, represented by the Three Masters of Lingnan, advocate absorbing the advantages of ancient and modern Chinese and foreign painting art, especially western painting art, transforming Chinese painting, making it develop in the direction of modernization, nationalization and popularization, and improving the efficiency of aesthetic education. Its manifestation is the compromise between China and the West and the blending of ancient and modern times; The ultimate goal is to "transform the soul of China" by cultivating artistic beauty. Guangdong's operas include Cantonese Opera, Chaozhou Opera, Guangdong Han Opera, Tea Picking Opera, Lei Ju Opera and Qiongzhou Opera (also known as Qiongzhou Opera and Hainan Opera), among which Guangdong Opera, Chaozhou Opera and Guangdong Han Opera are the most popular, influential and popular.

Music: Guangdong music, Guangdong Han music, Chaozhou music, Hakka folk songs, there are many kinds of folk crafts in Guangdong. Artists of all previous dynasties inherited the primitive art of the ancient Yue people in Lingnan, kept forging ahead and strived for innovation, making the unique arts and crafts in southern China more exquisite and practical. Guangzhou's three carvings, one color and one embroidery (ivory carving, jade carving, wood carving, wide color and wide embroidery), Guangdong embroidery (wide embroidery, tide embroidery), Zengcheng olive carving, Chaoshan wood carving, Chaoshan ceramics, Chaoshan paper-cutting, Chaoshan porcelain inlay, Shiwan craft ceramics, Foshan paper-cutting, Foshan autumn color, Chaoshan embroidery, Fengxi porcelain carving, Zhaoqing Duanyan, Xinhui Kuiyi and Gaozhou corner carving.

Gold lacquer wood carving, jade carving and tooth carving

Gold lacquer wood carving is a form of wood carving art, based on wood carving and coated with gold, which gradually formed a pattern from the Ming Dynasty. Most of the woodcarvings in the early Ming Dynasty were plane carvings, and they began to develop into single-layer carvings during the Wanli period. The Qing Dynasty was the heyday of this art form, and many dignitaries had a special liking for "resplendence", so the ancestral halls and mansions built were decorated with gold lacquer wood carvings. The earliest existing representative works of gold lacquer wood carving are Kaiyuan Temple niche and round carved golden stupa. A relatively complete building is the "Huanggong Temple" in Chaoshan in the late Qing Dynasty. The gold lacquer wood carvings in Chaoshan are mainly camphor wood or Chinese fir, with raw lacquer and gold foil. Carving forms include relief, three-dimensional carving and through carving.

Jade carving uses jade as its working material. Guangzhou jade carving draws lessons from the skills of the north and blends into the style of smooth lines and delicate shapes in the south. Guangzhou jade carving craft was formed in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. It inherited the tradition of colorful jade in Song Dynasty, created the stunt of "color preservation" and showed the true colors of the original jade. Its jade carving crafts are mainly divided into jade ornaments and jade carving ornaments.

Tooth carving technology began in the Jin Dynasty and has a history of more than 2,000 years. Ivory carving refers to the carving process made of ivory and its finished products. Guangzhou ivory carving has various colors, exquisite carving skills, excellent traditional style and distinctive local characteristics. He is good at hollowing out and carving through, and his carving skills are world-famous. In the long-term process practice, a set of exquisite carving techniques has gradually formed, which is unique in ivory carving. Guangzhou's tooth carvings are exquisite, paying attention to bleaching and coloring of tooth materials, and paying attention to both refined and popular tastes. The works are famous for their clear teeth and exquisite carving, and the overall layout is complicated and bright, leaving no blank. Ivory carving is cleverly embedded with materials such as red sandalwood, rhinoceros horn, hawksbill and jade feather, which makes the pattern more layered and gorgeous.

Lingnan bonsai

Lingnan bonsai, also known as Guangdong bonsai, is one of the five major schools of bonsai art in China (Su, Yang, Chuan, Hui and Lingnan). Lingnan bonsai has the reputation of "living Chinese painting". Due to the superior natural environment in Guangdong, there are many kinds of trees that can be used as bonsai, so stump bonsai is more popular in Lingnan bonsai. The potted art of Lingnan bonsai has a history of nearly a thousand years. According to historical records, when Song Zhezong was in power, Su Dongpo was banished to Guangdong. As soon as he arrived in Huizhou, he wrote a poem praising "every family in Lingnan is spring". By the Qing Dynasty, bonsai art had been popularized among the people. "Qiongzhou County Records" records: "Murraya murraya, woody, with strong fragrance, is not easy to grow. Choose the shortest, make it into an ancient tree, make it into a pot, and it will not fall for a hundred years. "

However, the development and artistic style of Lingnan bonsai came into being after 1930s. After the founding of New China, the Party and the government attached great importance to the development of bonsai art, and the provincial and municipal garden departments set up bonsai associations one after another, and opened the West Garden on the west side of Liuhua Lake in Guangzhou. As the research center of Lingnan bonsai art, Kong Taichu is the technical director, and the advantages of the three major artistic schools of Lingnan bonsai are concentrated and integrated. Using this material, we looked at the wood. For decades, Mr. Kong Taichu summed up a set of experiences for the development of Lingnan art, thus enriching the modeling style of Lingnan bonsai and making the artistic modeling of Lingnan bonsai colorful. Annual cases in western Guangdong

Dongguan Bai Zi paper industry

Dongguan Muyusong

Dongguan puppet show

Gaozhou puppet show

Dragon Boat Race in Dongguan

Guan Yi lion dance art

Dongguan Prostitution Festival

Dongguan Mid-Autumn Lantern Festival

Dongguan Chongyang Gaodeng

China Tourism Art Festival and Guangdong Happy Festival (Guangdong Folk Art Happy Festival, Guangdong Tourism Happy Festival and China Tourism Art Happy Festival)

guangzhou winter jasmine flower market

Guangzhou New Year Fun Parade (New Year Float Parade)

Guangzhou International Food Festival

Birthday of Polo (birthday of Nanhai God)

Chaoshanying laoye

Guangdong Dragon Boat Festival

Chaoshan combustion tower

Chaoshanchu garden

Shawan piaose

Panyu shuise

Chenghai Saidazhu

Chenghai salt stove drags the spirit.

Autumn colors in Foshan

Litchi Festival (Shenzhen, Maoming, Zengcheng, Conghua, Dongguan and other places)

Meizhou International Folk Song Art Festival

Shantou Spring Festival Gala

Yangjiang Kite Festival

Yangcheng Lotus Festival

Guangzhou Chrysanthemum Exhibition (Spring Chrysanthemum Exhibition, Autumn Chrysanthemum Exhibition)

Guangzhou Lantern Festival

Guangzhou Mid-Autumn Lantern Festival

Guangdong Liannan Wang Pan Festival (KTV Festival)

Xi' an Dan Tai

Zhu cun Qiaoqi Festival (Seventh Sister's Birthday)

Magnolia Festival religion is an important part of Lingnan culture. Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism and Christianity all spread in Lingnan history and played an important role in China's religious history. Lingnan is the first stop for foreign religions to be introduced into China, and it is also an important bridge for religious and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. In a long historical period, Lingnan region has become one of the most powerful regions of foreign religious forces in China.

The religions in Guangdong are Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism and Christianity. Apart from Taoism, a native of China, which was introduced to Guangdong from north to south, Buddhism, Islam, Catholicism and Christianity were all introduced to China by sea via Guangdong. In the second year of Wu Wufeng in the Three Kingdoms (225), people from the Western Regions supported Liang Jie to translate Hokkekyo in Guangzhou, which was the earliest record of Buddhist scriptures being introduced into Guangdong. In the first year of Guangxi in the Western Jin Dynasty (306), Ge Hongnan, a Taoist theorist, came to Guangzhou to study and practice Taoism, and Taoism spread in Lingnan. Islam in the Tang and Song Dynasties was mainly spread among foreigners living in Guangzhou. After the Yuan Dynasty, a large number of Muslims from northern provinces went south to Guangdong and evolved into the traditional religion of the Hui people in Lingnan. When Catholicism and Christianity were introduced into Guangdong in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, they were repeatedly banned because of the contradiction between their religious culture and China traditional culture. In the 24th year of Daoguang in Qing Dynasty (1844), the governors of Guangdong and Guangxi requested permission from the Qing court, and the two religions took the lead in "banning" missionary activities in Guangdong. Since then, the missionary activities of the two religions have been promoted to the mainland based in Guangdong.

Guangzhou has been an important foreign trade port of China since ancient times. With the frequent exchanges between Chinese and foreign economic activities, foreign cultures, including religions, were first introduced into Lingnan and spread to all parts of the country. Therefore, Lingnan region has played a very important role in the spread of foreign religions in China, and it is an important bridge for religious and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries.

Lingnan commercial culture is one of the main sources of modern commercial culture in China, which is rich in marine culture, business-oriented, adventurous and developed at home and abroad. The important reason for the internal radiation of modern Lingnan commercial culture lies in the strength of Guangdong businessmen. The "South China Consortium" with Chinese-funded finance in Guangdong and Hong Kong as its core is rich in financial resources, and the activities organized by overseas Guangdong commercial organizations are quite dynamic, which have had a wide and far-reaching impact on both advanced metropolis Shanghai and ordinary cities in the Mainland. This is mainly manifested in the following aspects: leading the new trend, opening the atmosphere first, emphasizing the patriotic concept of "saving the country through industry", and a large number of enterprises founded have become symbols of the economic strength of local Cantonese businessmen; It is closely related to the democratic revolutionaries such as Sun Yat-sen and is one of the most important forces in the modern bourgeois nationalist movement. Strong adaptability, integration and rooted in various places, the establishment of various enterprises, the cultivation of various talents, new social trends and so on. , enriched the local cultural connotation, promoted the process of modernization in China, and left precious wealth of material civilization and spiritual civilization; Hong Kong and Macao, as a bridge between Chinese and Western cultures in modern times, played a prominent role in overseas Chinese activities, overseas immigration and Chinese-foreign trade. Main items: Cantonese cuisine, Hakka cuisine, Guangzhou cuisine, Chaozhou cuisine and Dongjiang cuisine.

Lingnan food culture is a remarkable flower in the garden of Lingnan culture. She was conceived and cultivated by the unique geographical and climatic environment in Lingnan, and nourished by the nutrients of Chinese and foreign food culture. It was formed with the social, economic and cultural development of Lingnan, with strong local characteristics. Since ancient times, some foreigners who went to Lingnan as officials have become interested in Lingnan's unique eating habits, which are recorded in the poems of Guangzhou Sima Liu Yao when he was in Tang Zhaozong and the poems of Han Yu and Su Dongpo who were exiled to Lingnan. After entering the Qing Dynasty, this description can be seen in more works, such as Qu Dajun's Guangdong Newspeak, Fan Duan 'ang's Experience in Central Guangdong, Zhang Qu's Lu Wenjian and Weng Huidong's Chaozhou Tea Classic. , are important materials of Lingnan food culture.

Lingnan is backed by the Five Mountains, facing the South China Sea, with mountains and mountains, a coastline of 3,368 kilometers, and a vast water network in the Pearl River Delta and Hanjiang Delta. Therefore, mild climate, long sunshine time and abundant rainfall are very beneficial to the development of agriculture and aquaculture. Lingnan area is rich in hunting, farming and fishing. Delicacies such as delicacies, delicacies, vegetables and fruits provide a rich material foundation for the development of Lingnan food culture. Lingnan food culture is produced and developed in the blending of Lingnan agricultural culture and marine culture.

Tea drinking culture

"Drinking tea" is called "drinking tea" in Cantonese, and Guangzhou people love "drinking tea". Tea culture is both a folk culture and a food culture. It is said that when Emperor Qing Qianlong went down to the south of the Yangtze River to Guangzhou, he took his personal bodyguard to the teahouse to have morning tea. Mao Zedong has a poem "I can't forget drinking tea in Guangdong". In Guangzhou, it has become a courtesy for people to treat each other with tea. If the guests arrive, the first thing to do is to offer a cup of "beautiful tea", and the first sentence is "please have tea" to show the host's enthusiasm, friendliness and courtesy. Due to the value orientation of "attaching importance to business" in Lingnan since ancient times, "drinking tea" has also moved from family to market, which makes the tea culture in Guangzhou integrate ornamental value, experience value, service value and commodity value. In a sense, drinking tea has gone beyond the category of "tea" and become a social way. Drinking tea constitutes a distinctive feature that distinguishes Lingnan culture from other cultures.

Kung Fu Tea: "unofficial history Grand View in Qing Dynasty" said: "When it comes to making tea in China, Tingzhi, Zhang Quan and Chaoshan Kung Fu teas in Guangdong are the most important." Main terms: Cantonese, Hakka and Chaozhou dialect.

Cantonese is the fifth largest language in Australia and enjoys the official language status in Hong Kong and Macao. Cantonese is officially defined as a language by the United Nations, and there is a saying that Cantonese is regarded as one of the five dominant languages in daily use. Guangdong is the core area of Lingnan culture, the largest hometown of overseas Chinese in China and a typical representative of overseas Chinese culture in China. Overseas Chinese hometown culture is an important part of Lingnan culture. Lingnan culture is a traditional discipline in Guangdong, with rich research results; The culture of hometown of overseas Chinese is a new research field, which began in 1980s and developed rapidly. On June 24th, 2006, 165438+ Guangdong Overseas Chinese Culture Research Base was established in Wuyi University, which is the only overseas Chinese culture research base in Guangdong Province.

The culture of hometown of overseas Chinese is a cultural plate in the wide range of Lingnan culture, and it can also produce many research plates. There is a cross relationship between overseas Chinese hometown culture and Lingnan culture, which is a unique part of Lingnan culture and will form a complementary pattern with Lingnan culture.

The coexistence of the old and the new is the characteristic of Lingnan culture-both the guardian of the old culture and the pioneer of the new culture. The culture of hometown of overseas Chinese has this characteristic, which not only introduces western culture, but also adheres to traditional culture. The disharmony between the old and the new has always been a misunderstanding, so how to explore new culture and how to preserve traditional culture is a place worthy of study in overseas Chinese culture.

Overseas Chinese culture in Guangdong most typically represents the essential characteristics of overseas Chinese culture: the history and cultural essence of overseas Chinese is not only a history of suffering, entrepreneurship and patriotism, but more importantly, the characteristics of cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries, which is the foundation and source of life for the sustainable development of overseas Chinese culture and its research. The overseas Chinese culture in the hometown of overseas Chinese in Wuyi and Guangfu is a typical representative of this essential feature and occupies an irreplaceable position in the history of overseas Chinese in China. The culture of hometown of overseas Chinese in Guangdong is an active openness, learning and acceptance. The "hometown" of "overseas Chinese" does not worship foreign things, is not completely westernized, and is not pedantic and stubborn, which highlights the historical background and national characteristics of the formation of overseas Chinese hometown culture. Therefore, it is unique in the research field of overseas Chinese culture in China.

The contribution of overseas Chinese culture to Lingnan cultural character: pioneering, opening, tolerance, initiative, self-confidence and innovation.